英語語法-虛擬語氣

08-23

英語語法-虛擬語氣

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概述

虛擬語氣是指說話人表示一種主觀願望或假設的情況。主要用於條件狀語從句、主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句和其他的一些句子結構中。

If I had more time, I would help you with your English.

如果我有更多的時間, 我就會幫你學英語了。(表示與現在事實相反的假設)

I wish I were as young as you.

我要是像你一樣年輕就好了。(表示一種願望)

It is strange that he should not have been invited to the meeting.

很奇怪, 竟然沒有人邀請他去參會。(用於主語從句)

He insisted that we (should) adopt this teaching method.

他堅持認為我們應該採用這個教學方法。(用於賓語從句)

His idea is that we (should) speak more English in class.

他的建議是我們應該在課上多說英語。(用於表語從句)

The young man followed his doctors advice that he (should) give up drinking.

那個年輕人接受了醫生讓他戒酒的建議。(用於同位語從句)

虛擬語氣在非真實條件句中的運用

與現在事實相反的假設

從句：If + 主語 + 動詞的過去式 (be 動詞用 were )

主句：主語 + should / would / could / might + 動詞原形

If I were you, I would seize the chance to go abroad.

如果我是你,我就抓住這次出國的機會。

與過去事實相反的假設

從句：If + 主語 + had + 過去分詞

主句：主語 + should / would / could / might + have + 過去分詞

If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.

如果你早聽了我的建議,你考試就能通過了。

與將來事實相反的假設

從句：

1. If + 主語 + 動詞的過去式

2. If + 主語 + were to + 動詞原形

3. If + 主語 + should + 動詞原形

主句：主語 + should / would / could / might + 動詞原形

If he should not come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting till next Monday.

如果明天他不來的話,我們就會把會議推遲到下周一。

錯綜時間條件句

當條件狀語從句表示的動作或行為和主句表示的動作或行為所發生的時間不一致時, 被稱為「錯綜時間條件句」, 動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間作出相應的調整。

If you had just followed my advice, you wouldbe better now.

如果你剛才聽了我的建議, 你現在就好多了。

If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now.

如果你以前努力學習的話, 你現在就是大學生了。

if 省略句

在虛擬條件狀語從句中可省略 if, 把 were, had, should 提到句首, 變為倒裝句式。

If I were at school again, I would study harder.

→ Were I at school again, I would study harder.

如果我還有上學的機會, 我會更加努力地學習。

If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus.

→ Had you come earlier, you would have caught the bus.

如果你來得早些, 你就能趕上那輛公共汽車了。

If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.

→ Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.

如果明天下雨的話, 我們就不去登山了。

注意: 若省略的條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞是否定形式時, 不能用動詞的縮略形式。如: 我們可以說 Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. 但不能說 Werent it for the expense, I would go abroad now.

含蓄條件句

有時為了表達的需要, 在虛擬語氣中並不總是出現 if 引導的條件句, 而是通過其他手段來代替條件句。

Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.

= But for your help, . . .

=If it had not been for your help, . . .

= Had it not been for your help, . . .

沒有你的幫助, 我們不可能提前完成這項工作。

I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. (副詞)

我那天病了。否則, 我就參加運動會了。

He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (連詞)

他打電話通知了我你的生日, 否則, 我對此一點都不知道。

I would write to her, but I dont know her address. (連詞)

我要給她寫信來著, 可是不知道她的地址。

A few hours earlier ( =If you had come a few hours earlier), you would have beenable to meet the famous writer.

要是你早來幾個小時, 你就能見到那位著名的作家了。

even if, even though 用於虛擬語氣

even if, even though 也可用於虛擬語氣, 其形式與 if 從句在虛擬語氣中的形式相同。

題組訓練用所給詞的適當形式填空

(2014 北京, 34) We should / could / would be (be) back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.

If he had caught (catch) the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.

If we had booked (book) a table earlier, we wouldnt be standing here in the queue.

虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運用

(1) wish 後面的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣, 表示一種不可能實現的願望。其謂語動詞構成形式為:

一般過去時（賓語從句動作與 wish 同時）

had + 過去分詞（賓語從句動作先於 wish）

would / could + 動詞原形（賓語從句動作後於 wish）

I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.

我希望我是只小鳥, 能在天空中自由飛翔。

I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.

