超我

科胡特講課記錄、由他的學生整理

Freud described thesuperego as an integral part of the ego, having to do with wholesaleintrojections of frustrating experiences with objects. Why did he call it superego, 「above the ego"? Because that term expresses the childhoodreality of the parents being bigger than the child—abovethe child. The superego contains images of the introjected, prohibiting(frustrating), commanding parents, and the 「voice ofconscience" (as in dreams) always seems to come from above the ego.

弗洛伊德把超我描述為自我的一部分，與大量內攝客體的挫敗體驗相關。為什麼他把其稱作超我，「高於自我」？因為這個辭彙表達了童年期的父母大於兒童的現實——父母凌駕於兒童之上。超我包括內攝的、禁止（挫敗）、命令的父母，「道德的聲音」（就如在夢中）總是看起來來自高於自我之上的。

The superegocontains several major components: prohibitions and censures, the ego ideal,and approval. In addition, it has several layers. According to the structuralmodel, only a small part of the superego is preconscious—thepart that people call their 「conscience." Thesuperego dips deeply into the Unconscious, however, because it is based onintrojections from various developmental levels.

超我包括幾個重要部分：禁止和責備、自我理想和許可。另外，它具有幾層。從結構模型來看，超我只有一小部分是前意識的——人們稱之為他們的「良心」的部分。超我大部分處在潛意識中，因為它基於各種發展水平的內攝。

Let us consider thedevelopment of the part of the superego that contains the ego ideal. Freudconceived of the infant beginning in a state of objectless, omnipotentnarcissism: 「Whatever I want, I get." The next phase of development attemptsto preserve that state in the face of realistic contradictions. In the phasecalled the 「Purified Pleasure Ego," anythingunpleasant is attributed to the outside. Some narcissism of that kind alwaysremains in us, some tendency to see the best in ourselves and the worst inothers. This can be a difficult therapeutic problem in the analysis ofcharacter, and it is especially important in the analysis of futurepsychoanalysts, who otherwise might tend to see their own 「bad" impulses and feelings in their patients.

我們來考慮一下超我的自我理想部分的發展。弗洛伊德設想嬰兒開始於一個無客體、全能自戀的狀態：「我想就我得。「下一個發展階段試圖在面臨現實時繼續保持這種狀態。在「純凈的快樂自我」狀態中，任何不快樂被歸於外在。一些自戀總是保持在我們內部，傾向於在自己身上看到最好的，而在他人身上看到最壞的。在性格分析中這是一個困難的治療問題，在分析未來分析師中尤其重要，那些傾向於在他們的患者身上看到自己的「壞」的衝動和感受。

The next phase isone in which the omnipotence is projected to the parents: idealization of theparents, which the child then participates in, or shares, as a recipient of theparents" fantasied omnipotence. This stage comes about because eventually thereality of the child"s actual weakness can no longer be denied. To save what hecan of his phantasied omnipotence, the child projects the narcissism to hisparents, looks upon them as godlike, and attempts to 「regain"his earlier feeling of narcissistic perfection by closeness to his parents.Some people never get over that stage of narcissism, but must always remainclose to some 「omnipotent" parent figure. Becausethe parents during this phase are believed to have magical powers, the childimagines that they must be dealt with by magical devices—for example, by 「charming" theparent-gods with 「magical" words and gestures likesmiling (see Ferenczi"s [1913] 「Stages in theDevelopment of the Sense of Reality").

下一個階段是全能被投射到父母：理想化的父母，兒童能參與其中，父母成為幻想的全能的容器。這個階段來自於兒童實際的虛弱最終不能再被否認。為了保存他的全能幻想，兒童投射自戀給他的父母，把他們看作就像上帝，通過靠近父母來試圖重新獲得他早期的自戀性的完美感受。一些人沒有克服這個自戀階段，而總是接近一些「全能」父母人物。因為在這階段的父母被認為具有魔法般的能力，兒童想像他們必須用魔法般的方式對待——例如，通過魔法辭彙和手勢來讓父母-上帝變得迷人。

The narcissismprojected to the parents is then lost, which is brought about once again byreality—for example, by the child"s surprised discovery that he can liesuccessfully, that his parents cannot actually read his thoughts. As the wishto have omnipotent and omniscient parents is frustrated, the images of the lostperfect parents are reintrojected, becoming that part of the superego which iscalled the ego ideal. From then on, if the person does not live up to hissuperego standards (ego ideal), he experiences some degree of narcissisticinjury (a feeling of inferiority), because the ego ideal derives from theoriginal narcissism. It is important to note that the seemingly positivecontents of the ego ideal, our positive aspirations and goals, are derivedfundamentally, and somewhat paradoxically, from (negative) prohibitions— against gratifying infantile sexuality and aggression. The originalnarcissism was associated with the phantasied omnipotence of the child"swishes. In the later phase, the drive-prohibiting parents are seen asomnipotent. The narcissistic balance then depends not on successfulwish-fulfillment, but on the successful curbing of the drives in compliancewith the parents" demands. If the child lives up to the parents" demands bycontrolling the drives, he remains in their good graces, shares in theirallpowerfulness, and thereby regains a positive narcissistic balance.

