[坎巴拉太空計劃開發日誌]尋找外星人？

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Welcome to KSP Weekly everyone. In 1990 an experiment conceived by Carl Sagan was performed by the Galileo Spacecraft with the purpose of detecting life on a planet, based on measurements by a space probe. This experiment was successful, and abundance of life on that planet was confirmed. That Planet was the Earth. The aim of the experiment was to test if such a probe could positively detect life on a world using only data taken from space and with as few prior assumptions as possible. The probe measured the spectrum of Earth atmosphere, took pictures and looked for radio emissions during the brief flyby window of its first gravity assist maneuver. Life has an effect on the chemical content of a planet』s atmosphere, so when Galileo measured the Earth』s atmosphere spectrum with its near-infrared spectrometer, the data showed deep dips in what otherwise would be the smooth heat glow of the atmosphere. These dips result from molecules absorbing specific wavelengths and they are undeniable signatures of certain molecules, like in Earth』s case, Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Methane(CH4), Ozone (O3) and Oxygen (O2). Nevertheless, the presence of such molecules in an atmosphere isn』t enough to confirm life on another planet. For that, an important and necessary condition must be met: a clear departure from thermodynamic equilibrium, or in other words, the natural chemical balance that an atmosphere should fall into without something unusual, like life, happening. But non biotic reactions can also create some of these molecules, so a set of non equilibrium chemical abundances must be observed that can』t possibly be explained without life. For example, methane in the presence of oxygen is a big indicator, given how quickly methane oxidizes into water and carbon dioxide, there should barely be a single methane molecule in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. In Earth, half of that methane comes from natural biological systems like bacteria and the other half from burning fossil fuels and other biological processes. Nitrous Oxide, which is quickly destroyed by solar ultraviolet light, also needs to be continuously produced in order to be seen. Though lightning can produce Nitrous Oxide, these aren』t nearly enough to account for the amount observed. On Earth we know it comes from nitrogen-fixing bacteria and algae. Alien life might have very different chemistry and so result in other disequilibria. However, with an understanding of chemistry geophysics and exo-meteorology, we can be pretty sure when something we detect is out of the ordinary. Liquid water is also a molecule we would want to find in high abundance regardless of alien chemistry or even equilibrium values, since it』s incredibly important for evolutionary chemistry, as it is by far the best substance in the universe for brewing up and supporting life, due to its high dielectric constant, which means it』s good at storing electrical energy, which allows it to easily break apart ionic bonds such as those found in salts. This makes it a powerful solvent, so it』s great at facilitating chemical reactions. It also has a high heat capacity, which grants a temperature stability for the delicate organisms living in it or made of it. So if you see water in an atmosphere and the temperature is right, it potentially exists as a liquid on the surface.

大家吼！歡迎來到KSP周報！1990年，伽利略號宇宙飛船執行了Carl Sagan設計的一項實驗，目的是用太空探測器探測某個行星上是否存在著生命。實驗取得了成功，確認了這個行星上有大量的生命。沒錯，這個行星就是地球。這個實驗的目的是測試這個探測器能否從太空獲取數據，從而儘可能少地使用假設來檢測某個星球上是否存在生命。該探測器通過短暫的軌道引力窗口，測量了地球大氣的光譜，拍照並 尋找是否存在無線電輻射。生命會對一顆行星大氣的化學成分產生影響，所以當伽利略用近紅外光譜儀測量地球的大氣光譜時，數據顯示了大氣中光滑熱輻射的深度下降。這些下降的結果來自分子吸收特定波長的分子，它們是某些分子的特徵，例如在地球的例子中，水(H2O)，二氧化碳(CO2)，一氧化二氮(一氧化二氮)，甲烷(CH4)，臭氧(O3)和氧(O2)。然而，這種分子在大氣層中的存在不足以證實一顆行星上存在生命。為此，必須滿足另外一個重要且必要的條件：熱力學平衡，或者換句話說，是一種自然的化學平衡，探測器不會因為存在其他條件出現任何的異常，比如生命。但是非生物反應也可以產生一些分子，所以必須觀察一組非平衡的化學丰度，這是存在生命的解釋。例如，在氧氣存在的情況下甲烷是一個重要的指標，考慮到甲烷在水和二氧化碳中的氧化速度很快，在富氧的大氣中幾乎不可能有一個甲烷分子。在地球上，一半的甲烷來自於像細菌這樣的自然生物系統，另一半則來自燃燒化石燃料和其他生物過程。一氧化二氮迅速被太陽紫外線破壞，也需要不斷產生，才能被看到。雖然閃電也可以產生一氧化二氮，但其數量不足以被觀察到。在地球上我們知道一氧化二氮來自於固氮細菌和藻類（因此就可以證明存在生命）。外星人的生命可能會有非常不同的化學反應，因此會導致其他的化學平衡狀態。然而，通過對地球物理學和外太空氣象學的了解，我們可以很肯定地說我們發現的東西是不尋常的。液態水也是一種我們想要在大量的物質中找到的分子，不管它是什麼化學物質形成的，或者平衡的值如何，它對於聲明來說是非常重要的，因為它是宇宙中最好的物質，可以用來釀造和維持生命，由於其高價電性能，意味著它能很好地儲存電能，這樣就可以很容易地分解離子鍵，比如在鹽中發現的離子鍵。這也使它成為一種強大的溶劑，所以它能很好地促進化學反應。它也有很高的熱容，為生活在其中或由它製造的脆弱生物提供了一個溫度穩定性。所以如果你在大氣中看到水，溫度是對的，生命就有可能存在於表面的液體中。

