美國終於說出了生物技術是大規模殺傷性武器
Top U.S. Intelligence Official Calls Gene Editing a WMD Threat《麻省理工學院技術評論》雜誌:美國國家情報總監警告:基因編輯是一種大規模殺傷武器威脅 https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600774/top-us-intelligence-official-calls-gene-editing-a-wmd-threat/#.Vrp7hVy0J-4.twitterby Antonio Regalado February 9, 2016作者:安托尼奧·拉格拉多 2016年2月9日
Antonio Regalado Senior Editor, Biomedicine安托尼奧·拉格拉多,高級編輯,生物醫藥Senior editor for biomedicine for MIT Technology Review. He looks for stories about how technology is changing medicine and biomedical research. Before joining MIT Technology Review in July 2011, he lived in S?o Paulo, Brazil, wrote about science, technology, and politics in Latin America for Science and other publications. From 2000 to 2009, was the science reporter at the Wall Street Journal and later a foreign correspondent.《麻省理工學院技術評論》雜誌生物藥物高級編輯。他尋找技術如何改變藥物與生物藥物研究的專題。2011年7月參加《麻省理工學院技術評論》雜誌之前,他住在巴西聖保羅,為《科學》雜誌與其他出版物撰寫關於拉丁美洲科學、技術與政治方面文章。2000-2009年,他為《華爾街時報》擔任科學記者,後來擔任駐外記者。Easy to use. Hard to control. The intelligence community now sees CRISPR as a threat to national safety.導讀:容易使用。難於控制。美國情報界顯著將轉基因技術「基因編輯」視為對國家安全的威脅。That』s according to James Clapper, U.S. director of national intelligence, who on Tuesday, in the annual worldwide threat assessment report of the U.S. intelligence community, added gene editing to a list of threats posed by 「weapons of mass destruction and proliferation.」詹姆斯·克拉珀,美國國家情報總監,星期二(2月9日)在美國情報界年度世界範圍危險評估報告中,將「基因編輯」列入構成「大規模殺傷武器與擴散」的威脅清單。Gene editing refers to several novel ways to alter the DNA inside living cells. The most popular method, CRISPR, has been revolutionizing scientific research, leading to novel animals and crops, and is likely to power a new generation of gene treatments for serious diseases (see 「Everything You Need to Know About CRISPR』s Monster Year」).「基因編輯」系改變生物細胞內DNA的數種方法。其中最為普遍的CRISPR方法,已經革命化科學研究,導致新穎的動物與農作物,而且可能推動嚴重疾病新一代基因治療(參看:你應當對CRISPR魔鬼年知道的一切)。百度百科:CRISPRCRISPR是生命進化歷史上,細菌和病毒進行鬥爭產生的免疫武器,簡單說就是病毒能把自己的基因整合到細菌,利用細菌的細胞工具為自己的基因複製服務,細菌為了將病毒的外來入侵基因清除,進化出CRISPR系統,利用這個系統,細菌可以不動聲色地把病毒基因從自己的染色體上切除,這是細菌特有的免疫系統。微生物學家10年前就掌握了細菌擁有多種切除外來病毒基因的免疫功能,其中比較典型的模式是依靠一個複合物,該複合物能在一段RNA指導下,定向尋找目標DNA序列,然後將該序列進行切除。許多細菌免疫複合物都相對複雜,其中科學家掌握了對一種蛋白Cas9的操作技術,並先後對多種目標細胞DNA進行切除。這種技術被稱為CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯系統,迅速成為生命科學最熱門的技術。It is gene editing』s relative ease of use that worries the U.S. intelligence community, according to the assessment. 「Given the broad distribution, low cost, and accelerated pace of development of this dual-use technology, its deliberate or unintentional misuse might lead to far-reaching economic and national security implications,」 the report said.依據美國情報界的年度世界範圍危險評估報告,「基因組編輯」相對容易使用令美國情報界擔心。「考慮到這種『雙用技術』廣泛的傳播、低成本,及其加速發展的速度,其故意的或無意的誤用可能導致影響深遠的經濟和國家安全影響」,該報稱。The choice by the U.S. spy chief to call out gene editing as a potential weapon of mass destruction, or WMD, surprised some experts. It was the only biotechnology appearing in a tally of six more conventional threats, like North Korea』s suspected nuclear detonation on January 6, Syria』s undeclared chemical weapons, and new Russian cruise missiles that might violate an international treaty.美國間諜首腦選擇公開警告「基因編輯」是潛在大規模殺傷武器(WMD),令某些專家吃驚。這是生物技術出現六種更傳統威脅清單的唯一與首先一次,它們包括北朝鮮1月6日令人質疑的核爆試驗、敘利亞未公開的化學武器,以及可能違反一項國際協議的俄羅斯新型巡航導彈。
