?歐陸風雲-不列顛尼亞

來自專欄歷史⑨課21 人贊了文章

Cappadocia and Commagene become Roman provinces.

卡帕多西亞和科馬基尼被劃為羅馬行省。

Tacfarinas, Numidian deserter from the Roman army, begins a guerrilla war against the Romans. He leads his own Musulamii tribe and a coalition of Berbers, attacking the Limes Tripolitanus a fortified zone (Limes) of the Roman Empire in Africa.

羅馬軍隊中的努米底亞逃兵Tacfarinas對羅馬發動游擊戰。他率領自己的Musulamiii部落和柏柏爾人聯盟，進攻羅馬帝國在非洲的駐壘地區（Limes）Tripolitanus長牆。

Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is defeated by Arminius and his Germanic tribes.

馬克曼尼人的國王Maroboduus被阿米尼烏斯及其部落擊敗。

In AD 18, Catualda, a young Marcomannic nobleman living in exile among the Gutones, returned, perhaps by a subversive Roman intervention, and defeated Maroboduus. The deposed king had to flee to Italy, and Tiberius detained him 18 years in Ravenna. There, Maroboduus died in 37 AD. Catualda was, in turn, defeated by the Hermunduri Vibilius, after which the realm was ruled by the Quadian Vannius.

公元18年，流亡在Gutones人中的年輕馬克曼尼貴族Catualda回國（這可能是羅馬顛覆性干涉的結果），擊敗了Maroboduus。後者逃亡義大利，提比略將他圈禁在拉文納18年，直到37年身死於此。結果Catualda又被Hermunduri的Vibilius擊敗，之後這片土地就被誇迪人Vannius統治了。

Vannius was a client King of the Roman Empire and ruled from 20-50AD under the reign of Tiberius.

Vannius成為羅馬帝國的附庸國王，在提比略時期統治這片土地（公元20~50年）。

In AD 21, Arminiusi was murdered by opponents within his own tribe who felt that he was becoming too powerful.

公元21年，阿米尼烏斯在部落內的對手恐怕他過於強大，將其謀害。

Mazippa was a leader of a Berber tribe of Roman North Africa during the Gaetulian Wars, around 24AD. The revolt he led was the largest revolt against Roman rule in Morocco during the whole of the Roman occupation.

Mazippa在公元24年左右的Gaetullian戰爭期間，是北非柏柏爾人一個部落頭人。他領導的反抗是羅馬在摩洛哥統治期間最大的反羅馬反抗。

By AD 28 the Frisii had had enough. They hanged the Roman soldiers collecting the tax and forced the governor to flee to a Roman fort, which they then besieged. The propraetor of Germania Inferior, Lucius Apronius, raised the siege and attacked the Frisii, but was defeated at the Battle of Baduhenna Wood after suffering heavy losses. For whatever reason, the Romans did not seek revenge and the matter was closed. The prestige of the Frisii among the neighboring Germanic tribes was raised considerably.

公元28年，弗里西人受夠了。他們絞死了收稅的羅馬士兵，迫使羅馬總督逃到羅馬城堡中，並團團圍住了這個承包。下日耳曼裁判官Lucius Apronius解圍，攻打弗里西人，但在Baduhenna森林之戰中失敗，損失慘重。無論如何，羅馬人也沒有進行報復，這件事就這樣過去了。弗里西人在周邊日耳曼部落中的聲望大大提高。

After the death of Roman Client King of Armenia Artaxias III in 35, Artabanus III wanted to put his son on the Armenian throne. Artabanus III made Arsaces I King of Armenia and was accompanied to Armenia with a strong army. The Roman emperor Tiberius, refused to accept the Armenian Kingship of Arsaces I, so Tiberius appointed the Iberian Prince Mithridates as the new Roman Client Armenian King with the support of his brother, King Pharasmanes I of Iberia.

Although Arsaces I was a pro-Roman monarch, his Kingship was brief in Armenia. Within less than a year into his first year of his reign, Arsaces I was poisoned from his bribed servants.

公元35年，羅馬附庸國亞美尼亞的Artaxias三世去世。帕提亞的Artabanus三世想讓自己的兒子Arsaces一世做亞美尼亞之主，於是率大軍陪同Arsaces一世進入亞美尼亞。羅馬皇帝提比略拒絕接受，於是指派伊比利亞王子Mithridates做新的羅馬尼亞服用國王，並以其兄弟伊比利亞Pharasmanes一世作為後援。雖然Arsaces是一位親羅馬的君主，但他在亞美尼亞的統治很短暫。他上位頭一年中，不到一年的光景，就被受賄的左右給鴆殺了。

In about 36, when the Parthian nobility rebelled against Artabanus III, they applied to the Roman emperor Tiberius for a king of the race of Phraates. Tiberius sent Tiridates to the east, and ordered Lucius Vitellius (the father of the emperor Vitellius) to restore Roman authority there. By very dexterous military and diplomatic operations Vitellius succeeded completely. Artabanus was deserted by his followers and fled.