The experiment was a major success, it 「proved」 the existence of life on Earth and it gave us a roadmap of what to look for in other star systems, decades before it was even possible to do so. And although we are still far from sending probes to other star systems, we have succeeded in taking spectra of exoplanets』 atmospheres without leaving Earth. This is possible through analysing the light of a distant star as it passes through the atmosphere of one of its planets. Only a tiny fraction of the star』s light passes through the planet』s atmosphere when this happens, but by carefully subtracting most of the star』s light, we』re left with a set of absorption features from the planetary atmosphere itself. However, we do not have the technology to detect Earth-like planets, yet, since these planets are just too small and their atmospheres too thin for any current telescope, but that will all change next year. In 2018 the James Webb Space Telescope will launch its gigantic 6.5 meter diameter mirror. An incredibly sensitive infrared spectrograph, coupled with the clarity by being in space, will enable us for the first time to perform Sagan』s 1990 experiment on an earth-like alien world, like the seven exoplanets around Trappist-1, assuming they actually have decent atmospheres. This is facilitated by the fact that these planets orbit a Red Dwarf, whose light is very dim, making the subtraction of its light easier. Besides, three of the planets orbit around the star』s habitable zone. Imagine the consequences of confirming the existence of life outside of our own planet. It would answer one of the oldest questions in philosophy and science: Are we alone in the Universe? But after this lengthy introduction*, let』s move on to what you came here for: KSP development news.

這個實驗取得了巨大的成功，它證明了地球存在生命，它給了我們一個關於在其他恆星系統中尋找什麼的路標。儘管我們還遠沒有向其他恆星系統發送探測器，但我們已經成功地在不離開地球的情況下獲取了外部行星的光譜。這是可能的，通過分析一個來自遙遠的恆星的穿過它的一個行星的大氣層光（我們就能分析其光譜）。只有很小一部分的恆星的光會穿過行星的大氣層，當這種情況發生時，通過仔細的減去大部分的恆星的光，我們就剩下了一組來自行星大氣本身的吸收特性。然而，我們沒有類似的探測技術，因為這些行星太小了，它們的大氣層也太稀薄了，不能用於任何現有的望遠鏡進行光譜觀察，但這一切都將在明年發生變化。2018年，詹姆斯韋伯太空望遠鏡項目將發射其巨大的6.5米直徑的鏡子。這是一個非常敏感的紅外光譜儀，加上在太空中的清晰性，將使我們第一次能夠在1990年的一個類似地球的外星世界上進行Sagan實驗，就像在trappist-1周圍的7個外行星一樣，當然前提是它們真的有很好的大氣層。這是因為這些行星圍繞著一個紅矮星運轉，這個紅矮星（trappist-1）的光線非常暗，使得它的光的減少變得更容易。此外，有三顆行星的軌道在恆星的宜居帶。想像一下在我們的星球之外確認生命存在的後果。它將回答哲學和科學中最古老的問題之一：我們在宇宙中是唯一的嗎?在長長的介紹之後，讓我們回到今天的主題，KSP開發消息上來吧！