James Clapper, the U.S. director of national intelligence, oversees spying agencies with a combined budget of more than $50 billion.詹姆斯·克拉珀,美國國家情報總監,監督海外間諜機構,掌管總額超過500億美元的預算。The report is an unclassified version of the 「collective insights」 of the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, and half a dozen other U.S. spy and fact-gathering operations.該報告是中央情報局、國家安全局,以及暑假其他的美國間諜與證據收集作業「集體智慧」的非保密分級版。Although the report doesn』t mention CRISPR by name, Clapper clearly had the newest and the most versatile of the gene-editing systems in mind. The CRISPR technique』s low cost and relative ease of use—the basic ingredients can be bought online for $60—seems to have spooked intelligence agencies.儘管這個報告沒有具體提到CRISPR的名稱,克拉珀清楚考慮的是基因編輯最新與最最多才多藝的基因編輯系統。CRISPR技術的低成本與相對容易使用 -- 最基本的部分在網上只要60美元就可以買到 --似乎嚇壞了美國的情報機構。「Research in genome editing conducted by countries with different regulatory or ethical standards than those of Western countries probably increases the risk of the creation of potentially harmful biological agents or products,」 the report said.「對基因編輯進行研究的國家,其監管與倫理標準與西方國家有很大不同,這可能增加創造潛在有害生物劑或產品的風險。」The concern is that biotechnology is a 「dual use」 technology—meaning normal scientific developments could also be harnessed as weapons. The report noted that new discoveries 「move easily in the globalized economy, as do personnel with the scientific expertise to design and use them.」這種擔心來自生物技術是一種「雙用」技術 -- 這意味著正常的科學發展也可以利用作為武器。該報告指出新的發現「可以在全球化經濟中很容易移動,設計與使用它們的科學專長人員在全球化經濟中也很容易移動。」Clapper didn』t lay out any particular bioweapons scenarios, but scientists have previously speculated about whether CRISPR could be used to make 「killer mosquitoes,」 plagues that wipe out staple crops, or even a virus that snips at people』s DNA.克拉珀沒有列出任何特定的生物武器場景,但是科學家們以前已經推測CRISPR是否可以用來製造「殺手蚊子」、摧毀主要農作物的瘟疫,,甚至剪切人類DNA的病毒。「Biotechnology, more than any other domain, has great potential for human good, but also has the possibility to be misused,」 says Daniel Gerstein, a senior policy analyst at RAND and a former under secretary at the Department of Homeland Defense. 「We are worried about people developing some sort of pathogen with robust capabilities, but we are also concerned about the chance of misutilization. We could have an accident occur with gene editing that is catastrophic, since the genome is the very essence of life.」「生物技術,比任何其他領域,具有對人類好的方面很大的潛力,但是也具有被誤用的很大潛力」,丹尼爾·格斯泰因,蘭德公司一位高級政策分析員與美國國土防禦部副國務卿說。「我們擔心有人可能開發某種有強大功能的病原體,但是我們也擔心錯誤應用的可能性。由於基因組是生命的本質,我們可能發生基因編輯造成的災難性事故。」Piers Millet, an expert on bioweapons at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., says Clapper』s singling out of gene editing on the WMD list was 「a surprise,」 since making a bioweapon—say, an extra-virulent form of anthrax—still requires mastery of a 「wide raft of technologies.」