最新研究表明：東南亞人起源於四個古老人群

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現代東南亞人是四個古老的人群混合後產生的，研究人員對來自東南亞和日本的26個古代基因組（ancient genomes）進行了測序和分析，結果顯示，這些基因組中包含了來自東亞北方人群遺傳物質的多次影響（multiple waves）。

東南亞是世界上最具遺傳多樣性的地區之一，但一個多世紀以來，科學家們一直在爭論這個地區哪一種人群起源理論是正確的。

有一種理論認為，44000年前居住在東南亞的土著「和平文化」狩獵採集者人群（Hoabinhian，譯註：「和平文化」是東南亞地區中石器或新石器時代的一個古代文化遺址，因首先發現於越南北部的和平省而得名），在沒有早期東亞農民的參與下，獨立地採用了農業生產方式。

和平文化遺址人骨

另一個理論，被稱為「雙層模式」（two-layer model），傾向於這樣一種觀點，即從現在中國大陸遷徙而來的稻農取代了當地土著的「和平文化」狩獵採集者。

來自聖約翰學院（St John s College）、劍橋大學和哥本哈根大學的埃斯克·維勒斯列夫教授（Eske Willerslev）和他的同事們發現，這兩種理論都不是完全正確。

他們發現現在的東南亞人至少有四個祖先人群（four ancient populations）。

在這項研究中，研究小組從馬來西亞、泰國、菲律賓、越南、印度尼西亞、寮國和日本的8000年前的骨骼化石中提取了DNA。而此之前，科學家們只是成功地對該地區4000年前的樣本進行了測序。

這些新測序的樣本還包括來自「和平文化」狩獵採集者的古DNA，以及來自日本的古代繩紋人的DNA（Jomon）——這是科學上的首例，揭示了長期以來被人們猜疑的兩個種群之間的遺傳聯繫。

研究人員總共對26個古代人類基因組序列進行了研究，並將它們與今天生活在東南亞人群的現代DNA樣本進行了比較。

劍橋大學達克沃思實驗室主任瑪爾塔·米拉松·拉爾

該研究的合作者、劍橋大學達克沃思實驗室主任瑪爾塔·米拉松·拉爾(Marta Mirazon Lahr)說，這項研究解決了東南亞人多樣性起源的一個主要問題，以及在出現農業之前，諸如繩紋人和「和平文化」狩獵採集者人等遙遠人群之間的古老關係。

「我們花了大量精力從東南亞熱帶地區提取古老的DNA，這將為豐富人類遺傳學領域提供新的線索。」威勒斯列夫教授說道。

「我們能夠獲得26個人類基因組，並揭示該地區族群驚人的豐富基因，這一事實令人震驚。」

來自哥本哈根大學自然歷史博物館地理遺傳學中心的費爾南多·拉西莫博士（Fernando Racimo）說：「人類佔據東南亞的歷史，仍然存在激烈的爭論。」

「我們的研究從「和平文化」遺址到鐵器時代（Iron Age），發現如今的東南亞人基因里至少含有4個古老的祖先人群，這是一個比以前人們猜測更為複雜的模式。」

「通過對26個古代人類基因組測序，我們發現這兩種解釋都不符合東南亞歷史的複雜性。」第一合作者休·麥考爾（Hugh McColl）這樣闡述，他是丹麥哥本哈根大學自然歷史博物館地理遺傳學中心的博士生。

東南亞的史前地理猜想圖

和平文化」狩獵採集者人群和東亞農民都對如今東南亞人的遺傳多樣性做出了貢獻，他們接連不斷的移民，影響了東南亞和越南的周邊島嶼。」

「我們的研究結果有助於解決東南亞史前時代（Southeast Asian prehistory）的一個長期爭議。」

這項研究發表在《科學》（journal Science）雜誌上。

譯者簡介：東夷苗裔，伽馬3後人

附英文原文：

Southeast Asians Derive Ancestry from Four Ancient Populations

Jul 13, 2018 by News Staff / Source

Modern-day Southeast Asian populations are the result of mixing among four ancient populations, including multiple waves of genetic material from more northern East Asian populations, according to researchers who sequenced and analyzed 26 ancient genomes from Southeast Asia and Japan.

Southeast Asia is one of the most genetically diverse regions in the world, but for more than a century scientists have disagreed about which theory of the origins of this region』s population was correct.

One theory believed the indigenous Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers whopopulated Southeast Asia from 44,000 years ago adopted agricultural practices independently, without the input from early farmers from East Asia.

Another theory, referred to as the 『two-layer model』 favors the view that migrating rice farmers from what is now China replaced Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers.

Professor Eske Willerslev from St John』s College, the University of Cambridge, and the University of Copenhagen and colleagues found that neither theory is completely accurate.

They discovered that present-day Southeast Asian populations derive ancestry from at least four ancient populations.

In the study, the team extracted DNA from 8,000-year-old skeletal remains from Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos and Japan.

Scientists had previously only been successful in sequencing 4,000-year-old samples from the region.

The new samples also included DNA from Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers and aJomon from Japan — a scientific first, revealing a long suspected genetic linkbetween the two populations.

In total, 26 ancient human genome sequences were studied by the researchers and they were compared with modern DNA samples from people living in Southeast Asia today.

「This study tackles a major question in the origins of the diversity of Southeast Asian people, as well as on the ancient relationships between distant populations, such as Jomon and Hoabinhian foragers, before farming,」 said co-author Professor Marta Mirazón Lahr, Director of the Duckworth Laboratory at the University of Cambridge.

「We put a huge amount of effort into retrieving ancient DNA from tropical Southeast Asia that could shed new light on this area of rich human genetics,」 Professor Willerslev said.

「The fact that we were able to obtain 26 human genomes and shed light on the incredible genetic richness of the groups in the region today is astonishing.」

「The human occupation history of Southeast Asia remains heavily debated,」 said co-author Dr. Fernando Racimo, from the Centre for GeoGenetics at the Natural History Museum, the University of Copenhagen.

「Our research spanned from the Hoabinhian to the Iron Age and found that present-day Southeast Asian populations derive ancestry from at least four ancient populations. This is a far more complex model than previously thought.」

「By sequencing 26 ancient human genomes, we have shown that neither interpretation fits the complexity of Southeast Asian history,」 said first authorHugh McColl, a Ph.D. student at the Centre for GeoGenetics in the Natural History Museum of Denmark at the University of Copenhagen.

「Both Hoabonhian hunter-gatherers and East Asian farmers contributed to current Southeast Asian diversity, with further migrations affecting islands in South East Asia and Vietnam.」

「Our results help resolve one of the long-standing controversies in Southeast Asian prehistory.」

The study is published in the journal Science.