歐陸風雲——夢斷義大利

來自專欄歷史⑨課59 人贊了文章

Having overwhelmed the stiff resistance of Pyrenean tribes and cliffs of Alpine passes, Hannibals victory over the Romans brings both the Gauls and the Ligurians to Hannibals side, so his army is considerably augmented by Celtic recruits.

漢尼拔克服了行軍路上比利牛斯山部落的頑強抵抗，跨過了阿爾卑斯山的隘口，戰勝羅馬軍隊，使得高盧人和利古利亞人加入己方；徵發的凱爾特人更是大大補充了他的軍隊。

June 24 – On the northern shore of Lake Trasimene, in Umbria, Hannibals troops nearly annihilate Gaius Flaminius army in the Battle of Trasimene, killing thousands (including Flaminius) and driving others to drown in the lake. Reinforcements of about 4,000 cavalry from Ariminum are intercepted before they arrive and are also destroyed. The Carthaginian troops then march on Rome.

6月4日，在翁布里亞Trasimene湖北岸，漢尼拔軍隊在Trasimene之戰中幾乎殲滅了Gaius Flaminius的軍隊，羅馬軍隊陣亡數千人，敗兵被趕入湖中。Ariminum的約4000名羅馬騎兵馳援，但在抵達之前被圍點打援，也被擊敗。迦太基軍隊緊接著向羅馬進攻。

Although holding the initiative after the Battle of Raphia, Ptolemy IV, on his chief minister Sosibius advice, negotiates a peace, and the Seleucid army withdraws from Coele Syria. Antiochus III gives up all his conquests except the city of Seleucia-in-Pieria.

雖然在拉菲亞之戰後托勒密四世獲得了主動權，但在首席大臣Sosibius的建議下，托勒密四世選擇議和，塞留古軍隊撤出柯里敘利亞。安條克三世放棄了自己征服的地方，但塞留西亞除外。

Learning of Hannibals victory over the Romans at Lake Trasimene and seeing a chance to recover his Illyrian kingdom from the Romans, Demetrius of Pharos immediately advises Philip V to make peace with the Aetolians, and Philip V then turns his attentions toward Illyria and Italy.

聽聞漢尼拔在Trasimene湖戰勝羅馬軍隊之後，Pharos的德米特里烏斯覺得有望復國，於是立即建議腓力五世與愛托利亞人求和，腓力五世於是將注意力轉向伊利里亞和義大利。

August 2 – The Battle of Cannae (east of Naples) ends in victory for Hannibal whose 40,000-man army defeats a Roman force of 70,000 .

8月2日，坎尼之戰（那不勒斯以東）以漢尼拔勝利結束。漢尼拔4萬人的部隊擊敗了羅馬7萬人的部隊。

Following Hannibals victory, many regions begin to defect from Rome, while others are conquered by Hannibals forces.

漢尼拔勝利之後，很多地區背離羅馬，其它地區被漢尼拔部隊征服。

Hannibals forces occupy the cities of Heraclea and Thurii. However, Hannibal is unable to prevent the Romans from besieging Capua.

漢尼拔軍隊佔領了赫拉克利亞和圖裡。然而，漢尼拔未能阻止羅馬重奪卡普亞。

The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, crosses the Taurus, uniting his forces with Attalus of Pergamum and, in one campaign, deprives his rebel general, Achaeus, of all his dominions and takes Sardis (with the exception of the citadel).

塞留古國王安條克三世翻過塔拉斯山脈，與帕加馬Attalus會師，在一次戰役中奪取了叛將阿凱烏斯的所有領地，佔領薩迪斯（該城城堡除外）。

The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who is in Sicily at the time of the revolt of Syracuse, leads an army which storms Leontini and besieges Syracuse.

敘拉古背棄羅馬。此時，在西西里的羅馬將軍Marcus Claudius Marcellus率軍急襲Leontini，圍攻敘拉古。

In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king of Anatolia, Achaeus, in his capital, Sardis, after a siege of two years. Antiochus III then has Achaeus executed.

安條克三世與帕加馬Attalus一世聯盟，圍攻薩迪斯兩年之後終於捕獲了阿凱夫斯，然後安條克三世將其處死。

Casilinum and Arpi are recovered by the Romans from Hannibal.

羅馬軍隊從漢尼拔手中收復Casilinum和Arpi。

By 212 BC an army led by an Odrysian king Pleuratus destroyed the Celtic kingdom and its capital Tylis.

至公元前212年，奧德里西亞國王Pleuratus帥軍攻滅凱爾特人王國，毀滅其都城Tylis。

The Romans capture Saguntum (modern Sagunto) from the Carthaginians.

羅馬軍隊從迦太基人手中奪取薩貢托。

Tarentum betray Romans but citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour.

塔蘭托背棄羅馬，但該城中的城堡仍在羅馬控制之下，這樣漢尼拔便不可能使用港口。

The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Barca returns to Spain after his victory over the rebellious Numidians, leading the Carthaginians to recover all their territory south of the Ebro..

迦太基將軍哈斯杜魯巴爾在戰勝努米底亞人之後回到西班牙，領導迦太基軍隊收復埃伯羅河以南地區。

With the capture of Syracuse, the Romans are able to pacify all of Sicily.

羅馬軍隊奪取敘拉古，這樣羅馬人就能平定整個西西里了。

The Romans besiege the town of Capua. The town eventually falls to the Romans and its citizens are punished by them.

羅馬軍隊圍攻卡普阿，奪取該地，狠狠地懲罰了當地居民。

A treaty is signed to counter Philip V of Macedon who is allied to Hannibal. Under the treaty, the Aetolians are to conduct operations on land, the Romans at sea.

相關各方簽署條約，針對漢尼拔的盟友，馬其頓腓力五世。根據該條約，埃托利亞人要在陸地上作戰，羅馬要在海上作戰。

The Aetolians, Sparta and King Attalus of Pergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. This coalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.

埃托利亞、斯巴達和帕加馬加入羅馬陣營，作戰針對腓力五世。這個聯盟比較強力，腓力五世不得不停止進攻羅馬領土。

The Romans capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years.

羅馬軍隊奪取了迦太基將軍漢尼拔佔領三年之久的塔倫托。

The Romans launch a combined military and naval assault on the Carthaginian headquarters at Carthago Nova and successfully besieges and captures the city.

羅馬軍隊對迦太基在新迦太基的總部發起海陸聯合進攻，成功佔領新迦太基。

The Romans defeat the Carthaginians at Baecula. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.

羅馬軍隊在Baecula擊敗迦太基人。因此，哈斯杜魯巴爾決定率領余部翻越比利牛斯山，進軍山內高盧，與兄長漢尼拔在義大利會師。

The Carthaginian reinforcement is defeated by the Romans and Hasdrubal is killed in the battle of the Metaurus. This major loss by the Carthaginians ends Hannibals hopes of success in Italy.

迦太基援軍在Metaurus之戰中被羅馬軍隊擊敗，哈斯杜魯巴爾陣亡。迦太基這次慘重失敗終結了漢尼拔在義大利的成功希望。