?2018.6.23期經濟學人翻譯參考L4:西方移民政策與價值觀的衝突

?2018.6.23期經濟學人翻譯參考L4:西方移民政策與價值觀的衝突

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?2018.6.23期經濟學人翻譯參考L4:西方移民政策與價值觀的衝突

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Leader 4

Stop it

停下吧

How the West』s immigration policies clash with values

西方移民政策與價值觀的衝突

And why the values usually win

為何價值觀總會勝利

IN TEXAS an infant is separated from his mother by the federal government to deter others from coming. In the Mediterranean a boat with some 630 migrants on board is prevented from docking at an Italian port, and Italy』s deputy prime minister seeks to boost his popularity by threatening to expel Roma people. In Berlin a coalition government may fall over how to handle immigration (see article). These things might look separate; in fact they are connected.

在德克薩斯州,為了阻止更多非法移民來美,聯邦政府強行將一名嬰兒從他的移民母親身邊帶走。在地中海區域,一個義大利港口拒絕了一艘載有約630名移民的船隻靠岸,而義大利副總理則試圖通過威脅驅逐羅馬人民來提高他的聲望。在柏林,聯合政府可能會因無法處理好移民問題而垮台(詳見文章)。這些事情表面上看起來毫無瓜葛,但實際上它們之間關係緊密。

The failure to gain political consent for immigration has been implicated in the biggest upheavals in the West: Brexit, Donald Trump』s victory, the grip Viktor Orban has over Hungary, the rise of the Northern League in Italy. All these events have pushed politics in a direction that is worrying for those who prefer their markets free and their societies open. This creates a painful trade-off. Resist the demands for more brutal immigration enforcement, and electorates may keep voting for candidates who thrive on blaming foreigners for everything. Accept the solutions proposed by the likes of Mr Trump (see article) or Mr Orban, and Western societies will offend against their fundamental values.

各國始終未能在移民問題上達成政治共識,原因在於近些年西方發生的種種巨變——英國脫歐、特朗普勝選、歐爾班·維克托(Viktor Orban)領導匈牙利,以及義大利北方聯盟的崛起。一些民眾希望本國市場更加自由,社會更加開放,但西方近些年的這些劇變將政治推向了他們所擔心的方向。這種局面帶來了一項充滿痛苦的抉擇,如果拒絕公眾提出的對移民實行更多嚴厲的強制措施,那麼選民們可能會持續投票給那些將一切錯誤都歸咎於移民的候選人。如果接受了特朗普總統(詳見文章)或歐爾班總理之類政客提出的建議,那麼西方社會將會違反自己的基本價值觀。

Take the White House』s approach, which resulted in 2,342 children being separated from their families last month. To use children』s suffering as a deterrent was wrong. It is the sort of thing that will one day be taught in history classes alongside the internment of Japanese-Americans during the second world war. To argue that the administration had to act in this way to uphold the law is false. Neither George W. Bush nor Barack Obama, who deported many more people annually than Mr Trump, resorted to separations. To claim it was necessary to control immigration is dubious. In 2000 the government stopped 1.6m people crossing the southern border; in 2016, when Mr Trump was elected, the numbers had fallen by 75%. Deterrence no doubt played its part, but prosperity and a lower birth rate in Mexico almost certainly mattered more. No wonder, after a public outcry, Mr Trump abandoned the policy.

以白宮的移民政策為例,該政策在上個月導致了2342名兒童與家庭分離。利用兒童的痛苦經歷作為威懾是錯誤的。總有一天,這種事情會像二戰期間美國政府拘留日裔美國人那樣出現在歷史課堂中。認為政府必須通過這種方式來維護法律的觀點也是錯誤的。無論是喬治·沃克·布希(George W. Bush)還是貝拉克·奧巴馬(Barack Obama),他們都未採取分離政策,即使他們每年驅逐的人數都比特朗普要多。聲稱有必要控制移民的主張也不靠譜。在2000年,美國政府阻攔了160萬穿越美國南部邊境的移民。在2016年特朗普當選之時,這一數字下降了75%。威懾政策毫無疑問起到了應有的作用,但是,幾乎可以肯定地說,墨西哥本國的繁榮趨勢以及低出生率明顯影響更大。也難怪特朗普在引起公眾抗議後廢除了這一政策。

