雙語閱讀 | 女生可以女漢子,為什麼男生就不能「娘」呢?
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Youve probably heard it before: More than biology, family, friends and society influence impressions of what it means to be a boy or a girl, placing rigid gender expectations on children from a young age.
你也許曾聽說過:相比於生理習性,家庭、朋友、社會對男孩或女孩應該是什麼樣的看法有更大的影響,給孩子從小就套上了森嚴的性別角色期待。
In recent years, a growing body of research has focused on health inequities that result from enforced gender norms in children.
近幾年,越來越多的研究聚焦給孩子的強迫性別觀導致的不平等現象。
2017年,《青少年健康期刊》發布的一項研究發現:
Whether a child is in Baltimore, Beijing or New Delhi, the onset of adolescence triggers a common set of rigidly enforced gender expectations associated with increased lifelong risks of mental and physical health problems.
不管孩子是來自巴爾的摩、北京還是新德里,進入青春期後,都會有一套共同的性別角色期待,這樣的期待嚴格死板且強加在孩子身上。與之相伴的是漸增的持續終身的身心健康問題。
The study calls it the hegemonic myth: the perception that men are the dominant sex, strong and independent, while women need to be protected.
研究將認為男性處於主導地位,是強壯和獨立,而女性則應該被保護的觀點,視作是一種霸權主義的謬見。
在女性地位日益提高、平權運動轟轟烈烈的今天,雖然在不少地區,這樣的觀念已經發生了扭轉,但性別觀念的轉變似乎並不平衡。
CNN早前曾刊登了文章《Why girls can be boyish but boys cant be girlish》,其中寫道:
Today, theres not a single traditionally masculine thing a girl can do that would raise eyebrows.
如今,女生做男性化的事情並不令人驚訝。
超過一半的女生加入運動隊。水果姐Katy Perry、黑寡婦斯嘉麗約翰遜都剪了乾淨利落的短髮。《神奇女俠》成為史上最賣座的超級英雄電影之一。
Meanwhile, theres still not a single traditionally feminine thing a boy can do that wouldnt raise eyebrows. A boy who likes wearing jewelry or makeup, twirling in a tutu or caring for baby dolls is at best the subject of conversations conducted sotto voce. At worst: a bullys target.
但男生做一件女性化的事情仍然會讓人十分吃驚。如果男生戴珠寶、化妝,穿著芭蕾舞裙轉圈或玩洋娃娃,都會引來別人竊竊私語。最糟糕的情況則是受人欺凌。
Describe a boy with a phrase that includes the word "girl" in it, and youre likely to make his parents spines quiver, including those of many of the feminist dads I know.
如果用含有「女孩子」的片語形容一個男孩子,這足以讓他的父母打個冷顫,哪怕是我認識的支持女權主義的父親也會如此。
Girls get to flip through books like "Strong is the New Pretty," but no publication is telling boys that typically feminine traits like caring for others or, yes, taking an interest in beauty (which is often tsked tsked in boys) is the new strong.
女生有機會一讀《堅強是一種新的美麗》之類的書,但是沒有一本書告訴男生,關照他人、對美的追求(男生往往對這點嗤之以鼻)等女性化的特徵也是一種新的強大。
《人民日報》海外版談「娘化」現象時,就講到「過去對男性的角色認定,主要集中在孔武有力、陽剛之氣上。但正如很多人所說,打扮並不是女性的特權,男性當然也可以。既然可以女扮男裝,那為什麼不能男扮女裝,借鑒一些女性的生活方式呢?」
In her recent book "Women and Power: A Manifesto," Mary Beard encourages readers to scrutinize our notions of power, particularly those inhospitable to behaviors and experiences traditionally associated with women.
Mary Beard在其新書《女性和權利:一項宣言》中,鼓勵讀者審視我們對權力的觀念,尤其是那些對傳統上與女性有關的行為和經歷不友好的讀者。
"If women are not perceived to be fully within the structures of power, surely it is power that we need to redefine rather than women?" she writes.
她寫道:「如果女性未被認為完全處於權力結構之內,那顯然是權力而非女性亟待重新定義。」
Widening the perimeters of boyhood would be a great place to begin this work of redefining power. It should, as others have suggested, help inoculate boys against the stoicism and aggression some of them experience in their teenage years.
擴寬對男子氣概的定義是重新定義權力的好起點。正如別人所建議的那樣,這能幫助男生預防斯多葛主義和攻擊,有部分男生在少年時期曾經歷過這些。
Raewyn Connell, author of "Masculinities," said many teenage boys still feel as though they must avoid any signs of weakness or femininity.
《Masculinities》的作者Raewyn Connel認為,還有很多青少年覺得他們應該避免任何軟弱或女性化的行為。
This, in turn, feeds homophobia, because gay men are associated with the parts of themselves that they feel they must suppress.
這滋生了恐同現象,因為同性戀往往具有這樣的行為特徵,而這些是青少年覺得必須抑制的。
"With teenage boys, the search for respect and recognition often results in exaggerated displays of dominating masculinity: the football hero, the first guy in the peer group who smokes, the playground bully, etc.," Connell said. This is often accompanied by "a stark rejection of girl things. "
Connell說,「在青少年中,對尊重和認同的尋求往往會導致對男子氣概的過分展示:足球英雄、同齡人中第一個抽煙的人、校園惡霸等等」。這通常還伴隨著「對『女性化事物』的完全抵制」。
Broadening boyhood will also help give legitimacy to womens work and interests, bringing things like beautification, compromise and caring for others into the official range of human endeavors that truly matter.
擴寬對男子氣概的定義還有助於女性工作和權益的合理化,將審美、折衷和關懷他人納入到人類重要追求的範圍中。
在你碧神就是slay:碧昂絲二提金九封面,還寫自傳一文里,我們提到碧昂絲對兒子的期望是,希望他既可以堅強勇敢,也可以善良敏感,能關懷他人、真誠守信。這是女人希望男人身上所能擁有的品質,然而遺憾的是,到現在為止,許多家長並沒有教導孩子這麼做。
而這幾天,一條被大量轉載的微博提到的有趣現象,也許同樣值得大家的深思,裡面提到:
「很多人覺得鬍子拉碴、抽煙喝酒才是陽剛,但是他們除了外表不娘以外,沒有什麼地方是陽剛的。打掃衛生、做實驗、搬東西跑得比女生還快,這樣的人不要太多。這些人都覺得自己很爺們,看不上娘娘腔,可他們算什麼爺們呢?
「鬍子拉碴、一身臭汗,只是不修邊幅而已。
「娘化不可怕,可怕的是有人以為家暴、大男子主義、窩裡橫才是陽剛。反而一些基佬平時比女人還騷,關鍵時刻卻敢站出來保護女性!在地鐵上被性騷擾,那麼多大老爺們沒有一個站出來幫我,幫我的是小姐姐和一個基佬小哥哥!」
你對「娘化」現象怎麼看呢?
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