英語語法資料精簡

英語語法資料精簡

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虛 擬 語 氣

1） 概念

表示說話人的某種假設、願望、懷疑、猜測、建議等。可分為兩類，一類為真實條件句，一類為非真實條件句,非真實條件句表示的是假設的或實際可能性不大的情況.通過句子意思，看假設的條件是否能夠實現，能夠實現是真實條件句，不能使用虛擬語氣；假設的條件不能實現則是非真實條件句，要用虛擬語氣。

2）虛擬語氣的使用範圍

主要用於if條件狀語從句。也可用於主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句等。

3）法則：「後退一步法」

從句：①與過去事實相反，在從句中用過去完成時形式表示。

②與現在事實相反，在從句中用過去一般時形式表示。

③與將來事實可能相反，在從句中用過去將來時形式表示。

主句：用情態動詞would, should, could 等加一個與從句一致的動詞形式。

例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.

If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.

If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn』t go out.

4）If虛擬語氣的具體分析：

1. 表示與現在事實相反的假設，其if 從句的用動詞的過去式(或were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形。

1) If places ______ a like, there would be little need for geographers(地理學家).（are）

2) If I _____ the meaning of the word, I wouldnt have to look it up.(know)

2. 表示與過去事實相反的假設，if 從句用過去完成時即had＋過去分詞，主句用would / should / could / might + have +過去分詞。

We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _____ him,

A) would have telephoned B) must have telephoned

C) would telephone D) had telephoned

3. 表示對將來實現的可能性很小的或不確定的假設。If從句的謂語形式用一般過去式或用動詞過去式/were to / should +動詞原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +動詞原形。

Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often. (get)

4. 省略if 採用倒裝語序的條件句

if條件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，將had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前，即用倒裝結構。（這種結構在口語中很少使用）。

Had he worked harder, he _____ the exams. (get through)

5）賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

一、wish 後面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。按「後退一步法」處理從句的謂語動詞。

二、表示「要求、建議、命令」等動詞後面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣從句中用「should + 動詞原形」構成

三、would rather ＋從句,在這種結構中，從句的位於動詞用過去形式表示虛擬。

6）主語從句中的虛擬語氣

一、It be + 形容詞 + that ．．．（should）．．．

二、It be + 過去分詞 + that ．．．（should）．．．．

三、It is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（過去式動詞形式或should＋動詞原形）．．．．

7）表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣

在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等表語從句、同位語從句中，要使用虛擬語氣。其謂語動詞應用：should＋原形動詞。

翻譯練習

1. Why is she looking at me （像是她認識我似的）? Ihave never seen her before in my life.

2. I avoided mentioning the sensitive subject lest (觸犯他)。

3.But for his wife』s help, he _________________（是不會成功的）

4. ______________（要不是因為我生病了）, I would have lent him a helping hand.

5. We are all for your proposal that _____________________（延遲討論）.

6. we did not know his phone number, ______________ （否則我們會給他打電話的）.

倒 裝

倒裝結構分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。所謂全部倒裝是指整個謂語部分放在主語前面；而部分倒裝是指謂語的一部分（情態動詞或助動詞）放在主語之前。

如：now comes the chance. has he come?

一：表示地點、方向和時間的副詞或者介詞放在句首時，句子要全部倒裝。這些詞有：here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then,

There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.

In each room are ten students.

注意：在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副詞開頭的句子中，且謂語是come, go, be等動詞時，句子一般要全部倒裝。如果主語是人稱代詞，主語和謂語不須倒裝。例如：

Now, here goes the story.

There he comes.

Away they hurried. 他們急忙走開了。

二：當含有否定意義的詞或短語放在句首時，要用部分倒裝。這類詞包括：not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only … but also…。

Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much.

Not until he came back did I leave. (注意：只能是主句的主謂倒裝)

On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.

三： as +adj. / adv. 以及「to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.」放在句首， 表示程度，句子要倒裝。

To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.

So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.

四：虛擬語氣中，省去if 後， 從句需要倒裝。

五：「only + 狀語」放在句首時，句子需要倒裝。

Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.

Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.

六： 由as 或though 引導的讓步狀語從句有時也用倒裝句，即把表語或部分謂語提前。

Patient though / as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours.

Child as / though he was, he had a good command of English.

