紐約時報|關於英國退歐公投，你應該知道的12個問題|2016.06.21|總第107期
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1. Britain will hold a referendum on Thursday on whether the country will leave the European Union, a process often referred to as 「Brexit.」
譯文：英國將於周四就是否退出歐盟舉行公投，這一程序常被稱為「Brexit」。
2. This past Thursday, a member of Parliament, Jo Cox, was killed. Both sides suspended campaigning as a gesture of mourning, amid a debate about the tone of Britain』s politics.
譯文：上周四，下院議員喬·考克斯(Jo Cox)遇害。在圍繞英國政局基調進行的一場爭論中，雙方都暫時停止拉票活動以示哀悼。
倫敦議會廣場的喬·考克斯悼念活動，這位議員於上周四在英格蘭北部被殺害。
3. What is Britain deciding? 英國要決定什麼？
The referendum question will ask voters whether the country should 「remain a member of the European Union」 or 「leave the European Union.」
譯文：公投會詢問選民，英國應該「繼續作為歐盟的成員」還是「退出歐盟」。
4. Why did campaigning stop?為什麼停止了拉票活動？
Early Thursday, a member of Parliament, Jo Cox, 41, was gunned down outside a library in her district in Birstall, England. With the referendum days away, campaigning was suspended as a gesture of respect.
譯文：上周四早間，41歲的下院議員喬·考克斯在其位於英格蘭伯斯托爾的選區內的一家圖書館外被開槍打死。在幾天之後便將迎來公投之際，停止拉票活動是出於對考克斯的尊重。
5. Ms. Cox was a strong backer of Britain』s remaining inside the bloc. When the suspect in her killing, Thomas Mair, was asked his name in court, he answered, 「My name is death to traitors, freedom for Britain.」
譯文：考克斯強烈支持英國留在歐盟。在法庭上被問及姓名時，本案嫌疑人托馬斯·邁爾(Thomas Mair)回答說，「我的名字叫『叛國者死，給不列顛自由』。」
「脫歐」陣營本月在英格蘭南部多佛爾白色懸崖投射出口號。
6. The reasons for and against反對和支持英國退出歐盟的理由
Those who favor leaving argue that the European Union has changed enormously over the last four decades with regard to the size and the reach of its bureaucracy, diminishing British influence and sovereignty.
譯文：支持退出的人表示，過去四年里，歐盟在規模和官僚體制的勢力範圍上發生了巨變，削弱了英國的影響力和主權。
7. Those who want to stay say that a medium-size island needs to be part of a larger bloc of like-minded countries to have real influence and security in the world, and that leaving would be economically costly.
譯文：希望留在歐盟的人則認為，作為一個中等大小的島國，英國要加入一個由志同道合的國家組成的更大的陣營，才能在世界上擁有真正的影響力和安全，並表示退出歐盟會在經濟上付出巨大代價。
民調顯示英國人在歐盟公投上存在分歧，但多數選民尚未將注意力放在該問題上。
8. Who is arguing to stay, and who to go?反對者和支持者分別是誰
REMAIN Prime Minister David Cameron leads the 「Remain」 camp, and he could lose his job if his effort fails. Behind him are most of the Conservative government he leads, the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party, which is strongly pro-Europe.
譯文：留下 「留下」陣營的領導人是英國首相戴維·卡梅倫(David Cameron)。如果行動失敗，他可能會丟掉自己的工作。在他的身後，是他領導的保守派政府大部、工黨(Labour Party)、自由民主黨(Liberal Democrats)和力挺歐洲的蘇格蘭民族黨(Scottish National Party)。
9. Most independent economists and large businesses favor staying in, as do the most recent heads of Britain』s intelligence services. President Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany and President Xi Jinping of China also want Britain to stay in.
