?歐陸風雲-奧古斯都

來自專欄歷史⑨課34 人贊了文章

Julius Caesar is assassinated by a group of senators, amongst them Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Caesars Massilian naval commander, Decimus Brutus.

凱撒被一群元老院成員刺殺，刺客包括Gaius Cassius Longinus、Marcus Junius布魯圖，以及凱撒的馬賽海軍指揮官Decimus布魯圖。

Antony is granted a five-year governorship of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy).

元老院將北高盧和中納爾榜高盧（法國）以及山南高盧（北義大利）授予安東尼治理，為期五年。

The first of Ciceros Philippicae (oratorical attacks) on Antony is published. He will make 14 of them over the next several months.

西塞羅發表了首篇對安東尼的Philippicae（口頭攻擊）。接下來的數個月中，他還會發表14篇此類攻擊。

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Octavian meets Antony and Lepidus in Bononia and the three enter into an official five-year autocratic pact, the Second Triumvirate.

屋大維在波諾尼亞會見安東尼和雷必達，三人達成正式的五年專統協約，即後三頭。

Gaius Cassius captures Rhodes after refusing paying tribute. Their fleet is defeated by Roman galleys in the Aegean Sea. He lands a military force on the island and plunders the city.

羅德島拒絕納貢，卡西烏斯遂奪取該島。羅德島艦隊在愛琴海被羅馬帆槳船擊敗。卡西烏斯的陸軍登陸後劫掠了羅德島上的城市。

Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refused to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieged Xanthus. As night falls the Roman army conquers the city. The Xanthians preferred to perish in the flames rather than to yield.

布魯圖開始掠奪小亞細亞的城市，搶錢征丁。呂西亞的居民拒絕向羅馬投降，於是布魯圖圍攻了Xanthus。夜幕降臨，羅馬軍攻佔Xanthus。Xanthus居民寧可浴火而死也不屈服。

Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, left Octavian ill at Dyrrachium and marched to Amphipolis.

馬克安東尼率軍（28個軍團）登陸伊利里亞，把生病的屋大維留在狄爾拉奇烏姆，向安菲波利斯進軍。

Brutus army is defeated by Antony and Octavian. With the Republican cause crushed, Rome is rested in the hands of the Second Triumvirate.

布魯圖軍隊被安東尼和屋大維擊敗，共和派的事業就此被擊垮，羅馬落入後三頭手中。

The Perusine War (also Perusian or Perusinian War, or the War of Perusia) was a civil war of the Roman Republic, which lasted from 41 to 40 BC. It was fought by Lucius Antonius and Fulvia to support Mark Antony against his political enemy (and the future Emperor Augustus), Octavian.

佩魯甲戰爭是羅馬共和國的一場內戰，自前41年至前40年。雙方為Lucius Antonius和福爾維亞（支持馬克安東尼）和安東尼政敵（未來的奧古斯都皇帝）屋大維。

Mark Antony meets Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and formed an alliance. He returned to Alexandria with her and they become lovers in the winter of 41–40 BC.

馬克安東尼在塔爾蘇斯（西里西亞）會見了克里奧帕特拉七世，雙方達成聯盟。安東尼攜艷后回到亞歷山大利亞，在前41～前40年冬天兩人墜入愛河。

Sextus Pompey dispatched Menas with four legions and captured Sardinia, driving out Octavians governor Marcus Lurius. He seized the capital, Caralis and occupied Corsica. Sextus besieged Cosenza in Bruttium and Thurii in Lucania, ravaging the territory with his cavalry.

賽克圖斯·龐培派遣Menas率4個軍團奪取撒丁尼亞，趕走了屋大維的總督Marcus Lurius。Menas佔領了撒丁尼亞的首府Caralis和科西嘉島。賽克圖斯圍攻了Bruttium的Cosenza和Lucania的圖林，用騎兵劫掠了這一帶。

The Triumvirs agreed to divide the Roman Republic into spheres of influence. Gaius Octavian takes control of the Western provinces. Mark Antony is given the Eastern provinces; the River Drin, the boundary between the provinces Illyricum and Macedonia, would serve as their frontier. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus controls Africa.