Try as he might, he couldn』t the box.

七.： so作「也」講時，引導的句子用倒裝語序，作「確實如此」講要用正常語序。

He went to the film last night, so did I. 他昨天晚上去看電影了，我也去了。

His mother told him to go to the film, so he did. 他母親叫他去看電影，他就去了。

「he is a tall thin man.」 「so he is.」 「他又高又瘦。」 「確實如此。」

翻譯練習：

1. Only by working at evenings and weekeds________________ (他才能完成報告) by the deadline.

2. Not until Alice had a baby of her own （她才了解）how hard it was for her mother to have brought up her sister and her on her own.。

3. Scarcely _______________ (她看見報紙上的廣告)when she booked a package tour with Bright Travel Service.

4. Under no circumstance ____________ her proposal that they take a vacation to Australia together.

5._________________________（吵鬧的音樂不僅惹人討）， it could also be the cause of accidents.

定 語 從 句

1. 定義：

定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,片語或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之後，由關係詞（關係代詞或關係副詞）引出。關係代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關係副詞有：when, where, why等。

2. 非限制性定語從句和限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，關係代詞不能用that，先行詞指{人：用who、whom；物：which }

This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）

非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數，由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當於and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

3. 介詞+關係詞

1）介詞後面的關係詞不能省略。

2）that前不能有介詞。

3） 某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關係詞"結構可以同關係副詞when 和where 互換。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago=This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?= Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

4. 關係代詞that 的用法

1）先行詞是最高級形容詞或者它前面有最高級形容詞修飾的時候

2）先行詞是序數詞，或者它前面有一個序數詞修飾的時候

3）先行詞既有人又有物，宜用that

4）先行詞是all, much, little，few， something, anything, everything, nothing,none, the one等

5）先行詞被不定代詞修飾,如all, any, every, few, little, no, some，no sooner等。例如:

6）先行詞前面Only, one of，the only， the same, the very，the last 等詞修飾的時候。

7）主句已有疑問詞who或者which的時候

8）有兩個定語從句，其中一個關係代詞已用which, 另外一個宜用that.

五：區分定語從句與其相似句型。

在實際運用中，要分清到底是定語從句，還是並列句、狀語從句、強調句或其它句型，然後再來確定關聯詞。

1. Mr Wu has two sons, and both of them are fond of playing golf.（這裡and連接的是並列句，不能用whom代替them。如去掉and，就必須用whom代替them構成定語從句。）

2. It was last night that the terrible fire broke out. （這裡是"It was+被強調部分+that... "構成的強調句型，故連接詞不用when。）

同 位 語 從 句

典型例子：

1. John,my old friend, came this morning.

2. I have no idea what he is doing now.

3. The question who should do the work requires consideration

定語從句與同位語從句都可位於名詞之後，而且都可用 that， when， where， why， who等詞引導，但它們是兩種性質完全不同的從句，不可混淆。

區別：

一、 定語從句是形容詞從句，其作用相當於一個形容詞，是用來修飾前面的名詞或代詞的；同位語從句是名詞從句，其作用相當於一個名詞，是對前面的名詞作進一步解釋的。

1． We heard the news that he had told her. 我們聽到他對她說的消息。

2． We heard the news that he had won the game. 我們聽到消息他贏得了比賽。

二、定語從句的引導詞在從句中充當一定的成分，可作主語、賓語、狀語等

同位語從句中的引導詞在從句只起連接作用，不作任何句子成分。

1. A plane is a machine that can fly.

2. The fact that they didnt finish the work has to be faced.

三、引導定語從句的關聯詞在從句中作賓語或狀語時，可以省略或被其他詞代替；

同位語從句的引導詞一般不能省略，更不能被代替。

1. The news （that） she heard is true. 她聽到的消息是真的。

2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她將出國這消息是真的。

3. The reason （why =for which或 that）he was chosen remains unknown. 他為什麼被選上的原因還是不清楚。

4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他為什麼會被選上，這一想法引起我們的注意。

四、而同位語從句一般都與抽象名詞同位，一般沒有複數形式,如：news, fact, promise, idea, word(消息), message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information，conception,notion，ability, advice, belief, doubt, discovery, , fear, , possibility, problem, question, story, theory, thought。

1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。

2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school.

