坑死你不償命的托福閱讀方法（系列1）

來自專欄談談托福備考與方法4 人贊了文章

看過了那麼多坑人的方法，看過了那麼多學生被「所謂的技巧」害慘，心裡甚是沉痛，故今天開始，朕打算寫一些列文章，扒一扒市面上的技巧，如果被我說中，那一定是我太牛逼了（哈哈哈哈哈！我這個臭不要臉的！）。今天，我們先來談談修辭目的題，這個題型在一篇文章中會出現1——2個題目，但是，有許多學員特別痛恨這個題型，曾經有學員找到我的時候，直接說：一碰見這個題型，就頭暈。孩子你記住，如果你基礎還不錯的話，那出現問題的原因一定是你學的方法是無效，如同shit一樣的存在。好，現在我們來開扒。

首先，我們來看一下這道題的問法：Why does the author mention/discuss …? The author mentions/discusses … in order to_______；其實，說白了，這個題通俗的講就是，作者說某一「特定內容」的目的是什麼。

那麼，你學到的方法是什麼呢？你會聽到很多培訓師說：這個題很簡單，直接看前一句話，如果前一句話做不了題，你就再向前看。於是乎，你的老師，就給你看了這道題：

Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.

In paragraph 1, the experiment on the fungus Neurosporais mentioned to illustrate

A.the existence of weekly periods of activity as well as daily ones

B.the finding of evidence that organisms have internal clocks

C.the effect of space on the internal clocks of organisms

D.the isolation of one part of an organisms cycle for study

你發現，按照你老師的理念，找到定位後，一定要向前看，你會發現，B選項合適，所以你選B. 於是，你在心裡，默默地說，卧槽，我這麼牛逼，我會了，這個題白給的。但是，請你注意這道題，看看你是否遇到了選擇的窘境。

Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible by piecing together bits of historical evidence, such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries』 records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists dating back to the fifteenth century. From such historical evidence we know that El Nirtos have occurred as far back as records go. It would seem that they are becoming more frequent. Records indicate that during the sixteenth century, an El Nino occurred on average every six years. Evidence gathered over the past few decades indicates that El Ninos are now occurring on average a little over every two years. Even more alarming is the fact that they appear to be getting stronger. The 1997-1998 El Nifio brought copious and damaging rainfall to the southern United States, from California to Florida. Snowstorms in the northeast portion of the United States were more frequent and intense than in most years.

Why does the author include the information that in 1997-1998 "Snowstorms in the northeast portion of the United States were more frequent and intense than in most years"?

A To provide evidence supporting the claim that El Nifios are getting stronger

B To explain why the southern United States experienced copious and damaging rainfall in 1997-1998

C To show that traditional methods are not adequate for documenting the effects of El Niftos

D To identify a consequence of the fact that El Niflos are now occurring a little over once every two years

這道題目是對最後一句話進行提問，如果按照你學習的理念，向前看，即前一句話的話，你很有可能選擇B，但是，這道題目的答案並非是B選項，事實上，B選項是ETS是設計的陷阱，這道題答案，我們選A。問題了，單純看前一句話，這樣行嗎，或者有人說，那我就看前兩句話，但是，當你在考場中，看見A與B選項分別對應提問句的前兩句話的時候，你到底選什麼，到底哪個是正確，難道你需要拋個硬幣，決定選項嘛！？

最後，我還有一個問題想拋給你：那是不是作修辭目的題的時候，一定意味著向前看。請看這道題：

Most of the world』s potable water----freshwater suitable for drinking----is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface. Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.

In paragraph 1, why does the author mention 「the pressure of the overlying rock」?

A To show how water can be forced deep under Earth』s surface

B To show why groundwater is more plentiful than surface freshwater

C To correct a commonly made error about the location of groundwater

D To explain why most groundwater lies near Earth』s surface

很多同學，拿到這道題之後，想都不想，直接看前一句話，試問，這樣能把這道題做出來嘛？！這道題目答案選擇的是D。有人便開始提問了：老師，你上課不是說向前幾句話嘛？這道題目怎麼就變成，關注後面一句話。最終，你聽到了一個令你無語的回答：你還是不熟練，你需要具體情況具體分析。試問同學們，你在考場上有這個時間做這種分析嘛？！你本來時間就來不及，哪有時間想這些事情。

所以，修辭目的題並不是說簡單的看前幾句，也不是所謂的偶爾看後面幾句話，你必須抓住問題本質，我可以告訴你修辭目的題總共有4種不同的解題方式，這四種方式對應著不同的出題情景，因此，我經常說，一個方法要系統到，針對不同的出題方式要有不同的策略，這就像足球一樣，里皮、瓜迪奧拉、穆里尼奧為啥偉大？其中中最重要的一點是，他們從不頑固使用一種陣型，他們根據對手的情況，進行陣型與人員的變換。

下次，我問你修辭目的題怎麼做，別告訴往前看或者向後看！！！！