【每日哲學辭典】認識論

認識論：[源自希臘文episteme（知識）和logos（理論）；在字面上，是指知識論]「認識的」是它的形容詞，即對知識的獲得。「認知學」有時也用作認識論的同義詞，或用於指探究知識的科學方法。認識論也等同於「知識學」，後者來自希臘文genoskein（知道）。認識論通常開始於試圖駁斥懷疑論，證明知識是可能的，然後進一步闡明知識的性質和範圍，對知識的標準分析認為它是被證明為真的信念。這基本上是由柏拉圖最初被提出的一個定義，儘管它最近受到了「蓋梯爾問題」的挑戰。由於這種定義，哲學家們始終在努力分析知識與信念、知識與真理、知識與辨明之間的關係。這最後一個特別核心的問題。在某種意義上，認識論特別關注得到證實的信念問題，而不是知識本身。認識論的另一個主要問題是關心知識的起源，即評價感覺和理性在知識獲得中的作用。在這個問題上，哲學家們被分為理性主義者和經驗主義者，以柏拉圖、笛卡爾和萊布尼茨為代表的理性主義把理性看做是知識的來源，而以洛克、休謨等人為代表的經驗主義認為，經驗是真理的來源。康德試圖調和兩者，認為知識只有通過結合先天直覺與執行概念和表象概念才是可能的。當代認識論是由英美哲學支配的，基本上是經驗主義的。伴隨著語言哲學的發展，言語和意義成為重要的問題，由於認識論與心理學和心的哲學密切相關，知覺、記憶、想像、他人的心靈和錯誤都是主要論題。對歸納和先天知識的討論也佔主導地位，因為認識論與科學哲學同樣密切相關。「諸如人類知識的性質、起源和限度等問題，過去與現在都是認識論事業的動因。」——莫澤和納特：《人類知識》，1987年，第3頁。Epistemology[from Greek episteme,knowledge + logos, theory; literally, theory of knowledge] The adjective 「epistemic」pertains to knowledge. Epistemics is sometimes used as equivalent toepistemology or is used to denote a scientific approach to knowledge.Epistemology is also equivalent to gnoseology (from Greek genoskein, to know). Epistemologygenerally starts with attempts to refute skepticism by justifying the claimthat knowledge is possible, and then proceeds to clarify the nature and thescope of knowledge. The standard analysis of knowledge claims that it isjustified true belief, a definition initiated essentially by Plato, although itis challenged most recently by Gettier』s problem. Because of this definition,philosophers have been working to analyze the relation between knowledge and belief,between knowledge and truth, and between knowledge and justification. The last issueis especially central. In a sense, epistemology pays more attention to theproblem of what it is to be justified in believing than to knowledge per se. Anothermain task of epistemology concerns the origin of knowledge, that is, to assessthe role of sense and reason in the acquisition of knowledge. Philosophers aredivided into rationalists and empiricists with respect to this issue. Rationalism,represented by Plato, Descartes, and Leibniz, takes reason to be the source ofknowledge, while empiricism, represented by Locke and Hume, argues that experienceis the source of truth. Kant attempted to reconcile both by claiming thatknowledge is possible only by the combination of our a priori intuitions and conceptsof the understanding and appearances. Contemporary epistemology is dominated byAnglo-American philosophy and is largely empirical. Corresponding to thedevelopment of the philosophy of language, speech and meaning become importantissues. Since epistemology is closely associated with psychology and the philosophyof mind, perception, memory, imagination, other minds, and error are majortopics. The discussions of induction and a priori knowledge are also prominent,in part through the association of epistemology with philosophy of science.「Questions such as these, about the nature, origin, and limits of humanknowledge, motivated the enterprise of epistemology, past and present.」——Moser and Nat, Human Knowledge

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