投射給父母的自戀會喪失，再次由於現實——例如，由於孩子驚訝地發現他能成功說謊而父母沒有看出來。當擁有全能和全知的父母的願望被挫敗後，喪失的完美父母的影像被內攝，成為超我的一部分，稱之為自我理想。從此，如果做不到他的超我標準（自我理想），他體驗到某種程度的自戀受傷（一種自卑感），因為自我理想來自於最初的自戀。重要的是要注意到，自我理想的看上去是正性的內容，我們的正性的願望和目標，根本上，多少是悖論的，是來自於（負面）的禁止——對抗幼兒性慾和攻擊。最初的自戀和兒兒童幻想的全能願望相關。在後期階段，驅力-禁止的父母被看作是全能的。自戀平衡不再依賴於成功的願望滿足，而是依賴於成功地按照父母的要求抑制驅力。如果兒童達到父母的要求控制驅力，他保留在他們滿意的眼光中，分享他們的所有力量，因此重新獲得一個正性的自戀平衡。

Followingreintrojection of the morally "perfect" parents, the same tensionscontinue in the relationship between the ego and ego ideal. If one does notlive up to the standards of the ideal, the narcissistic balance is disturbed.If one lives up to the ideal, the narcissistic balance is positive and theperson feels morally as big and superior as the parents. Variations in thecontent of the ego ideal result from individual and cultural differences inparents and parent figures. The powerfulness of the ideal, however, its moral"perfection," is an expression of the projected and thenreintrojected narcissism. The ego ideal is thus one"s own narcissism, which hasbeen modified in specific ways by its "passage through the parents."

伴隨再次內攝道德的「完美」父母，在自我和自我理想間會有同樣的張力。如果沒有達到理想的標準，自戀平衡被干擾。如果達到了理想，自戀平衡是正性的，就會道德上感到和父母一樣偉大和優越。自我理想的內容的不同來自於父母和父母角色的個體和文化的不同。理想的力量，它的道德「完美「，是投射然後再次內攝的自戀的表達。自我理想因此是我們自己的自戀，被通過藉助父母的特定方式獲得了改良。

The Ego Ideal

自我理想

One of the basic psychological concepts that Freudapplied to his new theory of superego development—as he did to all of histheories— was that development is determined not onlyby external forces but also by a certain readiness of the psychic apparatus forspecific new developments. An example is the child"s readiness and willingnessat a certain period of development to attribute omnipotence to the parentsrather than to himself—a phase of increased 「educability" in the child.

弗洛伊德應用到他的新的超我發展理論的一個心理學觀念——就如他對待他的所有理論那樣——是發展不僅僅取決於外在力量，也取決於心靈的某個新的發展傾向。一個例子是兒童在某個發展階段傾向於——把全能歸於父母而不是自己——一個增加「可教育性」的階段

In both the earlier period of self-omnipotence (the 「idealego") and the later period of omnipotence projected to the parents (the 「ideal parents"), the main issue for the child is how to dealwith his libidinal and aggressive drives. During the earlier period theomnipotence is oriented toward immediate and complete satisfaction of drives,whereas later the emphasis is on controlling the drives—each presumably having survival value for children during thosediffering periods of development. The child projects omnipotence to his parentsas the ones who are able to control drives. Still later, when his idealizedimage of the "perfect parents" is lost, the child adapts to thisfurther frustration by the mechanism of reintrojecting his previously projectedomnipotence in the form of an ego ideal. The ego ideal"s qualities ofpowerfulness and moral "perfection" retain and reflect the omnipotentaspect of the individual"s original infantile narcissism. The development ofneutralized superego structure is dependent on the passage of the child"snarcissism through the parents.