後三頭達成協議，將羅馬共和國劃分為三人的勢力範圍。屋大維控制了西部省份，馬克安東尼控制了東部省份；馬其頓和伊利庫姆省之間的界河Drin成為雙方的邊疆。雷必達則控制了非洲。

Pacorus crosses with help of Quintus Labienus the Euphrates and invades Syria. The capital Antioch surrenders, the Parthians takes Phoenicia and Judea, the fortified city of Tyre can not besiege because they have no fleet.

帕提亞的Pacorus在Quintus Labienus的幫助下渡過幼發拉底河，入侵敘利亞。羅馬敘利亞行省的首府安條克投降，帕提亞軍隊控制了腓尼基和猶太，但他們沒有艦隊，未能圍攻築壘防守的泰爾。

Marcus Antonius dispatched Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor, he retreats into Syria, where he received Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains and goes on to reclaim Syria, Phoenicia and Judea. Labienus flees to Cilicia, where he is captured and executed..

安東尼派出Publius Ventidius Bassus率領11個軍團趕赴東方，將Quintus Labienus趕出小亞細亞。後者退入敘利亞接收帕提亞援軍。Ventidius最終在托羅斯山脈之戰中將其擊敗，接著重奪敘利亞、腓尼基和猶太。Labienus逃往西里西亞，被捉，處決。

Sextus Pompey who controlled Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Peloponnesus is recognized by the Triumvirate in the Pact of Misenum. The pact helped to assure Romes grain supply, the blockade on Italy is lifted.

塞克圖斯·龐培控制了西里西亞、撒丁尼亞、科西嘉和伯羅奔尼撒，在Misenum協約中得到了後三頭的承認。這一協約有助於確保羅馬的穀物供應，對義大利的封鎖解除了。

Antony reorganized Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raised troops from his allies Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I.

安東尼扶植忠於他的強人，重組小亞細亞。他從盟友加拉太國王Amyntas和卡帕多西亞國王Archelaus處徵集軍隊。舊日的本都王國恢復了規模，在Polemon一世治下，國土從亞美尼亞延展到Halys河。

Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest, both positions seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.

羅馬從帕提亞手中征服了耶路撒冷。在五個月的對耶路撒冷的圍攻後，安提柯二世下台，Herod成為猶太國王，Ananelus被扶植為大祭司。支持Herod的羅馬軍隊屠戮了數千猶太人。

Publius Canidius Crassus invaded Armenia and Iberia (Georgia); he forced Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania.

Publius Canidius 克拉蘇斯入侵亞美尼亞和伊比利亞（喬治亞）；他迫使伊比利亞的Parnavas二世與阿爾巴尼亞國王Zober達成聯盟。

Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, marries Cleopatra VII while still married to Octavia.

安東尼放棄攻打Phraaspa（伊朗Maragheh附近）。他向埃及退走，途中很多羅馬將士死於疾病和飢餓，而安東尼在與Octavia保持婚姻關係的同時又迎娶了克里奧帕特拉七世。

Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompeius, in a naval engagement off Naulochus. Sextus escapes with 17 ships to Messana and then to Asia Minor. Marcus Lepidus lands 12 legions from Africa and lays siege to Lilybaeum. He loses his army to Octavian when his men mutiny. Lepidus is kept in luxurious captivity in Rome until his death.

Agrippa在Naulochus海上遭遇戰中擊敗了龐培之子賽克圖斯龐培。賽克圖斯率17艘艦船逃向墨西拿，然後又逃向小亞細亞（後在小亞細亞戰敗被處死）。雷必達從非洲率領12個軍團登陸，然而他的士兵嘩變，歸於屋大維麾下。雷必達在奢華優待中被軟禁至死。

In 36 BC the Roman General Mark Antony invaded Armenia and Artavasdes II again switched sides, but abandoned the Romans once they had left Armenia to conquer Atropatene.