It』s been a week since the Pre-release of Update 1.3.1 and both the QA and Development Teams have already started to dig into the bugtracker to gather the feedback the community has provided until now, and they』ve started with the process of confirmation and subsequent fixing of bugs. The team has also been watching Twitch streamers and Youtubers getting their teeth into the pre-release. And invariably ending up finding 『something』 we didn』t spot. Between that and forum users reporting what they find, the prerelease is coming along nicely as a final bug-finding measure before the full release.

1.3.1預發布版本已經發布一個星期，QA和開發團隊已經開始深入挖掘bug跟蹤器，以收集社區提供的反饋，並且他們已經開始了確認和修復bug的過程。該團隊還觀看了Twitch直播和youtube視頻直播來獲取一些預發布版本的信息。最終，我們發現了一些我們沒有發現的東西。在這些用戶和論壇用戶報告他們發現的內容，以及在全面發布之前，這是一個最終的漏洞檢測措施。

Work on the updated version of KSP for consoles continues and each passing week translates into more resolved issues, polishing and overall improvements in its performance. For instance, some of the issues resolved this weekinclude a bug that was triggered when trying to overwrite a save file with the same name while in flight, the 『Quicksave As..』 window would become then indefinitely stuck on screen. But don』t you worry, the issue was fixed and now you』ll be able to use the 「Quicksave As…」 feature under those circumstances without worrying about this issue. Another fixed issue involved the Crew Management controls remaining active when the Pause menu was opened and it would clear/fill all the vessel』s seats when trying to close the Pause menu. The PS4 build also had a bug that involved the launchpad appearing as destroyed/damaged after repairing it several times. Repairing it and heading to the VAB to launch a vessel would prompt the out of service』 message every time. While on the KSC and after repairing the building, trying to launch a vessel would put it on a destroyed launchpad. But bug fixing wasn』t the only tasks in the table for the console versions. As we have mentioned in previous KSP Weeklies, the team has been working on improving the controls for these new versions and we can now confirm controller mapping presets for KSP on consoles. We will give more details soon, but basically, players will be able to choose between different controller presets, including a Legacy Mapping.

針對遊戲主機的升級版KSP工作仍在繼續，每一周都有更多的問題被解決、完善和改進性能。例如，本周解決的一些問題中有一個bug，當玩家試圖在飛行時用相同的名稱覆蓋一個保存文件時，就會觸發這個bug，即Quicksave As，然後，窗口就會無限地停留在屏幕上。但是不要擔心，問題已經解決了現在你可以在這種情況下使用Quicksave作為特性而不用擔心這個問題。另一個修復的問題是，當暫停菜單被打開時，船員管理控制仍然保持激活狀態，當試圖關閉暫停菜單時，它會清除或填滿所有的船隻上的座位。PS4的版本也有一個漏洞，在發射台因損壞修復了幾次之後，該Bug就會出現。修復它，並從VAB製作好一艘飛船移向發射台，將會促發發射台的損毀狀態。但是，在主機版本的表中，錯誤修復是目前的的惟一任務。正如我們在之前的KSP周報中提到的，該團隊一直在努力改進這些新版本的控制，現在我們可以確認KSP在主機版的控制器映射預集了。我們將很快給出更多的細節，目前玩家基本上可以在不同的控制器之間進行選擇，包括一個遺留的映射。

In other news the Making History Expansion』s development is moving forward and looking better each passing day. This week the team standardized and documented the second half of of our asset bundling process for UI components. We now have a full build pipeline documented for all the components we plan to bundle in this expansion. We』ve also spent time checking various distribution types and ensuring that the expansion detection works as it should. Additionally, the feature that allows mission creators to set multiple vessels at the start of the mission or during the mission in various situations, such as Landed, LaunchSite, Orbit, etc, has been fully implemented. The mission creator will be able to define for each vessel a craft file or if the vessel is to be mission player built. All vessels will spawn into a mission while playing either at the start or at the appropriate time where the creator has defined a vessel craft. For player created vessels the player is taken to the VAB or SPH to create their vessels at the appropriate time during the mission. The instantiation should also include the ability to spawn asteroids and the mission creator will be able to choose the class of asteroid to spawned and the trajectory it will follow.

