GMAT CR 題型介紹及OG/PREP例題解析

【增強題】

增強題，又稱strengthen題目。通常需要尋找支持某一個命題的結論或某個人的觀點的證據或依據，使之成立可能性提高。

標誌性詞語：strengthen、support、provide the best evidence

解題思路：增加結論成立或排除其他原因，使得文章的結論更加嚴謹。

解題步驟：

1、加強plan-goal結論：

（1）goal能夠達到，或能更好地達到（彌補/架橋）提出新觀點

（2）別的plan不好（重複）否定新觀點

（3）plan有好處，或無害，或可行（重複）肯定老觀點

2、加強現象解釋文：通常是否定句

（1）否命題的例子，例子與結論相一致；

（2）對結論的反面的否定

（3）如果是已經有了結論的現象解釋文，只要重複一下該解釋就算加強了

3、加強普通文章：

（1）問題是argument，加強推理過程，優先考慮彌補/架橋

（2）問題是conclusion，加強結論，優先考慮重複

解題技巧：

1、找出原文中的結論

2、鎖定結論，幾乎所有正確答案都對結論有影響

3、原文中有推理漏洞，需要仔細尋找加以支持

4、預先判斷正確選項特徵範圍

錯誤答案特徵：

1）相反答案（即削弱）

2）偽裝答案——答案加強了一個與原文結論相似的結論

3）無關答案

例題：OG16-P502-2

Astronomer: Most stars are born in groups of thousands, each star in a group forming from the same parent cloud of gas. Each cloud has a unique, homogeneous chemical composition. Therefore, whenever two stars have the same chemical composition as each other, they must have originated from the same cloud of gas.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the astronomer』s argument?

(A) In some groups of stars, not every star originated from the same parent cloud of gas.

(B) Clouds of gas of similar or identical chemical composition may be remote from each other.

(C) Whenever a star forms, it inherits the chemical composition of its parent cloud of gas.

(D) Many stars in vastly different parts of the universe are quite similar in their chemical compositions.

(E) Astronomers can at least sometimes precisely determine whether a star has the same chemical composition as its parent cloud of gas.

解析：題意：星星以組為單位產生；

一組星星來自同一個氣雲；

同一個氣雲的化學成分是獨一無二的

A 討論星星的來歷，無關

B 討論星星的距離無關

C 正確，增強搭橋：既然這兩顆星星的成分是一樣的，那麼說明構成它們的氣雲的化學成分也是一樣的，而每一個氣雲里的化學成分都是特定的，那麼說明這兩顆星星是來自同一個氣雲。

D 討論宇宙中星星的成分相似，無關

E 天文學家至少有時候可以精確的判斷這顆星和產生它的星雲的化學成分是不是一樣，有時無意義概率

例題：OG16-P520-60

Advertising by mail has become much less effective, with fewer consumers responding. Because consumers are increasingly overwhelmed by the sheer amount of junk mail they receive, most discard almost all offers without considering them. Thus, an effective way for corporations to improve response rates would be to more carefully target the individuals to whom they mail advertising, thereby cutting down on the amount of junk mail each consumer receives.

Which of the following, if true, would most support the recommendation above?

(A) There are cost-effective means by which corporations that currently advertise by mail could improve response rates.

(B) Many successful corporations are already carefully targeting the individuals to whom they mail advertising.

(C) Any consumer who, immediately after receiving an advertisement by mail, merely glances at it, is very likely to discard it.

(D) Improvements in the quality of the advertising materials used in mail that is carefully targeted to individuals can improve the response rate for such mail.

(E) Response rates to carefully targeted advertisements by mail are considerably higher, on average, than response rates to most other forms of advertising.

