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SAT數學題里的「倍數」

在SAT數學測試中,經常會出現一些關於倍數的表述,比如下面這道真題:

...There are 5 times as many right-handed female students as there are left-handed female students, and there are 9 times as many right-handed male students as there are left-handed male students.(選自SAT Practice Test 3, Section 4, Question 29.)

有些同學看了這麼長的句子,首先就有點蒙,然後就是開始煩躁,心中默念「WTF」。SAT小幫手這裡告訴考生,這種表述在SAT數學中時常會出現,所以我們需要具體分析一下。

這裡,我們首先簡化一下句子,改成:

There are 5 times as many As as there are Bs, and there are 9 times as many Cs as there are Ds.

這樣子看起來就簡潔多啦。由於句式結構是並列句,我們先看前半句話,再看後半句話。前半句的意思是A的數量是B的數量的5倍,後半句的意思是C的數量是D的數量的9倍。我們再回到原句中,原句的意思就是:「右撇子女生的數量是左撇子女生的5倍,右撇子男生的數量是左撇子男生的9倍。」。好了,那麼以後大家凡是看到這種句式就都明白了:

「There are N times as many As as (there are) Bs.」;意思就是「A的數量是B的數量的N倍。」括弧里的"there are"可以被省略。

接下來再來看一個更變態的「倍數」題目:

Based on the data, how many times more likely is it for a 14 year old or a 15 year old to NOT have a summer job than it is for a 16 year old or a 17 year old to NOT have a summer job? (選自PSAT Practice Test 1, Section 4, Question 16.)

仍然是一個長句子,但是,別慌,我們來細看一下。讓小幫手先把答案帶進去,順便把疑問句換成陳述句:

It is 1.5 times more likely for a 14 year old or a 15 year old to not have a summer job than it is for a 16 year old or a 17 year old to not have a summer job.

這句話的意思就是「14或15歲的(學生)沒有暑期工的概率是16或17歲的(學生)沒有暑期工的概率的1.5倍。」詳細來說,這道題目里,14歲至15歲的學生沒有暑期工的概率是69/89,而16歲至17歲的學生沒有暑期工的概率是42/81,前者除以後者,得到1.50倍。

細心的童鞋可能已經發現了,這裡雖然用的是"...1.5 times more likely...than…",但是實際的含義並不是「前者的可能性比後者大1.5倍」,而是「前者的可能性是後者的1.5倍」。這個句子可以使用「as likely as」,換成如下的方式表達:

It is 1.5 times as likely for a 14 year old or a 15 year old to not have a summer job as it is for a 16 year old or a 17 year old to not have a summer job.

我們再舉一個例子來說服大家。這是一則新聞報道,標題是:

A U.S. Citizen is 58 Times More Likely to be Killed by a Police Officer than a Terrorist

將這句話稍微補充完整一點就是:

A U.S. citizen is 58 times more likely to be killed by a police officer than to be killed by a terrorist.

什麼意思呢?按照前面的分析,這句話的意思是「美國公民被警察殺死的概率是美國公民被恐怖分子殺死的概率的58倍。」如果你理解成「美國公民被警察殺死的概率比美國公民被恐怖分子殺死的概率大58倍」,那就錯了。因為「A比B大58倍」的嚴格含義是「A是B的59倍」。好了,為了證明小幫手的正確性,我們具體看一下該篇報道里引用的數據:該年被恐怖分子殺害的美國公民是16人,而每年被警察殺害的美國公民大約是928人。好了,拿出計算器,算一下928/16,結果就是58,而不是59哦。

然後,SAT小幫手還是要簡單總結一下:

"A is N times more likely than B"的意思是「A的可能性是B的可能性的N倍」。

到這裡,善於總結的童鞋,可能已經發現一個規律,就是在比較兩個數量關係的時候,後者B一般作為「基準量」,句式是用來表示前者A是後者B的多少倍。前面提到的——"There are N times as many As as Bs."——就是一個典型,這裡的——"A is N times more likely than B."——又是一個典型。

「A的數量是B的數量的N倍」,也可以表述成:「A is N times B.」 小幫手再舉個例子:

The number of states that joined the United States between 1776 and 1849 is twice the number of states that joined between 1850 and 1900. (選自SAT Practice Test 3, Section 3, Question 4.)

有時候,A的數量除以B的數量,結果可能並不是整數,這個時候可以使用另外一種表述方法:

The garden has a length that is 9 feet less than 3 times its width. (選自PSAT Practice Test 1, Section 4, Question 25.)

這句話的意思是說:「這個花園的長度比它的寬度的3倍要少9英尺。」換成數學的表達式,也就是:長=3*寬-9

到這裡,我們就把SAT數學中的「倍數」表達都大致說到了,如果同學們還有問題,可以向小幫手提問。下次我們再來談談SAT數學中的「比例」。


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