在更早的自我全能階段（「理想自我」）和後來的全能投射給父母（「理想化父母」）階段，兒童的主要主題是如何處理自己的力比多和攻擊性驅力。在前期的全能階段是被導向立即和完全的驅力滿足，而在後期強調的是控制驅力——每種對兒童來說在不同發展階段都具有生存價值。兒童投射全能給自己的父母作為能控制驅力的人。再後來，當他的理想化的「完美父母」影像失去後，兒童通過將他之前投射的全能再內攝形成自我理想的機制來適應進一步的挫敗。自我理想的力量和道德「完美」的品質保持了反應了個體最初的嬰兒自戀的全能方面。中和的超我結構的發展依賴於這條兒童通過父母的自戀之路。

If the parents" demands are reasonable, the child"sreintrojected narcissism will return in a more neutralized and reasonable formthan it had before. If a parent"s own ego ideal is made up largely ofunneutralized structure, however, then the passage of the child"s narcissismthrough that parent will not produce as much neutralization. The child"snarcissism will be reintrojected in a relatively unmodified form, betraying itsinfantile character by its impatience and by an uncompromising attitude ofself-righteous perfection.

如果父母的要求是合理的，兒童再內攝的自戀會以一種比之前更中和和合理的形式返回。如果父母的自我理想是主要由非中和結構構成的，那兒童這條通過父母的自戀之路會以一種相對未調和的形式，在無耐心和固執的自我正確的完美性的態度中暴露出它的幼兒特徵。

The Censuring Part of the Superego

超我的責備部分

Development of the censuring part of the superegoexhibits certain parallels with the aforementioned phases of ego idealdevelopment. The three phases in the development of the ego ideal are primary narcissismand omnipotence (the "ideal ego"), projected narcissism (the"ideal parents"), and reintrojected narcissism (the "egoideal," a structure that retains some features of the preceding twophases). The corresponding phases in the development of the censuring superegoare:

超我的責備部分的發展是並行於上面的自我理想的發展階段的。自我理想的三個階段是原始自戀和全能（「理想自我」）、投射的自戀（理想父母）和再內攝自戀（自我理想，一個保留了前兩個階段部分特徵的結構）。責備性超我的相應發展階段是：

"Primary masochism"—theinitial disposition of potentially hostile-aggressive impulses, prior to theirbeing focused on an object. As the child begins to recognize the role of the"outside" in maintaining drive balance (wish-fulfillment), theprimary masochism is transformed into "primary hostility" toward theoutside (the phase of the "Purified Pleasure Ego," in which the psycheattempts to project everything unpleasant to the outer world).

「原始受虐「——最初的潛在敵意-攻擊衝動傾向，先於被聚焦於一個客體之前。當兒童開始認識在管理驅力平衡(願望滿足)的」外在「角色後，原始受虐被轉化為朝向外的「原始敵意」（「純粹快樂自我」階段，在其中心靈試圖把每個不快樂都投射給外在世界）。

As the role of the "outside" becomes moredistinct, and as the maintenance of narcissistic balance becomes increasinglydependent on being at peace with the now omnipotent parents, the hostilitydirected toward them becomes untenable. When projected to them, the child"shostility reinforces his perception and experience of parental anger, whichgreatly intensifies his fear of committing transgressions.

當「外在」角色變得更區分，當自戀平衡更依賴於與現在的全能父母和平共處，指向父母的敵意變得不能維持。當再把敵意投射給他們時，兒童的敵意會強化他的犯罪的害怕。

At the height of the drive-retaliation conflict duringthe oedipal period, the projectively intensified image of the threateningparents is reintrojected and becomes the censuring part of the superego. Thecensuring part of the superego thus contains residues of the primary masochism,the hostility that was projected to the parents, and the actual hostilebehavior of the parents toward the child.

在俄狄浦斯期的驅力反擊的頂點，投射的強化的威脅性父母影像被重新內攝而成為超我的責備部分。驅力的責備部分因此包含原始受虐的殘留——被投射給父母的敵意——和父母實際的敵意行為。

As in the case of the ego ideal, the self-directedhostility of the superego is more or less neutralized, depending on the fate ofthe projected and reintrojected hostility in its passage through the parents.Latent, unneutralized hostility in the parents appears to intensify the hostileforce of the child"s censuring superego. Open hostility by the parents, on theother hand, allows at least some rebellion by the child"s ego, so that not allof the child"s hostile feelings are turned inward. Neutralized firmness in theparents" attitudes towards the child"s drives leads to the development of aneutralized and firm superego.

就如在自我理想中，超我的指向自我的敵意的被中和化程度依賴於在通過父母之路過程中投射和再內攝的敵意的命運。父母身上的潛伏的、未中和的敵意會強化兒童的責備性超我的攻擊力。另一方面，父母對敵意開放、允許兒童自我的某種程度的不服從，因此兒童的敵意感受沒有被完全返回。父母對孩子驅力的中和化的堅決態度導致兒童的一個中和化和堅決的超我的發展。

The Approving Part of the Superego

超我的認可部分

Even parental approval toward the child occurs largely inthe service of curbing drives and, as such, produces frustration. In this case,however, what is reintrojected from the 「parental passage" is a positive,approving structure for controlling drives, in contrast to a negative, punitivestructure. Not all approval by parents leads to smoothly functioning,conflict-free, neutralized structure, however. Approval by parents can run thegamut from poorly neutralized to effectively neutralized response. An exampleof relatively unneutralized approval by a parent would be an eroticallyseductive attitude toward the child.