解析：廣告郵件的有效性變低。因為顧客收到垃圾郵件，大部分都想都不想就把它忽略了。因此，要提高回應率，應該針對性定位客戶

A 現在公司用的這種通過郵件來廣告的高性價比方式來提高反應率，無關選項

B 很多成功的公司已經在針對性的定位客戶了，無關選項

C 任何一個客戶在收到廣告郵件時，幾乎都看都不看，就把它扔掉，削弱。

D 郵件里用得廣告材料質量應該更具有針對性，從而提高反應率。無關選項。其他提高回應率的方式

E 針對性定位客戶的回應率平均比其他廣告形式的高，正確。說明針對性定位這個決策有用。

【削弱題】

削弱題，又稱weaken題目。通常需要反駁文中的觀點，或弱化結論成立的可能性。

標誌性詞語：weaken、undermine、cast doubt on、weakness、threaten、call into question

解題思路：提出其他可能性或破壞邏輯關係，使文章結論無法成立。

解題技巧：

1）weaken題原文中必須出現結論，因此判斷出結論最重要

2）關注結論，幾乎所有正確選項都對結論產生影響

3）原文信息當中的推理錯誤要仔細讀

4）Weaken題經常需要用到預測選項特徵

5）正確選項中經常出現原文沒有的新信息

6）weaken題目正確選項從來不會攻擊premise（即前提都是默認為真的）（除非該前提是一個sub-conclusion），因此尋找正確答案時，一定要找那個能攻擊到推理鏈的，不要找直接攻擊前提的。

錯誤答案特徵：

1.Weaken變support

2.對結論作改寫，使得與原文結論有細微差別

3.無關選項

例題：OG16-P503-4

Editorial: The roof of Northtown』s municipal equipment-storage building collapsed under the weight of last week』s heavy snowfall. The building was constructed recently and met local building-safety codes in every particular, except that the nails used for attaching roof supports to the building』s columns were of a smaller size than the codes specify for this purpose. Clearly, this collapse exemplifies how even a single, apparently insignificant departure from safety standards can have severe consequences.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial』s argument?

(A) The only other buildings to suffer roof collapses from the weight of the snowfall were older buildings constructed according to less exacting standards than those in the codes.

(B) The amount of snow that accumulated on the roof of the equipment storage building was greater than the predicted maximum that was used in drawing up the safety codes.

(C) Because the equipment-storage building was not intended for human occupation, some safety-code provisions that would have applied to an office building did not apply to it.

(D) The municipality of Northtown itself has the responsibility for ensuring that buildings constructed within its boundaries meet the provisions of the building-safety codes.

(E) Because the equipment-storage building was used for storing snow removal equipment, the building was almost completely empty when the roof collapsed.

解析：主編：N建築的房頂因為上一周大雪坍塌了。這個建築是近期建造的，符合了當地建築建造安全標準，除了用的釘子比標準尺寸小。由此可見，這個建築的坍塌說明了即使是一個很小的，微不足道的不符合安全標準的使用，也會造成嚴重的後果。

下面哪一個削弱了主編的看法?

A 另外一個由於大雪房頂坍塌的建築，是根據更低的安全標準建造的，無關選項

B 屋頂的積雪量比建築建造安全標準預計的積雪量要多很多，所以可能是這個原因導致屋頂坍塌，削弱了主編的觀點，正確

C 因為the equipment-storage building不是用來讓人居住的，所以有一些辦公室建造條款不適用於這個建築，無關選項

D N市的市民有責任確定房屋建造是不是符合建造安全標準，無關選項

E 當屋頂坍塌的時候，因為the equipment-storage building是用來儲備去雪設備的，所以都出去用了，無關選項。

例題：OG16-P511-30

People who do regular volunteer work tend to live longer, on average, than people who do not. It has been found that 「doing good,」 a category that certainly includes volunteer work, releases endorphins, the brain』s natural opiates, which induce in people a feeling of well-being. Clearly, there is a connection: Regular releases of endorphins must in some way help to extend people』s lives.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the force of the evidence given as support for the hypothesis that endorphins promote longevity?

(A) People who do regular volunteer work are only somewhat more likely than others to characterize the work they do for a living as 「doing good.」

(B) Although extremely high levels of endorphins could be harmful to health, such levels are never reached as a result of the natural release of endorphins.

(C) There are many people who have done some volunteer work but who do not do such work regularly.

(D) People tend not to become involved in regular volunteer work unless they are healthy and energetic to begin with.

