快樂英語大本營（3）

作者：龔蕾

翻譯技巧——長句的譯法切分法：Will the decision to bomb the country`s oil lifeline persuade their leaders to end its armed infiltration of their neighboring countries?轟炸該國石油命脈的主張，會叫該國的領袖裹足，不再武裝滲透鄰近各國嗎？Now there is in America a curious combination of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with one`s own hands.現在美國有一個奇怪的既對立又統一的現象：人們一方面為地位上升不再需要靠體力勞動謀生而感到自豪，另一方面又對能夠親自動手取得成功而由衷地感到高興。拆譯法：I wondered how she would feel if she learned that the Negro before whom she had behaved in such an unladylike manner was habitually a white man.我心中思忖，在一個黑人面前表現得如此有失女士風度，倘若得知這個黑人其實是白人時，不知她作何感想。The very important oil industry, which has done much to rejuvenate the economy of the South since the end of World War II,made considerable especially in the five states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas.第二次世界大戰以後石油工業對振興南部經濟起了很大的作用。這個十分重要的工業部門特別是在以下五個州取得了很大的進展：阿肯色、路易斯安那、密西西比、俄克拉荷馬和得克薩斯。插入標點法：The effects of smoking have widely been associated with an increased risk of developing lung diseases including cancer, heart disease and stroke."Intervention to discourage smoking should receive high priority,"the researchers conclude.吸煙的影響與患肺病（包括肺癌）、心臟病和中風的風險的增加有著千絲萬縷的聯繫。研究人員的結論是：「勸人戒煙應是當務之急。」句子重組法：It is a curious fact,of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.歐洲有些國家，天氣壞透，那裡的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如畫的地方。奇怪，他們恰好最喜歡過鄉村生活，也最喜歡欣賞天然風景，而且這個情形也極普遍。這是實情，我怎麼也提不出叫人滿意的解釋來。

翻譯技巧——句子結構的轉換成分分譯法：The very short wavelengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordiary sound waves can do.超聲波的波長極短，其功能與普通聲波相比大不相同（主語分譯）It is common knowledge that weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth.眾所周知，重量是地球作用在物體上的引力（謂語分譯）A little yellow, ragged , lame, unshaven beggar.一個要飯的，身材短小，面黃肌瘦，衣衫襤褸，瘸腿，滿臉短胡。（定語分譯）Illogically, she had expected some kind of meracle solution.她期待著會有某些奇蹟般的解決方法，這是不合情合理的事。（狀語分譯）句子變換法的翻譯：His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.他的父親在義大利北部近海的比薩做小生意。One must study hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.一個人必須勤學苦練，才能精通一種外國語。The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wishid especially to talk to or to hear from.大使只宴請了幾個人，因為他特地想和這些人談談，聽聽他們的意見。（表原因）He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.他堅持要再造一幢房子，儘管他並無此需要。（表讓步）There was someting original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.這方案富於創造性，獨出心裁，很有氣勢，所以他們都很喜歡。（表結果）

翻譯技巧——英語否定結構的翻譯隱形否定的翻譯：Catch me making the same error again.我決不再犯同樣的錯誤。I dare him to jump.我量他也不敢跳。I am wiser than to believe that.我再蠢也不會相信這件事。You are telling me.=Tell me about it!這事還用你說？Keep it dark!這事不可泄露出去。She bears her age well.她一點不顯老。It`s anyone`s guess.這事誰也不清楚。He would be the last man to say such things.他決不會說這樣的話。This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我萬萬沒有想到會在這兒碰上你。否定詞的射向的翻譯：He doesn`t expect we need worry.他認為我們不必著急。But you cannot say this of Fowler`s Dictionary of Modern English Usage. It is a valuable work. I do not think anyone writes so well that he cannot learn much from it.但是，福勒的《現代英語用法辭典》卻不是這種情況。這是一本很有價值的書。我認為，任何人，無論文章寫得多好，他也會從中得到許多益處。He cannot drive all of the cars.他不是每種汽車都能開。Both the instruments are not precision ones.這兩件儀器只有一件是精密儀器。