五、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引導定語從句, 它們分別指前面先行詞所表示的時間、地點、原因、方式、人和物，否則引導的就是同位語從句。

I still remember the day when he was killed. 我還記得他被害的那一天。

I have no idea when he was killed. 我不知道他什麼時候被害的。

主 語 從 句

1．主語從句主要有三類：

（1） 由連詞that引導的主語從句。

That she survived the accident is a miracle. 她在事故中幸免於難簡直是奇蹟。

（2） 用連接代詞或連接副詞if, whether 引導的主語從句。

When they will come hasn』t been made pubic. 他們什麼時候來還不知道。

Whether she is coming or not doesn』t matter too much. 她來不來都無關緊要。

（3） 用關係代詞引導的主語從句。

例如：What you need is more practice. 你所需要的是更多的訓練。

What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是這事。

注意：

主語從句可以直接放在主語位置上，也可以用it作形式主語， 而將從句放在句末（尤其是當謂語較短時）。

例如：That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 光沿直線傳播，這是眾所周知的事。

=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines. 眾所周知光沿直線傳播。

2．固定用法和譯法

（1） It is +名詞+從句

It is a fact that… / It is good news that … …/ It is a question that ……/ It is common knowledge that … …類似的名詞還有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise等。

例如： It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. 鯨魚不是魚，這是常識。

（2） It is +形容詞+從句

It is necessary that……/ It is clear that……/ It is likely that … / It is important that …

類似的形容詞還有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.

例如： It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you . 他拒絕和你說話真是令人驚訝。

（3） It is +過去分詞+從句

It is said that …/ It is reported that … / It has been proved that … / It must be proved that…

類似的過去分詞還有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.

例如：It is thought that he is the best player. 大家都認為他是最好的選手。

（4） It +不及物動詞+從句

It seems that … 好像是/ It happened that… 碰巧/

It follows that … 由此可見/ It has turned out that … 結果是…

類似的不及物動詞還有：seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc.

例如： It now appears that they are in urgent need of help. 看起來他們急需幫助。

當「及物動詞 + 賓語」較短時，也可用這種結構。

例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was. 讓我吃驚的是彼得沒有告訴任何人他在哪裡。

It +某些固定結構+ 主語從句。

例如： It does not make any difference whether it rains or not . 下不下雨沒什麼分別。

It does not make the least difference to me what you do. 對我來說你做什麼都無關緊要。

賓 語 從 句

定義：一個句子在複合句中作動詞或介詞的賓語，在主句與從句之間有一個引導詞

結構：「主語+謂語動詞+引導詞+從句

一：引導詞

1. that常被省略。

She said (that) she would leave the book on his desk. 她說她會把那本書放在他的桌子上。

2. 當賓語從句由一般疑問句變化而來時，用if或whether來引導從句，意為「是否」。

Alice wanted to know if / whether her grandmother liked the bag.

在下列幾種情況下，只能用whether, 不能用if:

● 當or not 緊隨連詞之後時。如：

I dont know whether or not he will come on time. 我不知道他能否按時來。

● 從句用作介詞賓語時。如：

I am interested in whether he joined the army. 我對他是否入伍很感興趣。

● 在帶to的動詞不定式前。如：

She doesnt know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home. 她不知道是去看電影還是在家看電視。

● 當賓語從句移至句首表強調時。如：

Whether this is true or not, Im not sure. 這是否真實，我不敢肯定。

3. 賓語從句具有特殊疑問含義時用連接代（副）詞引導，它們在賓語從句中充當一定成分，因此不能省略。如：

Did you hear what he said? 你聽見他說的話了嗎？（作賓語）

I dont know whose that is. 我不知道那是誰的。（作表語）

Could you tell me how I get to the post office? 你能告訴我到郵局怎麼走嗎？（作狀語）

二：賓語從句的語序：賓語從句一律用陳述語序，即「引導詞+主語+謂語+其它」。

Could you tell me where Wei Fang lives?

三：賓語從句的時態

● 如果主句是祈使句或主句中的謂語動詞是一般現在時或將來時，則賓語從句可根據句意的需要而選用任何一種時態；若主句是一般過去時 ，賓語從句用表示過去的某種時態。

I know he lives here. / I know he lived here ten years ago.