雖然父母對孩子的認可主要用來抑制驅力，同樣產生挫敗。但在這種情況下，從「父母之路」內攝的是一個控制驅力的積極和認可的結構，而不是一個負面和懲罰性的結構。但不是所有的父母的認可都導致順暢運作的、無衝突的中和結構。父母的認可導致的中和是個光譜，從不充分的中和到有效的中和。相對未中和的認可的例子是父母的一個情慾引誘的態度。

Thesuperego, although part of the ego, is actually closer to the id in itsprimitiveness, intensity, and emphasis on narcissism and omnipotence. Just asthe ego sets up defensive barriers against id drives, it also erects defensesagainst superego demands. The latter are often important issues in analysis—forexample, the patient who defends himself against experiencing guilt by denyingany connection between a transgression and 「accidentally"injuring himself afterward.

超我，雖然是自我的一部分，實際上是更接近於本我，在其原始性、強度和對自戀和全能的強調上。就如自我建起屏障防禦本我驅力，它也對超我要求豎起了防禦。後者在分析中經常是重要議題——例如，患者通過否認一個犯罪和事後「意外」的傷害自己之間的聯繫來防禦自己體驗內疚

Q uestion: Where among thesestructures does therapeutic work in psychoanalysis take place? And if thesuperego is permanent and unchangeable, how can treatment be effective?

問題：在精神分析中治療工作發展在這些結構的哪裡？如果超我是永久和不能改變的，治療如何起效？

A nswer: The changes broughtabout by psychoananlysis are minute but may be decisive. What is freeassociation, after all, but the ideal of a 「smoothly functioning psyche," freeof repressive and other defensive barriers? The 「training"or 「ego exercise" aspect of psychoanalysis helpsthe ego to develop more capacity for allowing both drive demands and superegodemands to be experienced—but without necessarilygiving in to the drives or letting the superego demands 「get one down" too much.

回答：精神分析引發的改變是微小的，但會是關鍵的。自由聯想，就是「順暢運作的心靈」、解除壓抑和其他防禦屏障。精神分析的「訓練」或「自我練習」幫助自我發展更多的能力允許驅力要求和超我要求被體驗——但沒有必要屈服於驅力或超我要求。

Thedeeper, archaic superego structure may not be modified (or modifiable) by psychoanalysis,but some new structure nearer the surface probably can be added. Healthier newstructure may be decisive in modifying the intrapsychic psychoeconomic balance—which,by the way, is one of the reasons that we need an energy concept inpsychoanalysis to account for such changes in psychoeconomic balance.

越深、越古老的超我結構會沒有被精神分析所調節（或修正），但可能會增加一些靠近表面的新的結構。健康的新結構可能是在調節內心心理經濟平衡上具有決定性的——這也就是在精神分析中我們需要在一個能量概念來解釋心理經濟平衡中的這種變化的一個原因。

徐鈞北京自體心理學臨床諮詢研修班（深入主題：俄狄浦斯、主體間、波士頓小組）

修通俄狄浦斯期-自體心理學的臨床工作（開課時間：2018年4月13、14、15）

目標：學習臨床諮詢中，俄狄浦斯期各種心理問題在成人階段的表現，理解俄狄浦斯期自體自戀的發展。

內容：俄狄浦斯期固著在臨床諮詢的修通工作。

第一天：自體心理學與俄狄浦斯情結及臨床案例的工作；厄勒克特拉情結

第二天：該隱情結；雅典娜情結

第三天：阿闍世王情結一一亞洲的情結；

下午：案例督導

具身性在臨床（開課時間：2018年10月12、13、14）

目標：學習從宏觀的角度把握諮詢對話的協調性，諮詢師跟蹤病人情感的能力。

內容：回顧主體間精神分析、學習第四代精神分析——波士頓小組的研究成果：臨床的三個時刻：當下時刻、現在時刻、相遇時刻，對心理諮詢的推進，具身性在臨床。

第一天：主體間學派的起源：史托羅樓到波士頓小組；依戀理論和主體間性；臨床的內隱關係認識；心理治療的對話協調性；跟蹤病人情感以確定連接和斷開連接的能力

第二天：修復連接的能力；關係存在主義哲學；臨床的三個時刻：當下時刻、現在時刻、相遇時刻

第三天：臨床的自然過程；臨床的複雜性理論；具身性在臨床

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