翻譯技巧——句子結構的轉換成分分譯法：The very short wavelengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordiary sound waves can do.超聲波的波長極短，其功能與普通聲波相比大不相同（主語分譯）It is common knowledge that weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth.眾所周知，重量是地球作用在物體上的引力（謂語分譯）A little yellow, ragged , lame, unshaven beggar.一個要飯的，身材短小，面黃肌瘦，衣衫襤褸，瘸腿，滿臉短胡。（定語分譯）Illogically, she had expected some kind of meracle solution.她期待著會有某些奇蹟般的解決方法，這是不合情合理的事。（狀語分譯）句子變換法的翻譯：His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.他的父親在義大利北部近海的比薩做小生意。One must study hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.一個人必須勤學苦練，才能精通一種外國語。The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wishid especially to talk to or to hear from.大使只宴請了幾個人，因為他特地想和這些人談談，聽聽他們的意見。（表原因）He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.他堅持要再造一幢房子，儘管他並無此需要。（表讓步）There was someting original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.這方案富於創造性，獨出心裁，很有氣勢，所以他們都很喜歡。（表結果）

翻譯技巧——前置定語的使用現代英語趨向簡練。經常使用前置定語，甚至結構比較複雜的前置定語，這樣可以使譯文顯得精鍊。使用結構比較簡單的前置定語。例子：開發區內的外商投資企業的職工依法建立基層工會組織，開展工會活動，維護職工的合法權益。Employee of foreign investment enterprises in the development zones shall found, according to law,trade unions at the grassroots level, conduct their ow union activities and safeguard their own legal rights and interests.改成：Employees of foreign investment enterprises in the development zones shall found, according to law, grassroots trade unions, conduct their own union activities and safeguard their own legal rights and interests.要使大多數國有中型虧損企業擺脫困境。We should extricate most of the large and medium-sized State-owned enterprises operating at a loss from their predicament.改成:We should extricate most of the unprofitable large and medium-sized State enterprises from their predicament.使用結構比較複雜的前置定語。例子：教育學院大樓the College of Education Building(地道）the Building of/for the College of Education（不常用）。外語系大樓the Department of Foreign Languages Building（地道）the Building for the Department of Foreign Languages Department（不常用）。外國語言文學大樓the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature Building(難以接受）改成：the Building for the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature或者the Building for the Foreign Languages and Literature Department.避免使用過於複雜的前置定語。例子：上海將建成國際經濟、金融、貿易、航運中心。Shanghai will turn into an international economic,financial, trade and shipping center.改成Shanghai will turn into an international center of/for economy, finance, trade and shipping.

翻譯技巧——增詞與減詞增詞：舉例 I was struck by their cordiality to each other.他們彼此的親密態度使我吃驚。And the latter noted in his diary the general`s pessimism regarding the military position in the West.後者在日記中記下了這位將軍對西線軍事形勢的悲觀看法。Inflation has now reached unprecedented level.通貨膨脹已發展到了空前嚴重的地步。The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.論文總結了電子計算機，人造衛星和火箭這三個領域中的新成就。Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October.在這之前，基辛格七月和十月兩度在此下塌。It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the waters.當時的情景，現在回想起來，就像是一場夢，在我腦海里緩緩浮動。那一天，許多孩子在靠近水邊的地方玩耍。Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.這書足以怡情，足以博採，足以長才。Ignorance is the mother of fear, as well as admiration.無知是羨慕的根源，也是恐懼的根源。Shed crocodile tears.帽哭耗子，假辭悲。It catered to large appetites and modest purses.它迎合胃口大而錢囊羞澀的吃客。減詞的例子：He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他把雙手插進口袋，然後聳了聳肩膀。A soldier must obey orders.軍人必須服從命令。It is conflict and not unquetioning agreement that keeps freedom alive.使自由保持活力的是衝突而不是絕對的一致。If you confer a benefit,never remember it:if you receive one, remember it always.施恩勿記，受恩勿忘。在使用增詞減詞的翻譯技巧時，應考慮漢語實際表達需要，做到「忠實」與「通順」並重，而不能隨意增減，造成多譯和漏譯。

