【BBC】以英語為母語的人是世界上最糟糕的交流者丨取經號

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以英語為母語的人是世界上最糟糕的交流者

本期導讀

面對著一屋子非英語母語者,英語母語者可能根本聽不懂他們在說什麼。這雖然是他們的語言,但其中的關鍵信息常被遺漏。

正文

本文選自 BBC

譯者:鄧小雪&曾擎禹

校對:楊靄琳&徐嘉悅

策劃:徐嘉悅

Native Englsih Speakers Are the World"s Worst Communicators

英語為母語的人是世界上最糟糕的交流者

It was just one word in one email, but it triggered huge financial losses for a multinational company.

一封郵件中的一個單詞,造成了一家跨國公司巨大的財務損失。

The message, written in English, was sent by a native speaker to a colleague for whom English was a second language. Unsure of the word, the recipient found two contradictory meanings in his dictionary. He acted on the wrong one.

這封郵件是由一位英語母語者發送給他的一名非英語母語的同事。同事不確定單詞的意思,在查字典後發現有兩個完全相反的意思,然後他按照錯誤的一個辦了事。

Months later, senior management investigated why the project had flopped, costing hundreds of thousands of dollars. 「It all traced back to this one word,」 says Chia Suan Chong, a UK-based communications skills and intercultural trainer, who didn"t reveal the tricky word because it is highly industry-specific and possibly identifiable. 「Things spiralled out of control because both parties were thinking the opposite.」

一個月後,上級調查了項目失敗並巨額虧損的原因。「起因就是因為這一個詞,事情失去控制,因為雙方理解了相反的意思。」 Chia Suan Chong表示。她是英國一位跨文化交流技能培訓員,由於具有行業特殊性和識別性,她並沒有透露具體是哪個單詞。

When such misunderstandings happen, it』s usually the native speakers who are to blame. Ironically, they are worse at delivering their message than people who speak English as a second or third language, according to Chong.

Chong表示,當這樣的誤解發生時,通常都是母語英語者的責任。諷刺的是,他們和以英語為第二語言的人相比傳遞信息的能力更差。

「A lot of native speakers are happy that English has become the world』s global language. They feel they don』t have to spend time learning another language,」 says Chong. 「But… often you have a boardroom full of people from different countries communicating in English and all understanding each other and then suddenly the American or Brit walks into the room and nobody can understand them.」

Chong 說,「很多英語母語者對於英語成為世界通用語言很高興,因為他們覺得這樣就不用再花時間學別的語言了。通常,如果屋子裡都是一群來自世界各地的人用英語交流,他們都能理解對方,但這時如果突然進來一個英國人或者美國人,大家就都聽不懂他/她在說什麼了。」

The non-native speakers, it turns out, speak more purposefully and carefully, typical of someone speaking a second or third language. Anglophones, on the other hand, often talk too fast for others to follow, and use jokes, slang and references specific to their own culture, says Chong. In emails, they use baffling abbreviations such as 『OOO』, instead of simply saying that they will be out of the office.

Chong認為,非英語母語者,尤其是那些把英語作為第二或第三語言的人,講話的時候更有目的性也更謹慎。英語母語者卻經常在講話中語速過快,使其他人難以跟上。在郵件中他們經常使用令人困惑的縮寫,例如「OOO」而不明確說明他們只是要離開辦公室。

「The native English speaker… is the only one who might not feel the need to accommodate or adapt to the others,」 she adds.

她接著補充道:「英語母語者可能是唯一一個覺得不需要去適應或包容其他人的人。」

Relating to your audience

和你的聽眾進行溝通

With non-native English speakers in the majority worldwide, it』s Anglophones who may need to up their game.

全世界絕大多數人都不是英語母語者,所以對於生來就說英語的人來說,他們應該也學著適應。

「Native speakers are at a disadvantage when you are in a lingua franca situation,」 where English is being used as a common denominator, says Jennifer Jenkins, professor of global Englishes at the UK』s University of Southampton. 「It』s the native English speakers that are having difficulty understanding and making themselves understood.」Non-native speakers generally use more limited vocabulary and simpler expressions, without flowery language or slang. Because of that, they understand one another at face value. Jenkins found, for instance, that international students at a British university understood each other well in English and swiftly adapted to helping the least fluent members in any group.

