?歐陸風雲——我到希臘城邦來

來自專欄歷史⑨課27 人贊了文章

羅馬在擊敗迦太基之後又把鼻子伸到了希臘。

The Romans secures Gades, thus making Roman control of Spain complete. With the effective withdrawal of the Carthaginians from Spain, Hispania becomes a Roman province.

羅馬軍隊確保了對加的斯的佔領，完成了羅馬對迦太基西班牙的控制。迦太基人實際上撤出了西班牙，後者成為了羅馬的一個行省。

After being an ally of Carthage and fighting with them, Numidian chieftain, Masinissa switches sides when the Carthaginians are driven from Spain and offers to assist Rome.

努米底亞酋王馬西尼薩之前與迦太基是並肩作戰的盟友，迦太基被羅馬人趕出西班牙後，馬西尼薩轉換陣營，要幫助羅馬。

Philip V of Macedon is able to take advantage of Roman inactivity. After sacking Thermum, the religious and political centre of Aetolia, Philip is able to force the Aetolians to accept a peace treaty based on his terms.

馬其頓腓力五世利用羅馬在希臘的不作為，洗劫了埃托利亞的宗教政治中心Thermum。這樣，埃托利亞不得不按照腓力五世的條件接受和約。

The Peace of Phoenice prohibits Philip from expanding westward into Illyria or the Adriatic Sea, so the king turns his attentions eastwards to the Aegean Sea, where he starts to build a large fleet. The Cretan War begins between Philips Macedonians, the Aetolian League, several Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna are the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens and Knossos.

Phoenice和約禁止腓力向西擴展至伊利里亞或亞得里亞海，因此腓力將注意力轉向東方，開始在東方建立大型艦隊。馬其頓、埃托利亞聯盟、某些克里特城市（其中最重要的是Olous和Hierapytna）和斯巴達海盜聯手針對羅德島，克里特戰爭爆發。稍後，帕加馬的Attalus、拜占庭、Cyzicus、雅典和科諾索斯加入羅德島一方，與馬其頓作戰。

A Carthaginian army under Mago Barca lands in Liguria, capturing Genoa and Savona.

馬戈·巴卡指揮的迦太基軍隊在利古里亞登陸，佔領熱那亞和薩凡納地區。

Roman forces besiege Utica in Carthaginia but they are unable to stop the combined reinforcement of the Carthaginians and the Numidians, therefore they have to lift the siege of Utica.

羅馬軍隊圍攻迦太基的烏提卡，但未能阻止迦太基人和努米底亞人的聯軍救兵。因此，羅馬軍隊不得不解圍。

Masinissa becomes king of both the Massyli and the Massaesyli tribes in Numidia and remains a loyal ally to the Romans after his foe Syphax was defeated.

在敵人西法克斯被擊敗後，馬西尼薩成為努米底亞馬西利和馬薩西利部落的國王，仍舊是羅馬的忠實盟友。

October 19 – The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage.

10月19日爆發了扎馬之戰（在迦太基西南130公里處），結束了第二次布匿戰爭，摧毀了迦太基的大部分實力。

On Hannibals advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Romes permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships.

根據漢尼拔的建議，迦太基向羅馬求和，結束了第二次布匿戰爭。迦太基成為羅馬的附庸國。雙方和約規定，迦太基向羅馬割讓所有迦太基在地中海的領地，包括伊比利亞地區。迦太基同意在50年中，每年向羅馬支付200塔蘭特；允許馬西尼薩統治努米底亞這一自主國家；未經羅馬允許不得宣戰；除10艘迦太基戰船之外，銷毀所有其它戰船。

Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieges Chios to the north. Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios.

馬其頓腓力五世奪取了薩摩斯和駐紮彼處的埃及艦隊，並向北圍攻開俄斯。羅德島與盟友帕加馬、Cyzicus和拜占庭組成聯合艦隊，在開俄斯之戰中擊敗腓力五世。

Antiochus IIIs forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.