翻譯技巧——視點轉換視點轉換法是指譯者在充分理解原文的基礎上，突破語言外殼，改變對原文的思索方向，從另一個角度來表達原文含義，使譯文語言更加地道順暢地體現原文的表達效果。從廣義上來說，視點轉換法包括正說和反說轉換，相對性的轉換，語態轉換，句子成分轉換等等。 正說和反說的轉換： 例子：It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.開這麼高的價，簡直是敲竹杠。（反說正譯） Law is no respecter of persons.法律面前，人人平等。（反說正譯） Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not along in the garage.他突然聽見後面有聲響，意識到車庫裡還有別人。（反說正譯） Please tender exact fare.恕不找贖。（正說反譯） Keep off the lawn!請勿踐踏草地！（正說反譯） 需要正說反譯的詞和短語有：動詞fail, miss, deny,形容詞last, short, absent, final, 介詞beyond, past, against, off, from but, except,固定搭配far from, too to, wiser than, live up one`s expectations, divert attention from ,be at a loss, rather than,neither seldom, rarely, differently等表示否定的詞。 需要反說正譯的詞和短語有，no,not, no less than, no less than,no other than, none other than, nothing but, no choice but.及一些帶有否定詞綴的詞。carelessly, dislike unpleasant. 相對性的轉換。 例子：riot police防暴警察（非暴亂的警察） 例子：crisis law反危機法案。（非危機法案） 例子：Her parents are both in their seventies.她父母都已年過古稀。（時間相對） 例子：He lived in a room with a southern exposure.他住的是一間北屋。 例子：She has been a widow only six months, and it is too soon for her to remarry.她丈夫去世才不到半年，就要改嫁，未免太快了。（因果相對） 例子：Blossom Jackson will never forget that November night when at ten minutes to nine her sister-in-law pounded on the door of her small Brooklyn house screaming。布勞森傑克遜永遠忘不了那天晚上的情景，那是十一月份的一個晚上，差十分九點，孩子他姑在紐約布魯克林區他們小小的住宅前使勁敲門，一邊喊道（關係相對） 此外還有語態轉換、詞類轉換，句子成分轉換等技巧，請見後續。

翻譯技巧——複雜定語從句的翻譯複雜定語從句常見的有自由式定語從句，嵌套式定語從句及一主二仆式定語從句。一主二仆式定語從句較為複雜，指的是一個先行詞帶有兩個或兩個以上定語從句的情況。主要有以下翻譯方法：譯成定語：例子Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.近代史開始時，世界擁有的每一項重大成就，已為歷史發端期的人們所知曉。And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans.它有助於說明，為什麼發源於中國的許多發明，只是在西歐人手中才得到全面發展和充分利用。譯成並列句：Not surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.毫不奇怪，蘇丹出現了最複雜的政治組織，在那裡，長途貿易發展得最快，伊斯蘭教的影響最為強烈。其他翻譯方法：At one extreme are Hawaii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.處於一個極端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那裡種族混合十分普遍，而且正在繼續，因此，種族歧視較少。

金融詞語搜集擺脫亞洲金融危機的影響shake off the impact of the financial crisis有效地控制通貨膨脹effectively control inflation適度從緊的財政政策moderately tight financial policy積極的財政政策proactive fescal policy貼現率discount rate, bank rate外匯危機foreign exchange crises外匯波動foreign exchang fluctuation套匯匯率cross rate, arbitrage rate間接套匯indirect exchange直接套匯direct exchange以試點的形式實行外貿自動登記制度implement an automatic registration system of foreign trading rights on a trial basis國家現匯結存state foreign exchange reserves國家科技創新體系State Scientific and Technological Innovation System國家鼓勵項目projects listed as encouraged by the state國家補貼public subsidies國際收支不平衡disequilibrium of balance of payment國際收支平衡balance of international payments/balance of payment國際清算international settlement恒生指數寬幅震蕩The Heng Sheng index fluctuated violently.電子商務認證e-business certification電視直銷TV home certification打假crack down on counterfeit goods出口退稅refunding export taxes保值儲蓄inflation-proof bank savings按揭貸款mortgage loan