Other examples of deterrence have fared no better. Britain』s government concluded from the Brexit referendum that it should redouble efforts to create a 「hostile environment」 for immigrants. It ended up sending notices to people who had arrived in Britain from the Caribbean in the 1950s, ordering them to produce documents to prove they were British. The harassment, detention and deportations that followed resulted in the resignation of the home secretary. Likewise, in 2015 European governments argued that rescuing boats carrying migrants from north Africa merely encouraged more to risk that journey. Then as many as 1,200 people drowned in ten days, and Europeans were horrified at the cruelty being meted out in their name. European leaders concluded that voters were not pro-drowning after all.

其他一些移民威懾政策的例子也好不到哪去。英國政府從脫歐公投中認識到需要加倍努力給移民製造「敵對環境」。最終英國政府發放通知,要求上世紀50年代從加勒比地區來到英國的移民出示能證明他們英國人身份的文件。隨之而來的騷擾,拘留,和驅逐導致內政大臣下台。同樣在2015年,歐洲各國稱接收載有北非移民的救援船隻只會讓更多的難民放手一搏,乘船渡海。緊接著10天內就有1200名移民溺死於途徑海域,而這一殘酷事件則追究到歐洲人的頭上來,讓他們十分惶恐。歐洲領導人表示,人們畢竟不想看到難民淹死在海里。

Shock and awfulness

震驚,可怕

The left often concludes from this that people calling for enforcement are cruel and racist. But that is wrong, too. In principle countries must be able to secure their borders and uphold the law. In practice a policy of neglect invites a backlash that helps people like Matteo Salvini, leader of the Northern League (slogan: 「Italians First」), or Horst Seehofer, Germany』s interior minister, who has threatened to bring down Angela Merkel. The outrage feeds on itself. Mr Salvini wants to deport hundreds of thousands of migrants from Italy; Mr Seehofer wants to send tens of thousands of migrants to Italy.

左翼人士經常就此類事件稱那些呼籲強制執行法律的人都是殘忍的種族主義者。然而這種看法也是錯誤的。原則上來說,各國家都應有能力確保邊境安全,維護相關法律。但事實上,這些法律並不完備,因此遭到人們的反對,同時也幫助了一些民粹主義者,如北方聯盟領導人馬泰奧?薩爾維尼(Matteo Salvini,其口號是:「義大利人優先」)、揚言扳倒安吉拉·默克爾的德國內政部長霍斯特?澤霍費爾(Horst Seehofer)。他們越來越憤怒。薩爾維尼想要把數十萬移民從義大利驅逐出去;澤霍費爾則想把數萬移民送到義大利。

The Platonic ideal of an immigration policy is one that has the consent of the host country. It treats migrants humanely but also firmly, swiftly returning those who arrived illegally or whose claims to asylum have failed. This is easy to prescribe but hard to enact. Courts are overstretched, many cases are hard to adjudicate and poor countries may not want their citizens back. And so rich countries tend to pay poorer ones to set up vast holding-pens for humans, as Italy does with Libya and the EU does with Turkey. This involves something which would not be tolerated at home, but is somehow acceptable because it is out of sight.

理想的移民政策就是移民國認可的政策,對待移民人道卻又嚴格,即刻遣返那些非法入境或者未經收容所批准接收的移民。這種理想政策制定起來容易實行起來卻很難:法院要求過高,一些案件很難裁決;貧窮國家或許並不想讓被遣返的公民回國。富裕國家還想攬下貧窮國家建造大型人用圍欄的費用,比如義大利幫助利比亞,歐盟幫助土耳其。這種事情在國內是無法容忍的,但是在人們看不見的地方又不那麼難以接受。

Europeans were right to condemn the separation of children. But they face a wave of migrants from their populous, poor, war-torn neighbours. When they draw up their own policies, they should remember their discomfort this week.

歐洲人譴責美國將孩子和父母分離,十分正確。但是他們的鄰國人口眾多、貧窮而且飽受戰爭之苦,來自這些國家的移民潮是他們要面對的現狀。他們制定限制移民的政策的時候,應該想一想這周他們面對美國移民政策時有多麼憤慨。

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