英國南安普頓大學研究世界英語的教授Jennifer Jenkins 表示,英語作為全球通用語言,「其母語使用者在混合語言環境中反而處於劣勢。他們很難理解別人的意思,也很難讓別人理解自己。」非母語者通常會使用有限的辭彙和簡單的表達,而非花哨的修辭或俚語。正因為如此,他們能理解對方明顯想要表達的意思。例如,Jenkins發現在英國大學裡,國際學生能用英語很好地交流並很快開始幫助組裡語言不那麼流利的成員。

『What the hell is ETA?』

「ETA是什麼玩意?」

Zurich-based Michael Blattner』s mother tongue is Swiss-German, but professionally he interacts mostly in English. 「I often hear from non-native colleagues that they do understand me better when listening to me than when doing so to natives,」 says the head of training and proposition, IP Operations at Zurich Insurance Group.

蘇黎世的Michael Blattner是蘇黎世保險集團知識產權運營部門的首席培訓員,他以瑞士德語為母語,但在專業交流上主要還是用英語。他說「我經常聽那些英語非母語的同事告訴我,相比於理解英語母語者,他們能更好地理解我說的話。」

One bugbear is abbreviations.

難題之一是縮寫

「The first time I worked in an international context somebody said 『Eta 16:53』 and I thought 『What the hell is ETA?』,」 says Blattner. 「To add to the confusion, some of the abbreviations in British English are very different from American English.」

Blattner說:「當我第一次在一家國際背景的公司中工作時,有人在郵件里說『ETA:16:53』,我當時想的是ETA是什麼鬼? 更糟糕的是,有一些縮寫在英式英語和美式英語中有不同的意思。」

注:ETA= Estimated time of arrival,預計到達時間.

And then there』s cultural style, Blattner says. When a Brit reacts to a proposal by saying, 「That』s interesting」 a fellow Brit might recognise this as understatement for, 「That』s rubbish.」 But other nationalities would take the word 「interesting」 on face value, he says.

還有就是文化風格的差異,布拉特表示。當一個英國人評論某項提案「That』s interesting。」,真正的英國人可能會意識到這句話的意思是「那個提案就是一個垃圾。」但是其他國籍的人可能會僅僅從字面上理解「有趣」這個詞。

Unusual words, speed of talking and mumbling don』t help, he adds — especially if the phone or video connection is poor quality. 「You start disengaging and doing something else because there isn』t any chance of understanding,」 he says.

他同時表示,使用不常見的詞,語速或者喃喃自語對理解對話完全沒有幫助——尤其當電話信號或者視頻連接不穩定的時候。他說:「這種時候你就開始偏離對話的真正含義了,因為根本沒有機會去正確理解其中的含義。」

At meetings, he adds, 「typically, native English speakers dominate about 90% of the time. But the other people have been invited for a reason.」

他補充道:「在會議上,英語母語者的發言要佔據90%的時間。但其他人被邀請都是有原因的。 」

Dale Coulter, head of English at language course provider TLC International House in Baden, Switzerland, agrees: 「English speakers with no other language often have a lack of awareness of how to speak English internationally.」

來自瑞士巴登TLC國際語言學校的英語課程主任 Dale Coulter贊同這種說法:「那些不會說其他語言的英語母語使用者,通常缺少如何更國際化使用英語的意識。」

In Berlin, Coulter saw German staff of a Fortune 500 company being briefed from their Californian HQ via video link. Despite being competent in English, the Germans gleaned only the gist of what their American project leader said. So among themselves they came up with an agreed version, which might or might not have been what was intended by the California staff.

在柏林,庫爾特看到一家世界財富500強的公司的德國員工正通過遠程視頻與他們加利福尼亞總部的領導溝通。儘管主管一直在使用英語,但是德國人也只是領會到了他們的美國項目主管人的中心思想。所以他們自己內部對這一項目達成了某種意見,卻可能與他們遠在加利福尼亞的同事所想的完全不同。

「A lot of the information goes amiss,」 Coulter says.

庫爾特說:「很多信息都是錯誤的」

When simpler is better

何時應該簡化

It』s the native speaker who often risks missing out on closing a deal, warns Frenchman Jean-Paul Nerriere, formerly a senior international marketing executive at IBM.

IBM 前國際市場部高級執行官,來自法國的Jean-Paul Nerriere 警告說:「英語母語使用者,在溝通時經常會有喪失商機的風險。」

「Too many non-Anglophones, especially the Asians and the French, are too concerned about not 『losing face』 — and nod approvingly while not getting the message at all,」 he says.