前36年，羅馬將軍馬克安東尼入侵亞美尼亞，Artavasdes二世再次改換門庭，但羅馬人離開亞美尼亞，征服阿特羅旁特尼時，他就拋棄了羅馬人。

Pannonia is attacked by Octavian Caesar; who conquered and sacked the stronghold Siscia (Sisak) of the Segestani, which is taken after a 30-day siege. The country is however, definitely subdued until 9 BC.

屋大維進攻潘諾尼亞，攻擊Segestani人的要塞Siscia（錫薩克）30天，破城，劫掠。然而Segestani人直到公元前9年才徹底降服。

Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacified Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regained Armenia from Parthia.

屋大維平息了達爾馬提亞和潘諾尼亞，組建了伊利庫姆行省；而安東尼從帕提亞手中重奪亞美尼亞。

In 33 BC Antony met his coalition partner on the river Araxes; they agreed that Antony should support Artavasdes I against Parthia and that the Median King should help Antony against Octavian. They interchanged parts of their troops. The domain of Artavasdes I was enlarged with parts of Armenia.

前33年，安東尼和盟友在阿拉斯河上會面。雙方同意，安東尼應該支持阿特羅旁特尼國王Artavasdes一世針對帕提亞，而這位國王應幫助安東尼針對屋大維。雙方交換了部分軍隊，Artavasdes一世又兼并了亞美尼亞部分領土，擴大了自己的疆域。

Sparta under Caius Iulius Eurycles, whose father Antony had ordered to be executed for piracy, declares his support for Octavian. Lappa (modern Argyroupoli) in Attica and Kydonia in Crete revolt against Cleopatra.

Caius Iulius Eurycles的父親被安東尼以海盜罪名處死，於是他治下的斯巴達宣布支持屋大維。阿提卡的Lappa（現代的Argyroupoli）和克里特的基多尼亞樹旗反埃。

The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.

羅馬元老院向馬克安東尼和克里奧帕特拉七世宣戰。

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa sailed with 300 war galleys to the western Peloponnese, and occupied strategic positions around the Gulf of Corinth to cut off Antonys line of communication.

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa率領300艘戰船至西伯羅奔尼撒，佔領科林斯灣的戰略據點，切斷了安東尼的交通線。

Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, Octavian Caesar defeats the naval forces under Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.

亞克興之戰：在希臘西海岸，屋大維擊敗了安東尼和克里奧帕特拉七世的海軍。

Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic.

屋大維佔領了亞歷山大利亞，標誌著羅馬正式兼并了古埃及。

Marcus Licinius Crassus campaigns successfully in the Balkans, killing the king of the Bastarnae with his own hand.

Marcus Licinius 克拉蘇斯在巴爾幹進行了成功的戰役，親手幹掉了巴斯塔奈人的王。

Sofia, modern day capital of Bulgaria, is conquered by the Romans and becomes known as Ulpia Serdica.

今日保加利亞的首都索菲亞被羅馬人佔領，當時索菲亞被稱為Ulpia Serdica。

Start of the Cantabrian Wars against Roman occupation in Hispania.

反對羅馬人佔領西班牙的坎塔布利亞戰爭爆發。

It seems quite probable that the Dardani actually lost independence in 28 BC.

達達尼亞很可能在公元前28年喪失了獨立。

In the 1st century BC (probably 28 BC), the Romans created a military camp (Castra Taurinorum), later dedicated to Augustus (Augusta Taurinorum).

公元前1世紀（可能是前28年），羅馬在這裡（都靈）修建了軍營（Castra Tauriorum），稍後被獻給奧古斯都（Augusta Taurinorum）。

Octavian becomes the first Roman emperor.

屋大維成為首個羅馬皇帝。