譯文：大部分獨立經濟專家和大企業，以及近年的英國情報機構負責人也支持留下。奧巴馬總統、德國總理安格拉·默克爾(Angela Merkel)和中國國家主席習大大也希望英國留在歐盟。
10. LEAVE The 「Leave」 camp is led by Michael Gove, the justice minister, and Boris Johnson, the former mayor of London. Nearly half the Conservative members of Parliament favor leaving, as do the members of the U.K. Independence Party, or UKIP, and its leader, Nigel Farage. Their main issues are sovereignty and immigration.
譯文：退出 「退出」陣營由英國司法大臣邁克爾·戈夫(Michael Gove)和前倫敦市長鮑里斯·約翰遜(Boris Johnson)領導。議會近半數保守派下議員和英國獨立黨（U.K. Independence Party，簡稱UKIP）成員及其領袖奈傑爾·法拉奇(Nigel Farage)支持退出歐盟。他們的主要問題是主權和移民。
11. Abroad, the French National Front leader, Marine Le Pen, favors Brexit, as do other anti-Europe parties in Germany, the Netherlands and elsewhere.
譯文：在國外，法國國民陣線(National Front)領導人馬琳·勒龐(Marine Le Pen)，以及德國和荷蘭等國的其他反歐洲政黨支持英國退出歐盟。
Toby Melville/Reuters
12. What is the history? 歷史背景
The European Union began in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community, an effort by six nations to heal the fissures of World War II through duty-free trade. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community, or Common Market.
譯文：歐盟的前身是六國在1951年成立的歐洲煤鋼共同體(European Coal and Steel Community)，當時是想通過免稅貿易來彌合二戰造成的裂痕。1957年，根據《羅馬條約》(Treaty of Rome)規定成立歐洲經濟共同體(European Economic Community)，又叫共同市場(Common Market)。
13. Britain tried to join later, but President Charles de Gaulle of France vetoed its application in 1963 and in 1967. Britain finally joined in 1973.
譯文：隨後，英國試圖加入，但法國總統夏爾·戴高樂(Charles de Gaulle)在1963年和1967年兩度否決英國的申請。1973年，英國最終加入。
14. Has a vote like this happened before? 以前出現過這種投票嗎？
Yes. A referendum was held in 1975, two years after Britain joined the European Economic Community, on whether it should stay. More than 67 percent of Britons voted in favor.
譯文：出現過。英國在加入歐洲經濟共同體兩年後的1975年，曾就是否應該留下來舉行過公投。當時，67%的英國人投了贊成票。
作為歐洲最大、最繁忙的重要金融門戶，倫敦是一個可與華爾街抗衡的股票、債券、貨幣和大宗商品交易樞紐。
15. What impact would an exit have on Britain』s economy?退歐將對英國經濟產生怎樣的影響？
This is an essential and divisive question. The economic effect of an exit would depend on what settlement was negotiated, especially on whether Britain would retain access to the single market for duty-free trade and financial services. But that would probably require accepting freedom of movement and labor for European Union citizens, which is one of the main complaints the 「Leave」 camp has about bloc membership.
譯文：這是一個存在爭議的重大問題。退歐對英國經濟的影響取決於談判達成的協議，尤其是英國是否能繼續進入這個免稅貿易和金融服務的單一市場。但是，那很可能需要接受歐盟公民的流動和務工自由，而這是「退歐」陣營對歐盟成員身份的一個主要不滿之處。
16. Most economists favor remaining in the bloc and say an exit would cut growth, weaken the pound and hurt the City of London, Britain』s financial center. Even economists who favor an exit say growth would be affected in the short and medium terms, though they also say Britain would be better off by 2030.
譯文：大多數經濟學家傾向於留在歐盟，稱退歐將削減增長，造成英鎊疲軟，危及倫敦城這個英國金融中心。即使那些贊成退歐的經濟學家也認為，英國經濟增長將在短期和中期內受到影響，但他們表示，如果退歐，到2030年，英國的經濟會比不退歐強。
上周出訪波蘭的大衛·卡梅倫首相在華沙。
17. Why now? 為什麼現在舉行公決？
It has to do with a decades-long rift in the governing Conservative Party. A vocal minority has demanded that Britain leave the European Union since the time of Margaret Thatcher. That minority grew in opposition during the Tony Blair years, and views on Europe have become a litmus test for Tory candidates, because grass-roots Conservatives tend to favor a British exit.