公元36年左右，帕提亞貴族又叛Artabanus三世，向羅馬皇帝提比略請求派出Phraates家族的國王繼承王位。提比略派遣Tiridates到東方，並且命令Lucius Vitellius（Vitellius皇帝之父）恢復羅馬在帕提亞的權威。Vitellius利用靈巧的軍事手段和外交運作，取得了完全的成功。Artabanus的跟隨者拋棄了他，他不得不逃亡。

Artabanus III returned from Hyrcania with a strong army of Scythian (Dahae) auxiliaries and was again acknowledged by the Parthians. Tiridates III left Seleucia and fled to Syria.

Artabanus三世從Hyrcania帶著斯基泰（大益人）大軍回來，再次被帕提亞人承認為王。Tiridates三世逃離塞流西亞，逃至敘利亞。

Shortly afterwards Artabanus III died and was succeeded by his son, Vardanes I, whose reign was still more turbulent than that of his father.

不久之後Artabanus三世去世，繼承王位的是他的兒子Vardanes一世。可是Vardanes一世的統治比他父親的統治還要混亂。

In late 40, Caligula invited Ptolemy to Rome and welcomed him with appropriate honours. Ptolemy was confirmed as king and an ally and friend of the empire; but he was assassinated by order of Caligula. After Ptolemy』s murder in Rome, his former household slave Aedemon, from outrage and out of loyalty to his former master, wanted to take revenge against Caligula and started the revolt of Mauretania with the Berbers against Rome.

公元40年晚些時候，羅馬皇帝卡里古拉邀請茅利塔尼亞國王托勒密訪問羅馬，並用相應的尊榮歡迎了他。羅馬確認托勒密是茅利塔尼亞的國王，也是帝國之盟友；然而卡里古拉下令刺殺了托勒密。在此之後，托勒密的內侍奴隸Ademon極其憤怒，出於對主人的忠誠，他起來報復卡里古拉，與柏柏爾人一同發起了反羅馬抗爭。

Part of the territories of the current Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.

現在阿爾及利亞和摩洛哥的部分領土成為羅馬行省。

The Roman conquest of Britain begins.

羅馬開始征服不列顛。

Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province.

克勞狄烏斯兼并小亞細亞的呂西亞，將其與潘菲利亞合併為羅馬行省。

Vardanes I of Parthia forces the city of Seleucia on the Tigris to surrender.

帕提亞的Vardanes一世迫使底格里斯河畔塞流西亞城投降。

The emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the southeast part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for another decade and a half.

克勞狄烏斯皇帝從不列顛戰役凱旋歸來，不列顛尼亞東南被羅馬帝國佔領。但這場戰爭還要持續15年。

Judaea is controlled by Roman governors.

猶太被羅馬總督控制。

In 45 for unknown reasons Claudius, deposed Mithridates from the Bosporan throne and replaced him with his younger brother Cotys I.

公元45年，不知為何克勞狄烏斯將博斯普魯斯的米特里答梯三世趕下王位，轉而以米特里答梯三世弟弟Cotys一世為王。

After the death of its king, Thracia becomes a Roman province.

奧德里西亞國王去世後，色雷斯成為羅馬的一個行省。

Chauci pirates led by the Roman deserter Gannascus ravage the Gallic coast; Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them.

羅馬逃兵Gannascus帶領的喬西海盜蹂躪了高盧海岸；Corbulo用萊茵河艦隊抵抗他們。

Late in 47 the new governor of Britain, Publius Ostorius Scapula, began a campaign against the tribes of modern-day Wales, and the Cheshire Gap.

47年晚些時候，新任不列顛總督Publius Ostorius Scapula開始進攻位於現在威爾士的部落以及Cheshire平原。

Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of Britain, announces his intention to disarm all Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes.

不列顛總督Publius Ostorius Scapula宣布Trent河和Severn河以東和以南的布利吞人要放下武器。羅馬盟友獨立部落Iceni人反抗但被擊敗。Ostorius就向北威爾士的Deceangli人行軍，但不得不放棄戰役，應對反抗的前盟友布利甘特人。

In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a colonia for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). A legion is stationed on the borders of the Silures of South Wales in preparation for invasion.

在不列顛，總督Publius Ostorius Scapula為羅馬老兵在Camulodunum（現Colchester）建立了殖民地。他在南威爾士Silures邊境部署了一個軍團，準備入侵。

Caratacus of Silures himself was defeated in the Battle of Caer Caradoc and fled to the Roman client tribe of the Brigantes who occupied the Pennines. Their queen, Cartimandua was unable or unwilling to protect him however given her own truce with the Romans and handed him over to the invaders.

Silures的Cratacus本人在Caer Caradoc之戰中被羅馬軍隊擊敗，逃到羅馬附庸部落、佔據奔寧山脈的布利甘特人處。該部落的女酋長Cartimandua鑒於與羅馬簽訂的休戰協定，不能或不願保護他，於是將Cratacus交給了羅馬入侵者。

推薦閱讀：