皮爾斯·米勒特,華盛頓特區Woodrow Wilson中心的生物武器專家說,克拉珀單獨將「基因編輯」挑出來列入「大規模殺傷武器」清單是「令人驚訝」,因為製作一張生物武器 -- 例如,一種額外致命的炭疽病毒 -- 仍然需要掌握「廣泛的一系列技術」。Development of bioweapons is banned by the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, a Cold War–era treaty that outlawed biological warfare programs. The U.S., China, Russia, and 172 other countries have signed it. Millet says that experts who met in Warsaw last September to discuss the treaty felt a threat from terrorist groups was still remote, given the complexity of producing a bioweapon. Millet says the group concluded that 「for the foreseeable future, such applications are only within the grasp of states.」冷戰時期達成的將生物戰爭計劃列為非法的世界《生物與毒素武器協議》禁止發展生物武器。美國、中國、俄羅斯,以及172個其他國家簽訂了這個協議。米勒特說,2015年9月在華沙會晤討論這個協議的專家們感到恐怖組織開發生物武器仍然遙遠,考慮到生產生物武器的複雜性。米勒特說,專家組結論「在可以預見的未來,僅有少數國家有這種應用的能力。」The intelligence assessment drew specific attention to the possibility of using CRISPR to edit the DNA of human embryos to produce genetic changes in the next generation of people—for example, to remove disease risks. It noted that fast advances in genome editing in 2015 compelled 「groups of high-profile U.S. and European biologists to question unregulated editing of the human germ line (cells that are relevant for reproduction), which might create inheritable genetic changes.」美國情報界的評估報告,對使用CRISPR技術編輯人類胚胎的DNA在下一代人類中產生遺傳改變 -- 例如,去除疾病風險。報告指出,基因組編輯2015年期間的快速進展,迫使「美國與歐洲備受關注的生物學家群體對創建可繼承基因變化的人類生殖細胞系(對生殖相關的細胞)基因組編輯未受監管提出質疑。」So far, the debate over changing the next generation』s genes has been mostly an ethical question, and the report didn』t say how such a development would be considered a WMD, although it』s possible to imagine a virus designed to kill or injure people by altering their genomes.到目前為止,對於改變下一代基因的辯論還主要圍繞倫理方面,美國情報界的報告沒有說明這樣的發展如何可能被考慮為一種大規模殺傷武器,然而,有可能想像某種病毒被設計通過改變他們的基因組而殺害或損害人類。參考資料:美國聯邦調查局FBI警告:生物恐怖分子將轉基因作為大規模殺傷武器博文:http://t.cn/RUrzHen 微博:http://weibo.com/p/2304184bb17e9d0102w3q9德州大學皮昂卡博士2006年鼓吹埃博拉病毒殺戮世界人口90%演講紀實博文:http://t.cn/RbegCVp 微博:http://weibo.com/1269923485/DfWvZvTJT華盛頓大學四位醫學博士2010年揭新生兒腹裂與先正達阿特拉津(莠去津)關聯微博:http://weibo.com/1269923485/Dhd6dsB2u 博文:http://t.cn/RGqCklc日本九州大學十位醫學學者2007年5月5日發表論文揭阿特拉津(莠去津)促進人類生殖系統癌症發生微博:http://weibo.com/1269923485/Dh3I7vEf7 博文:http://t.cn/RGG70Zv中國學者2010年論文揭露先正達阿特拉津(莠去津)除草劑造成精子形態、生殖激素、性分化和生殖器官發育與新生畸形五方面系列危害!微博:http://weibo.com/at/weibo?leftnav 博文:http://t.cn/RG4ziBe中國軍事醫學科學院院長政委:生物安全:國防戰略制高點http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102ebgn.html國防部網站:基因武器——威脅人類的「人種炸彈」http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dvxy.html國防部網站:讓生物戰爭走進國防視野http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dvy0.html羅援少將:警惕以轉基因物種為武器的新型戰略打擊http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dya0.html一位中國人民解放軍高級軍官:我所了解的轉基因作物情況http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e59w.html
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