譯文：這關係到執政黨保守黨內存在數十年的分歧。自瑪格麗特·撒切爾(Margaret Thatcher)時代開始就有少數派大聲疾呼，要求英國退出歐盟。在托尼·布萊爾(Tony Blair)執政時期，少數派的反對立場更加鮮明，對歐盟的看法已成為保守黨候選人的試金石，因為草根保守黨人傾向於贊成英國退歐。
18. To pacify his party and undermine the anti-European Union U.K. Independence Party, Mr. Cameron promised to hold the referendum should he be re-elected prime minister. Nearly half of all Tory members of Parliament, including six cabinet ministers, now favor leaving the bloc.
譯文：卡梅倫為了安撫自己的黨派，削弱反歐盟的英國獨立黨，承諾如果自己能連任首相，就會舉行全民公決。近一半的議會保守黨成員，包括6名內閣部長，現在都傾向於退出歐盟。
和大選不同的是，居住在英屬海外領地直布羅陀的英聯邦公民也可以投票。
19. Who is voting? 誰可以參加投票？
British citizens 18 and older can vote, as can citizens abroad who have been registered to vote at home in the last 15 years. Also eligible are residents of Britain who are citizens of Ireland or of the Commonwealth, which consists of 53 countries, including Australia, Canada, India and South Africa.
譯文：18歲以上的英國公民可以投票，住在國外的英國人，如果過去15年里進行過投票註冊，也可以投票。居住在英國的愛爾蘭或英聯邦公民可以投票，英聯邦包括澳大利亞、加拿大、印度和南非等53個國家。
20. Unlike in general elections, members of the House of Lords may vote, as can Commonwealth citizens in Gibraltar, a British overseas territory. Citizens of the European Union living in Britain cannot vote, unless they are citizens of Cyprus, Ireland or Malta.
譯文：和大選不同的是，上議院成員也可以投票，居住在英屬海外領地直布羅陀的英聯邦國家公民也可以。在英國居住的歐盟公民不能投票，只有塞普勒斯、愛爾蘭和馬爾他公民是例外。
Andy Rain/European Pressphoto Agency
21. Why the unusual name? 為什麼取個這麼奇怪的名字？
The referendum is often called Brexit, for British exit from the European Union. It is a variant of the label Grexit, invented during the Greek debt crisis (which, by the way, is not over).
譯文：這個公投通常被稱為Brexit，指英國退出歐盟，它借用了Grexit的形式。Grexit指希臘退歐，是在希臘債務危機中（順便說一句，危機還未結束）時生造的一個詞。
22. Is this vote final? 投票結果就是最終決定嗎？
Yes, at least for the foreseeable future. If Britons vote to leave, there will be an initial two-year negotiation with the European Union about the terms of the divorce, which is unlikely to be amicable.
譯文：是的，至少在可預見的未來是的。如果英國人的投票結果是退出，就會開始一個為期兩年的談判，與歐盟協商退出的條款。這不太可能是一個親切友好的談判。
23. The negotiation will decide Britain』s relationship with the bloc. The major issues would surround trade. If Britain wants to remain in the European Union』s common market — the world』s largest trading bloc, with 500 million people — Brussels is expected to exact a steep price, in particular to discourage other countries from leaving.
譯文：談判將決定英國與歐盟的關係。主要將圍繞貿易問題展開。如果英國想繼續留在歐盟的共同市場內——這是世界上最大的貿易圈，擁有五億人口——布魯塞爾可能就會開出一個天價，尤其是為了防止其他國家也退出歐盟。
24. What is likely to happen? 結果可能會是怎樣？
As the campaign has progressed, the odds against Brexit have gradually become smaller. Betfair, a betting exchange, has 「Remain」 at 60 percent probability.
譯文：隨著拉票活動的進行，英國退歐的可能性增大了。博彩交易所必發(Betfair)給「留歐」開出的機率是60%。
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