安條克三世的軍隊繼續入侵柯里敘利亞和巴勒斯坦。

Philip V of Macedons fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade. His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria. The Acarnanians, with Macedonian support, invade Attica, causing Athens, which has previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from the enemies of Philip.

馬其頓腓力五世的艦隊在Lade擊敗了羅德島軍隊。然後他挺進帕加馬，大肆搶掠，又攻擊卡利亞的城市。在馬其頓的支持下，阿卡納尼亞人入侵阿提卡，導致之前中立的雅典尋求腓力敵人的幫助。

Roman forces manage to push Philip V out of most of Greece, except for a few fortresses.

羅馬軍隊將腓力五世趕出希臘大部分地區，只剩下某些堡壘。

Antiochus III occupies parts of the kingdom of Pergamum and a number of Greek cities in Anatolia.

安條克三世佔領了帕加馬王國的部分土地，攻佔了安塔托利亞的一系列希臘城市。

The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.

斯巴達統治者Nabis從馬其頓腓力五世手中佔領了重要的阿爾戈斯城，以此作為斯巴達向馬其頓開出的結盟要價。然後Nabis就反水到羅馬那邊去了，希望這樣能夠保住自己征服的成果。

The Insubres, Gauls of the Po Valley, are finally defeated.

波河河谷的高盧人——因蘇布里人最終被（羅馬人）擊敗了。

All Greeks are proclaimed to be free and governed by their own laws after the Macedonians were defeated.

馬其頓被擊敗之後，所有希臘城邦都宣告自由，由自己的法律管轄。

After Roman diplomatic intervention, Antiochus III finally halts his war with Egypt. In the peace agreement (the Peace of Lysimachia), Antiochus III formally takes possession of southern Syria, which has been fought over for 100 years by the Ptolemies and Seleucids, and also takes possession of the Egyptian territories in Anatolia.

羅馬外交干涉之後，安條克三世最終中止了與埃及的戰爭。在和約（Lysimachia和約）中，安條克三世正式兼并了托勒密和塞琉古王朝爭奪100年的南敘利亞，還佔領了埃及在安塔托利亞的領土。

Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, is forced to abandon the surrounding land and withdraw to the city of Sparta. Later that year, Sparta capitulates to the allies.

斯巴達僭主Nabis不得不放棄周邊地區，退到斯巴達城。當年晚些時候，斯巴達向（羅馬）盟軍投降。

The Battle of Mutina is fought near Modena, between the Romans and the Gauls. The Romans are victorious in the battle which effectively ends the threat of the Gauls in Italy.

在摩德納附近，羅馬和高盧爆發了穆提納之戰。羅馬勝利，實質性地終結了山內高盧的威脅。

The Roman forces finally withdraw from Greece after Spartans were defeated.

斯巴達人被打敗之後，羅馬最終也撤出了希臘。

The Romans attempt to rally the Greeks against Antiochus III and to counter the pro-Seleucid policy of the Aetolians. When the Aetolians call on Antiochus III for aid, the Romans persuade the Achaean League to declare war on both parties.

羅馬試圖糾集希臘人，抵抗安條克三世，反對埃托利亞的親塞琉古政策。埃托利亞請求安條克三世支援，羅馬人又勸說亞該亞聯盟向塞琉古和埃托利亞宣戰。

In the mean time, the Spartan ruler, Nabis, moves to recover lost territory, including Gythium.

與此同時，斯巴達統治者Nabis又收復了Gythium等失地。

Philopoemen takes advantage of the Aetolian treachery and enters Sparta with his Achaean army. Now in full control of Sparta, Philopoemen forces Sparta to become a member state of the Achaean League.

Philopoemen利用埃托利亞背叛的機會（亞該亞進攻斯巴達，斯巴達求救埃托利亞，結果被埃托利亞援軍給搶了城市），帶領亞該亞軍隊進入斯巴達。現在，Philopoemen完全控制斯巴達，斯巴達城為亞該亞聯盟的一員。

Antiochus lands in Demetrias, Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece.

安條克登陸色薩利的Demetrias，但只帶了10500人，佔領了優卑亞。然而，他在中希臘的支持者並不多。

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