他說:「很多非母語英文使用者,尤其是亞洲人和法國人,並不太過於擔心『丟臉』——而且有時候,點頭讚許並不能獲得任何有效信息。」

That』s why Nerriere devised Globish — a distilled form of English, stripped down to 1,500 words and simple but standard grammar. 「It』s not a language, it』s a tool,」 he says. Since launching Globish in 2004 he』s sold more than 200,000 Globish text books in 18 languages.

這就是為什Nerriere 設計了世界語——一種英語的精簡形式,將辭彙量降低到1500個同時又擁有簡單而完善的語法體系。他說:「這不是一種語言,它其實是一種工具。」。 自從世界語2004年出版以來,他已經賣出了用18種語言編寫的超過20萬本教材書籍。

「If you can communicate efficiently with limited, simple language you save time, avoid misinterpretation and you don』t have errors in communication,」 Nerriere says.

Nerriere說:「如果你能使用有限且簡單的辭彙進行高效的溝通,你就能避免誤解而且不會在交流中犯錯。」

As an Englishman who』s worked hard to learn French, Rob Steggles, senior marketing director for Europe at telecommunications giant NTT Communications, has advice for Anglophones. Based in Paris, Steggles says, 「you need to be short, clear and direct and you need to simplify. But there』s a fine line between doing that and being patronising.」

Rob Steggles 現在是歐洲電信巨頭NTT的高級營銷總監,作為一個努力學習法語的英國人,他對英語母語使用者提出了一些建議。 Steggles說:「就在巴黎而言,你需要盡量簡短、清晰、直接地表達你的需求。但是這一點和趾高氣昂地說話是有明顯的界限的。」

「It』s a tightrope walk,」 he adds.

他補充說:「這就像走鋼絲」

Giving others a chance

給別人一個機會

When trying to communicate in English with a group of people with varying levels of fluency, it』s important to be receptive and adaptable, tuning your ears into a whole range of different ways of using English, Jenkins says.

Jenkins說:「當我們和一群英語流利程度相差很大的人一起交流時,接受和適應是非常重要的一部分內容,豎起你的耳朵接受廣泛且大不相同的英語方式。」

「People who』ve learned other languages are good at doing that, but native speakers of English generally are monolingual and not very good at tuning in to language variation,」 she says.

她說「多語言學習的人通常很擅長這樣做,但是那些英語母語使用者通常習慣了單一語言的使用而且不擅長轉換語言變化。」

In meetings, Anglophones tend to speed along at what they consider a normal pace, and also rush to fill gaps in conversation, according to Steggles.

根據Steggles 的說法:「在會議中,英語母語使用者傾向於使用他們認為正常的語速進行交流,並且急於填補對話中的空白。」

「It could be that the non-native speaker is trying to formulate a sentence,」 he says. 「You just have to wait a heartbeat and give them a chance. Otherwise, after the meeting they come up and say, 『What was all that about?』 Or they walk away and nothing happens because they haven』t understood.」

他說:「對於那些非母語英語使用者來說,他們可能正在試著組織一個句子。你只需要等一等,給他們一個機會。否則,在會議結束後,他們會說:『這些是什麼東西?』又或者他們會徑直走開,當成什麼事都沒發生一樣。因為他們並沒有聽懂其他人的言論。」

He recommends making the same point in a couple of different ways and asking for some acknowledgement, reaction or action.

他的建議是對同一種觀點採取多種表達方式,並且向聽眾確認,或者徵詢一些反應或者行為。

「If there』s no participation," Steggles cautions, 「you don』t know whether you』ve been understood or not.」

Steggles提醒說:「如果大家不參與其中,你就不知道自己是否真的理解它了。」

外媒簡介

英國廣播公司 (BBC),成立於1922年,是英國最大的新聞廣播機構,也是世界最大的新聞廣播機構之一。在相當長的一段時間內BBC一直壟斷著英國的電視、電台。在1955年獨立電視台和1973年獨立電視台成立之前,BBC一直是英國唯一的電視、電台廣播公司。

學習筆記

1、lingua franca

(母語不同的人之間使用的)通用語、交際語。

Native speakers are at a disadvantage when you are in a lingua franca situation, where English is being used as a common denominator.

英語作為全球通用語言,其母語使用者在混合語言環境中反而處於劣勢。

2、denominator

n. 共性,共同特徵,標準,衡量的尺度。

3、bugbear

n. 使人煩惱的東西,難題。

One bugbear is abbreviations.

難題之一是縮寫。

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