翻譯技巧——語序調整 時空順序：英語傾向先小後大，由近及遠的順序，而漢語的則大體相反。英語排列順序是：方式+地點+時間+動詞，漢語的排列順序是：時間+地點+方式+動詞。 例子：We ate to our heart`s content at her home last Sunday.我們上星期天在她家飽餐一頓。 例子：They discussed the plan animatedly in the classroom yesterday afternoon.他們昨天下午在教室里熱鬧討論這一計劃。 邏輯順序： 中小學elementary and high schools 公私private and public 衣食住行food,clothing,shelter and transportation 悲喜交集have mixed feelings of joy and sorrow 新仇舊恨old scores and new hatred 悲歡離合joys and sorrows, partings and reunions 經風雨，見世面face the world and brave the storm 例子：How can he get good grades when he won`t study?他不用功的話怎麼拿高分呢？ I can`t tell you when you won`t listen.既然你不想聽，我就不告訴你了。 She persisted in her work when she might take a good rest.她本可以好好休息一下，但還是堅持工作。 結構調整： 例子：Formerly a worker himself,he was now an engineer.他過去是工人，現在當了工程師了。（同位語換序） How beautiful the hills look with the clouds behind them!趁著後面的雲彩，這些上看起來多美啊！（倒裝句換序） Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta,had more diginity than these creatures.昆塔覺得，就連他家鄉的野獸也比這群人自重。（插入語換序）

容易翻譯錯的英語片語a man of woman 錯誤翻譯：有婦之夫 正確翻譯：男人氣的女人area bell 錯誤翻譯：地區鈴 正確翻譯：地下室門鈴a small fortune錯誤翻譯：一筆小錢 正確翻譯：巨資foreign body 錯誤翻譯：外國人 正確翻譯：（進入體內的）異物natural history錯誤翻譯：自然歷史 正確翻譯：博物學rose leaves 錯誤翻譯：玫瑰花葉 正確翻譯：玫瑰花瓣

翻譯技巧——漢語無主語處理辦法一：補上人稱代詞作主語。例子：基本路線要管一百年，動搖不得。We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years, with no vacillation說過去，說過來，就是一句話，堅持這個（三中全會以來的）路線、方針、政策不變。After all that`s been said,I can sum up our positon in one sentence:we shall keep to this line and these principles and policies.辦法二：補上語義虛泛或具體的詞語充當主語。例子：堅持這種態度就不要緊，就不會犯大錯誤。So long as we keep to this attitude, everything will be all right, and we shall not make any major mistakes. 辦法三：轉為被動語態。例子：因特殊情況需要超過合同有效期的，應當在合同中訂明，並在辦理審批手續時申明理由。If in special circumstances it is necessary to exceed the duration of the contract, this shall be stated clearly in the contract and the reason shall be declared when examination and approval provedures are undertaken.

翻譯技巧——英語簡單定語從句的翻譯英語的定語從句分為限制性和非限制性兩種。且都為右開放型，放在被修飾語之後。而漢語定語一般放在被修飾語之前。經常採用以下三種翻譯方法：合併法：用「的」結構翻譯出來。比如，A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.附近沒有同齡夥伴和自己玩的兒童，上託兒所可以得到很多的益處。The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.如果要從智力方面進行任何比較的話，那麼對所有被比較者來說，前兩個因素必須是一樣的。分譯法：當英語定語從句較長時，如果譯成前置定語。就不符合漢語的表達習慣。通常把定語從句譯成並列的分句，置於原來它所修飾的詞語的後面。例如，They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.譯文為：他們正在為一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的。在過去，許多中國人曾為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。混合法：就是譯者根據自己對原文的正確理解，用自己的話譯出原文的意思。Good chocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.譯文：好的鐘擺可以自動補償溫度變化造成的誤差。Electronic computers,which have many advantages,cannot carry out creative work and replace man.譯文：儘管電子計算機有許多優點，但是它們不能進行創造性工作，也不能代替人。Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind.譯文：任何人如果停止汲取新知識，就肯定會落後。

翻譯技巧——避免抽象的名詞 比較以下例子中的不同譯文： 例：國民經濟市場化、社會化程度明顯提高。 The level of marketization and socialization of the national economy has been notably raised.（逐字翻譯） The national economy is notably more market-oriented and socialized.（這種翻譯比較好） 例：人民群眾的健康水平普遍提高。 The health level of the Chinese people has been raised.（逐字翻譯） The Chinese people have become healthier.（這種翻譯比較好） 例：提高對外開放水平。 We should raise the level of opening to the outside world.(逐字翻譯） We should open wider to the outside world.（較好） 在翻譯的時候，「化」，「水平」等結尾的詞語，可以不必硬譯成-ization,或者level.再比如「軍事化管理」semi-military。

本文整理自作者翻譯筆記2007-2008
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