經典 | 艾里克森人生髮展八階段

如果這一階段的危機得到積極解決，就會形成「希望」的品質，成年後性格傾向於樂觀、信任、活躍、安祥等積極的人格特徵；如果這一階段的危機是消極解決，就會形成懼怕感，成年後性格傾向於悲觀、多疑、抑鬱、煩躁等消極的人格特徵。嬰兒的這種基本信任感是形成健康人格的基礎，是以後各個階段人格順利發展的起點。

這一階段要求父母等養育者（主要是母親）在撫養孩子的過程中，應充分適當地滿足孩子的生理需要，不宜過分滿足和過分剝奪；同時，在滿足程度和方式上要儘可能保持一致性、一貫性，不能隨意轉變，即使變化也要漸進地、有規律性地進行，使嬰兒能很快適應。

Erikson believed that during this crucial stage of life it was important that a consistent and attentive caregiver meet an infant』s basic needs for nourishment and comfort. If the infant』s needs are met then the child will develop trust in himself and in the word around him, if not then he will grow to be distrustful, suspicious, and withdrawn.

In the worst-case scenario, a child could eventually grow to develop depression and even paranoia. It is also at the critical stage that a child develops his/her attachment pattern, which will affect all future relationships. Successfully completing this stage of development leads to feelings of hope and optimism.

如果這一階段的危機得到積極解決，就會形成「意志」的品質，成年後性格傾向于堅強、獨立、剋制、自律等人格特徵；如果這一分階段的危機是消極解決，就會形成羞怯感，成年後性格傾向於意志薄弱、依附、隨意、敷衍等消極的人格特徵。

這一階段要求父母等養育者對兒童的行為必須理智而耐心，適度控制同時給與一定的自由，並施以科學的訓練，及時矯正不良行為。

Erikson believed that a toddler needed to be given the freedom to explore his world and that it was essential for caregivers to provide praise and positive support. Given this opportunity, a child would develop a feeling of independence. If not the child would learn to doubt himself.

Erikson believed that failure at this stage could later lead to feelings of obsessiveness or avoidance. Those who successfully completed this stage of development would gain a sense of determination and willpower.

如果這一階段的危機得到積極解決，就會形成「目的」的品質，成年後性格傾向於自動自發、計劃性、目的性、果斷等積極的人格特質；如果這一階段的危機是消極解決，成年後性格傾向於不思進取、無計劃性、優柔寡斷等消極的人格特質。目的在此的含義就是「正視、追求價值目標的勇氣」。艾里克森認為個人未來在社會中所能取得的工作上、經濟上的成就，都與兒童在本階段主動性發展的程度有關。

這一階段要求父母等養育者要充分鼓勵和肯定兒童的主動性和想像力的充分發揮。這裡值得一提的是要積極組織並引導兒童開展多種多樣的遊戲。

According to Erikson during this preschool period, a child begins to show initiative and imitate the actions of adults. If he is permitted and encouraged to do so he will develop initiative and later gain the virtues of purpose and courage. Failure at this stage would result in feelings of guilt and could later develop into antisocial (criminal) or narcissistic behavior.

如果這一階段的危機得到積極解決，就會形成「能力」的品質；如果危機是消極解決，就會形成無能。艾里克森認為兒童的這種勤奮感的形成，對其成年後的社會工作和生活影響很大，將來對學習、工作和生活的態度和習慣，都可源於本階段的勤奮感。

在性格的發展上這是一個相對平靜的時期，作為父母和老師應教育兒童勤奮讀書，參加社會活動，在各個感興趣的領域嘗試發現、培養和發展自己的才能，同時培養兒童的生活自理能力，積极參加各種社會公益活動，做一個對社會有用的人。

School age children begin to master skills and take on new challenges and activities. If a child is successful at this stage he will become industrious and gain self-worth. Failure to support a child"s efforts at this stage can lead to feelings of inferiority and incompetence. Ultimate failure at this stage can lead to lifelong feelings of helplessness and low self-worth. Children who are successful at this stage acquire the virtue of confidence.

如果這一階段的危機得到積極解決，就會形成「忠誠」即「不顧價值系統的矛盾堅持自己的信念」的品質；如果危機是消極解決，就會形成不確定性。同一性的形成標誌著兒童期的結束和成年期的開始，標誌著個體人格的成熟，只有建立了積極的同一性，才能順利地度過青春期，也才能順利地解決成年後三個階段（結婚、立業、晚年）的性格發展任務。

This is the stage of adolescence and the goal here is to discover 「who you are」. The teenager must discover his identity in terms of interests, goals, occupation, and sexual orientation. Teens that are successful at discovering their identity will know their place in the world and can move forward with a sense of purpose.

Those who do not generally remain confused about who they are and what exactly their role is. In the worst case, a person may forever suffer from a sense of "role confusion" and a fragile self-image.

如果這一階段的危機得到積極解決，就會形成「愛」即相互奉獻的品質；如果危機消極解決，就會形成混亂的兩性關係。艾里克森認為，發展親密感對個體是否能滿意地進入社會有著重要作用。

This is the stage where young people attempt to develop intimate relationships with friends and members of the opposite sex. Intimate relationships are those where we can be ourselves and allow ourselves to be vulnerable. If we are successful at navigating this stage of life, we learn how to love and be loved.

Erikson believed that failure at this stage could lead one to become either promiscuous or to isolate oneself from others and reject close relationships.

如果這一階段的危機得到積極解決，就會形成「關心」的品質，如果危機消極解決，就會導致自私自利。

Generativity refers to the concern for future generations. One way which humans show generativity is by having and raising children. However, anyone who has made valuable contributions to society and has made a mark in the world shows generativity.

Individuals who are dissatisfied with their life and who have not achieved anything worthwhile become bitter, self-absorbed, and stagnate. Successfully negotiating this stage of life leads to feelings of love for future generations and all of mankind.

如果這一階段的危機得到積極解決，就會形成「智慧」的品質，如果危機消極解決，就會有失望和毫無意義之感。

This is the stage where one reflects on his/her life. When one reaches the final stage of life the crisis is about accepting your life and feeling that you have lived thoroughly and loved thoroughly. Those who have will develop "ego integrity" or a sense of acceptance about their life and they will not dread death.

Those who have failed to achieve their goals or who have serious regrets about the life they"ve lived will develop a feeling of despair and a greater fear of death. Wisdom is the ultimate virtue achieved at this stage of life.