我希望昨天見到那個影星了。

此外, If only + 句子= How I wish + that 從句(that 可省略)。

If only I were a flying bird! = How I wish I were a flying bird!

我要是一隻飛鳥該多好啊!

If only I had seen the film! = How I wish I had seen the film!

我要是看了那部電影該多好啊!

(2)用於表示建議、命令、要求等動詞後的賓語從句中, 常見的動詞有 insist, order, command, require, request, demand, advise, suggest, propose, recommend 等。賓語從句中的虛擬語氣結構為「should + 動詞原形」, should 可以省略。

He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.

他建議我們第二天早點出發。

They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.

他們堅決要求那個男孩子跟他們一起去。

此類動詞記憶小竅門:

一堅持(insist)

二命令(order, command)

三要求(require, request, demand)

四建議(advise, suggest, propose, recommend)

注意: 當suggest 表示「暗示, 表明」之意, insist 表示「堅持說」之意時, suggest / insist 後的賓語從句不使用虛擬語氣, 應使用陳述語氣。

The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.

他臉上的微笑表明他對我們的工作很滿意。

The man insisted that he had never stolen money.

那個人堅持說他從沒有偷過錢。

(3)在 would rather 後的賓語從句中, 謂語動詞用一般過去時( be 用 were ), 表示對現在或將來的虛擬; 賓語從句謂語動詞用過去完成時表示對過去的虛擬。

I would rather they didnt hear of the news.

我寧願他們沒聽到那個消息。(對現在或將來的虛擬)

I would rather I had not told him the bad news.

我寧願沒告訴他那個壞消息。(對過去的虛擬)

虛擬語氣在主語從句中的運用

It is desired / suggested / proposed / recommended / necessary / important / strange / natural / a pity / essential + that 從句, 從句的謂語動詞用「should + 動詞原形」, should 可以省略。

It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.

人們建議將會議推遲到下周。

It is strange that he (should) have treated his parents like that. (從句謂語動詞的動作在主句謂語動詞的動作之前發生時, 要用「should have+過去分詞」, should 可以省略)

真奇怪, 他竟然那樣對他父母。

注意:以上句式也可以用陳述語氣。

Its a pity that you cant dance.

真遺憾你不會跳舞。

虛擬語氣在表語從句和同位語從句中的運用

在 suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice 等名詞後的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣, 其構成是「should+動詞原形」, should 可以省略。

My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.

我的意見是在接受它之前我們要仔細考慮。

We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Dalian for sightseeing. 我們都同意他讓我們去大連觀光的建議。

題組訓練用所給詞的適當形式填空

—Where are the children? The dinners going to be completely ruined.

—I wish they were (be) not always late.

( 2014 陝西, 23) We would rather our daughter stayed (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.

虛擬語氣在 as if / as though 引導的從句中的運用

as if / as though 引導方式狀語從句或表語從句, 有時從句的謂語部分要用虛擬語氣形式, 其形式為:

一般過去時(狀語從句動作與主句謂語動詞所表達的動作同時發生)

過去完成時(狀語從句動作先於主句謂語動詞所表達的動作)

would / could / might + 動詞原形(狀語從句動作後於主句謂語動詞所表達的動作)

He looks as if he were an artist. (同時)

他看起來像個藝術家。

She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America. (先於)

她講英語如此流利, 好像她在美國學過英語。

He learns English so hard as if he would go to the U.S.A. (後於)

他如此努力地學英語, 好像他要去美國。

題組訓練用所給詞的適當形式填空

(2014 重慶, 13)It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if Ihad done (do)it?

He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he were ( be ) a Chinese.

Looking round the town, he felt as though he had been (be) away for ages.

虛擬語氣在定語從句中的運用

It is (high) time (that) ...句型中, 定語從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時, 或用「should+動詞原形」(其中 should 不能省略)。此句型意為「(現在)該……」, 用來表示提建議。

It is (high) time that you went to school.

你該去上學了。

It is (high) time that we should start out.

我們該出發了。

虛擬語氣在目的狀語從句中的運用

在 in case, for fear that, in order that, so that 等引導的目的狀語從句中, 動詞用「could / should / might / would + 動詞原形」, 表示虛擬。

They left early for fear that they would meet him.

他們動身很早以免和他碰面。

But I gave you a map so that you wouldnt get lost!

但我怕你迷路，給過你一張地圖！

借鑒於此。