嫦娥在古代曾被當做癩蛤蟆 後被當成女神

核心提示：東漢張衡在《靈憲》里記述：嫦娥是后羿的妻子，竊王母不死葯服下，奔月向前有黃（古代的巫師）以籌占（一種算命的方式），占之為「吉」，誰知到了月亮上卻變成了蟾蜍（即癩蛤蟆）！

（嫦娥奔月 資料圖）

本文來源：中國新聞網，作者：趙柒斤，原題為：《嫦娥曾被當做癩蛤蟆 後被當成女神》

古人過中秋，有家的回家，沒家和回不了家的就看月亮。而賞月自然就會聯想到我國最早的女航天員嫦娥。

其實，遠古時代不僅沒把美女嫦娥當成航天英雄看，甚至還視她為棄夫的竊賊。東漢張衡在《靈憲》里記述：嫦娥是后羿的妻子，竊王母不死葯服下，奔月向前有黃（古代的巫師）以籌占（一種算命的方式），占之為「吉」，誰知到了月亮上卻變成了蟾蜍（即癩蛤蟆）！有人認為，憑什麼說古人也認為癩蛤蟆醜陋？我想，從進化論的角度看，雖然在遠古時代，蛙類屬於神物，受到先民的頂禮膜拜，但先民不至於將形體疙疙瘩瘩、頭小眼突肚大的癩蛤蟆視為美的參照物吧。再說，古人敬虎、敬蛇等其他野生動物是敬而遠之的「敬」，是恐懼其害、其毒的一種無奈之策。所以，稱因審美觀有別而認為古人視癩蛤蟆為美是站不住腳的。

那麼，為什麼古代人要把大美女變成癩蛤蟆呢？推想起來，必定含有譴責的意思。有民間傳說言，受玉帝委派來到人間的后羿本是天神，完成任務後卻因一事得罪了玉帝，於是天庭不讓其返回。在這種情況下，后羿退而求其次，就向王母娘娘要了不死之葯，決定與妻子嫦娥做一對長生不老的凡間夫妻。可嫦娥不幹，所以就單獨行動了。狡猾的張衡在《靈憲》中還補充了一段話：「……翩翩歸妹，獨將西行，逢天晦芒，毋驚毋恐，後且大昌。」一個「歸」字透露出嫦娥也是神仙，奔月只是「回家」。張衡的這個「歸」是從戰國初年最早記載嫦娥奔月的《歸藏》中考證的：「昔嫦娥以西王母不死之葯服之，遂奔月為月精。」也應了「夫妻本是同林鳥，大難臨頭各自飛」的古話。所以，即便是神仙，在危難時刻拋棄丈夫單飛，同樣也會遭到譴責。所以，在六朝以前，嫦娥的形象一直屬於「棄夫的竊賊」，人們將她視為蟾蜍毫不奇怪。

然而，月亮上的嫦娥很快寂寞起來，逐漸引起凡間文人騷客的同情。唐代大詩人李白首先「把酒問月」：「白兔搗葯秋復春，嫦娥孤棲誰與鄰」，杜甫跟著哀嘆：「斟酌嫦娥宴，天寒耐九秋」，李商隱接過話茬：「青女素娥俱耐冷，月中霜里斗嬋娟」……唐朝文人揭開為嫦娥翻案的序幕後，人們對嫦娥的態度也漸漸發生了變化。特別是隨著宋代大文豪蘇東坡的千古絕唱「明月幾時有？把酒問青天。不知天上宮闕，今夕是何年。我欲乘風歸去，又恐瓊樓玉宇，高處不勝寒。起舞弄清影，何似在人間。轉朱閣，低綺戶，照無眠。不應有恨，何事長向別時圓？人有悲歡離合，月有陰晴圓缺，此事古難全。但願人長久，千里共嬋娟」流傳，嫦娥就徹底由癩蛤蟆變成人人羨慕的女神了。

不過，若翻檢嫦娥由「黑」到「白」、由癩蛤蟆到女神的過程，也蠻有趣的。因為看上去，古往今來樂於替嫦娥開脫和翻案的人都懂法，而且很擅長搞「有罪推定」：嫦娥不會無緣無故獨吞不死之葯私奔月球，那只有夫妻感情出現嚴重危機這一種可能。於是，原罪就定在后羿身上了。像《淮南子?本經訓》《酉陽雜俎》及明代小說《有夏志傳》等古籍和諸多民間傳說里就把養「小三」、愛鬥狠、不顧家等屎盆子紛紛扣到后羿頭上，現代的影視劇基本上都是按照這個套路創作的。這樣一來，還有誰去譴責嫦娥？

其實，嫦娥由癩蛤蟆變成女神，與嫦娥本身一點關係也沒有，完全是由後人態度決定的，但這也顯示「同情弱者」和「探索月球」自古就是中華民族的道德和夢想。

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