● 如果賓語從句表示客觀真理、科學原理、自然現象、現階段存在的客觀事實、現在經常性或習慣性的動作、諺語、格言等，不論主句用何 種時態，從句一律用一般現在時。如：

The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 老師告訴我們光比聲音傳播快。

He said time is money. 他說時間就是金錢。

四：賓語從句的否定轉移

當主句謂語動詞為think, suppose, guess, believe等詞時，並且主語為第一人稱時，從句的否定詞應轉移到主句謂語動詞上來。如：

I dont believe that he will come tomorrow. 我相信他明天不會來。

五：賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

一、wish 後面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。

wish 後面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，按「後退一步法」處理從句的謂語動詞。

二、表示「要求、建議、命令」等動詞後面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣從句中用「should + 動詞原形」構成。而且should可以省去。用於此結構的動詞有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest等。

注意：當insist表示「堅持認為」、suggest表示「表明，顯示」時，不用虛擬語氣。

The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.

He insisted that he was honest.

表 語 從 句

一：定義： 表語從句就是用一個句子作為表語。

結構：主語＋連繫動詞＋表語從句

連繫動詞：be, look, remain, seem, sound, appear become……..

二：連接詞：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how. （that常可省略）

常用的還有the reason is that… 和It is because 等結構

三 注意：

A 表語從句一定要用陳述語序。

False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.

Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

B 不可以用if，而用whether 連接表語從句(as if 例外）。

False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.

Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.

C 不像賓語從句，在有表語從句的複合句中，主句時態和從句時態可以不一致。

Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.

D that在表語從句中不可以省掉。

從句翻譯練習：

1. __________________（我想強調的）is not the process but the result.

2.The news ___________________ （她兒子比賽獲勝）made her so excited that she could hardly wait to tell it to the neighbors and relatives.

3.The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that _________________（是多少金錢都無法彌補的）.

4．Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits,_________________________(這進而增加了得心臟病的危險).

5.A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _______________(調查結果令人吃驚).

獨 立 主 格

獨立主格結構是由一個相當於主語的名詞或代詞加上非謂語動詞、形容詞（副）詞、或介詞短語構成的一種獨立成分。該結構不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內部的動詞不能考慮其時態、人稱和數的變化，它與其主句之間既不能通過並列連詞連接也不能有從句引導詞引導，常用逗號與其主句隔開。獨立主格結構在很多情況下可以轉化為相應的狀語從句或其他狀語形式，但很多時候不能轉化為分詞形式，因為它內部動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致。在做這類題目時一定要小心判斷，不能粗心大意。

一． 獨立主格結構的特點：

1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。

2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關係。

3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。

二、獨立主格結構的構成形式

名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞；

名詞(代詞)+形容詞；

名詞(代詞)+副詞；

名詞(代詞)+不定式；

名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成。

1． 名詞或代詞＋現在分詞 現在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態。如：

The man lay there, his hands trembling.

有時，現在分詞being或having been在獨立主格結構中可以省略。如：

The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.

2． 名詞或代詞＋過去分詞 過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作。如：

The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.

3． 名詞或代詞＋不定式（短語） 不定式表示將來的動作。如：

He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.

Time is pressing, two hours to go only.

4． 名詞或代詞＋名詞（短語） 如：

Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

5． 名詞或代詞＋形容詞（短語） 形容詞（短語）說明前面名詞或代詞的性質或狀態。如：

The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.

6． 名詞或代詞＋副詞 副詞也多是說明前面名詞或代詞的狀態。如：

The meeting over, we all went home.

7． 名詞或代詞＋介詞短語 如：

The teacher came in, a book in his hand.

有時，獨立主格結構中名詞前面的定語可以省略。如：

The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed.

A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand.

三． 獨立主格結構的作用

1． 作狀語

1） 表示時間 如：

Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping.

2） 表示原因 如：

There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home.

3） 表示條件 如：

Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football.

4） 表示方式或伴隨 如：

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

2． 作同位語 如：

There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen.

四．With/without 引導的獨立主格結構

A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞

He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.

B． with+名詞代詞+副詞

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.

C． with+名詞代詞+介詞短語

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.

D． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.

E． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.

F． with+名詞代詞+動詞不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.

翻譯練習：

1. ____________ (其他條件相同的情況下),a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

2._____________________(所有的航班被取消)because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

分 詞

1．分詞的時態和語態

1）一般式和完成式。一般式用來指和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的行為；完成式（having + 過去分詞）用來指在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作。如：

Being a student, he was interested in books.

Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.

2）主動語態和被動語態。當句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者時，分詞用被動語態；如果強調分詞的動作先於謂語的動作，就用分詞完成式的被動形式。如：

The question being discussed is important.

Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.

2．分詞的用法

1）作定語

The man standing by the windows is our teacher.

The excited people rushed into the building.

2）作狀語，分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。如：

Being a student, I must study hard. （原因）

While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. （時間）

The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. （方式）

注意：分詞短語作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。如果分詞與句子的主語是主動關係，用doing表示與謂語動詞同時發生或進行的動作，用having done表示在謂語動詞之前發生的動作。如果分詞與句子的主語是被動關係，則用done強調在謂語動詞之前發生的動作，也可用having been done. 表示時間關係的分詞短語有時可由連接詞while或when引出。有時「with（without） + 名詞（或代詞賓語） + 分詞」的結構，表示伴隨狀況。如：

He lay half dead, with all his ribs broken.

The bridge being built will be completed in May.（一般式被動語態）

Having lived in Nanjing for forty years, he knows the city very well.（完成式）

Having been asked to stay for supper, she couldnt very well leave.（被動完成式）

Not knowing his telephone number, I cant call him.不知道他的電話號碼，我無法給他打電話。（否定式）

3.獨立主格結構和分詞的區別：

分詞短語作狀語：從句的主語當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語相同時，

獨立主格結構作狀語：從句的主語當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時，有獨立的的主語

如：Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.

翻譯練習：

1. Last week, Tom and his friends celebrated his twentieth birthday, (盡情地唱歌跳舞).

2.___________________（屈服於金錢的誘惑）, he sold out the new design of the company to their opponent.

3._________________(有了那一堆堆稻草的保護), the bushes are not buried by moving sand.

4.___________________（和原來的計劃比起來）, this plan is far more complete.

1.表示倍數的句型

1.倍數 + as + 形容詞原級 + as

This tree is three times as tall as that one.

2.倍數 + 形容詞比較級 + than

The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one. 這本字典比那本恰好貴5倍。

3."A + be + 倍數 + the + 計量名詞 + of + B "

The newly broadened square id four times the size of the previous one.

新擴建的廣場是未擴建時的四倍大。

4."The + 名詞 + of + A + be + 倍數 + that + of + B "

The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one.

新擴建的廣場為以前的四倍大。

5.其它

Im twice/ double his age.

Ive paid five times the usual price for the stamp.

The average income of the staff has been increased by 50 percent compared with last year. 與去年相比，該單位職工的收入增加了50%.

練習：

Prices are going up rapidly. Petrol now (現在汽油的價格是幾年前的兩倍).

2.「the more..., the more...」句型

1.表示「越……就越……」,是一個複合句,其中前面的句子是狀語從句,後面的句子是主句。the用在形容詞或副詞的比較級前,more代表形容詞或副詞的比較級。 例如:

The more he gets, the more he wants. 他越來越貪。

The more she learns, the more she wants to learn. 她越學越想學。

2.主從句的時態常用一般現在時或一般過去時。例如:

The higher the ground is, the thinner air becomes.

The harder he worked, the more he got.

3.若主句的謂語動詞用一般將來時,從句的謂語動詞要用一般現在時表示將來。

The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

The longer the war lasts, the more the people there will suffer.

4.若比較級作表語且不位於句首時,可以不用the。例如:

When we are more in danger, we should be braver.

5.主句在程度上隨著從句變化而變化,常把被強調部分提前。例如:

The faster you run, the better it will be.

6.這種句型的特點是前後都可以有所省略。特別是諺語、俗語,只要意義明確,越簡練越好The more , the better.

7.這種句型中的比較部分通常是狀語、賓語、表語,也可以是主語。例如:

The more English you practise, the better your English is.

The busier he is, the happier he feels.

The more air there is inside the tyre, the greater pressure there is in it.

8.若表示「越……越不……」時,常用「the more..., the less...」句型。

The more she flatters me, the less I like her. 她越逢迎我,我越不喜歡她。

9.若表示「越不……就越……」時,常用「the less..., the more...」句型。

The less he worried, the better he worked.

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