在其他新聞方面，成就歷史DLC正在穩步發展，每一天都在進步。本周，團隊對用於UI組件的另一半數據進行了標準化並製作成文檔。現在我們有了一個完整的構建管道，它記錄了我們計劃在這個擴展中綁定的所有組件。現在我們有了一個完整的構建管道，它記錄了我們計劃在這個DLC中綁定的所有組件。我們還花了時間檢查各種分布類型，並確保新DLC能夠正常工作。此外，該功能允許任務創建者在任務開始時或在各種情況下，如著陸、發射、軌道等任務中設置多艘船隻，目前已得到充分應用。任務創建者將能夠為每艘船定義一個craft文件，或者定義飛船是任務玩家自建的。所有的飛船都將在開始的時候或者在適當的時候，在任務創建者定義了船隻的時候產生一個任務。對於需要玩家創建的飛船，玩家將被帶到VAB或SPH，在任務的適當時間創建他們的船隻。這次的實例化還包括能夠產生小行星的能力，而任務的創造者將能夠選擇小行星的種類以及它的軌道。

Furthermore, the team is working on a feature that will allow Mission Players to see their target orbit during their mission when an orbit test is active and then by adding the target orbit drawer into the mapview, similar to how it is done now for satellite contracts. The team has also been refining the Part Failure System to make it suit multiple effects and be as mod friendly as it can possibly be.

此外，該團隊正在研究一項功能，該功能將允許任務玩家在他們的任務中看到他們的目標軌道，當軌道測試是激活的，將目標軌道圖形添加到mapview中，類似於現在的衛星合同。該團隊還一直在改進部件故障系統，以使其適應多種效果，並儘可能地使其變得友好。

The artists have been very busy, as well. Last week we showed you the Voskhod 1-inspired IVA and now we finished the Voskhod 2 IVA and of course, we want to show you how it looks. But that』s not all, the team has been working on the geometry for several parts, such as a Gemini-inspired Service Module, and they also were able to wrap up work on our LR-87 analogue. Both a 1.875m tank butt version and an open version suitable for clustering will be available via mesh switching. You can see both versions here. It』s also a nice Goldilocks』 first stage engine, filling the large gap between the 1.25m Reliant and 2.5m Skipper engines. Here』s a size comparison to help put things in perspective.

美工們也一直很忙。上周我們向大家展示了Voskhod 1啟發的IVA，現在我們完成了Voskhod 2 IVA，當然，我們想向你們展示它的樣子（見下圖）。但這並不是全部，該團隊一直在為幾個部分的幾何圖形做研究，比如一個基於gemini外形的服務模塊，他們還開始了我們lr-87的模型製作工作。油罐連接和一個適用於集群的開放都可以通過網格切換來實現了。你可以在這裡看到兩個版本（見下圖）。這也是一個不錯的「Goldilocks」一階引擎，填補了1.25m和2.5m發動機之間的巨大差距。下面有一個大小比較圖片，可以幫助你把部件看的更全面。

Finally, we encourage you to participate in our latest KSP Challenge - Eve Speed Challenge. This time around, the challenge consists of travelling to Eve and back to Kerbin Sphere of Influence as fast as possible. We will be handing out special badges to the best times. Are you up to the challenge? Check it out and share your creations!

最後，歡迎大家積极參与到最新的KSP挑戰中-Eve速度競賽。本次挑戰的內容是盡最快的速度從Kerbin到Eve並返回。我們將會給所用時間最短的玩家頒發一個徽章。大家準備好了么！？趕快到官方論壇分享你的作品吧！

That』s it for this week. Be sure to join us on our official forums, and don』t forget to follow us on Twitter and Facebook. Stay tuned for more exciting and upcoming news and development updates!

這就是這個星期的內容。請一定要加入我們的官方論壇，不要忘了在Twitter和Facebook跟隨我們。 敬請關注更多令人興奮的即將到來的新聞和開發更新！

Happy launchings!

發射愉快！

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