(E) Releases of endorphins are responsible for the sense of well-being experienced by many long-distance runners while running.

解析：定期做志願活動的人比起不做的往往可以活的更長久。據發現，「做好事」包括做志願活動，可以讓大腦釋放一種E的物質，從而讓人們感覺良好。因此證明，E這種物質的定期釋放在某種程度上可以讓人們活的更久。

下面哪一個可以削弱E讓人長壽這種假說？

A 定期做志願者活動的人只是在某種程度上，比起其他人更容易把志願活動當成「做好事」，無關選項

B 雖然高濃度的E對健康有害，但自然情況下釋放的E絕不會達到有害濃度，無關選項

C 大部分做志願活動的人不能夠定期做，無關選項

D 人們一般不願意定期的參加志願活動，除非他們很健康，說明不管他們做不做志願活動，他們都很健康。那麼E物質的釋放和長壽這件事情本身沒有多大的關係，說不定他們本身也活得很長久。削弱E物質和長壽這兩件事情的關係，正確。

E當長跑運動員跑步時，也會釋放E物質使人感覺良好，無關選項

【假設題】

假設題，又稱assumption題目。屬於增強類的一種特殊形式。通常需要尋找一個充分條件，使得文章結論成立。與增強題不同的是增強題是提高可能性，而假設題目是使之成立。

標誌性詞語：assumption、an addition premise、depend on

解題思路：尋找與文中邏輯鏈最相關的條件，且能夠使結論成立的選項。

解題步驟：

1、找出原文中的結論

2、鎖定結論，幾乎所有正確答案都對結論有影響

3、原文中有推理漏洞，需要仔細尋找加以支持

4、預先判斷正確選項特徵範圍

錯誤答案特徵：

1）相反答案（即削弱）

2）偽裝答案——答案加強了一個與原文結論相似的結論

3）無關答案

正確選項特徵：

1.含有」at least one」 或」at least some」是正確的可能性很高用取非」none」檢驗。

2.避免選擇帶有」the primary purpose」, 「the top priority」或」the main factor」等宣稱是作者最重要觀點的詞的選項。

3.注意選項中出現」not」不一定是錯誤答案，反而defender中經常用到not, no, never等否定詞。

註：因果類假設與加強做法類似，即：

1)排除他因

2)有因必有果

3)無因必無果

4)因果不顛倒

5)使用的證據或數據真實有效或排除其無效的可能性

例題：OG13-P506-21

In recent years, many cabinetmakers have been winning acclaim as artists. But since furniture must be useful, cabinetmakers must exercise their craft with an eye to the practical utility of their product. For this reason, cabinetmaking is not art.

Which of the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reason given for that conclusion?

(A) Some furniture is made to be placed in museums, where it will not be used by anyone.

(B) Some cabinetmakers are more concerned than others with the practical utility of the products they produce.

(C) Cabinetmakers should be more concerned with the practical utility of their products than they currently are.

(D) An object is not an art object if its maker pays attention to the objects practical utility.

(E) Artists are not concerned with the monetary value of their products.

解析：題干：近些年來，很多木工贏得了藝術家的聲譽。但是因為傢具是要有使用價值的，所以木工主要關注的是他們產品的實用性。因此，木工不能被認為是藝術家。

題目：找出題乾結論所依賴的假設條件。

選項A說很多傢具被陳列在博物館而不是拿來被人使用。這實際上是否定了傢具的實用價值，是反向邏輯，排除。

選項D，假如作者主要關注產品的使用價值則該產品對象不能稱之為藝術品。完全支持了題干邏輯，正確！

E選項說藝術家不在乎他們作品的經濟價值，我們這裡討論的點集中在使用價值這個屬性上，而經濟價值則是完全無關的屬性，排除。

例題：OG13-P512-41

Installing scrubbers in smokestacks and switching to cleaner-burning fuel are the two methods available to Northern Power for reducing harmful emissions from its plants. Scrubbers will reduce harmful emissions more than cleaner-burning fuels will. Therefore, by installing scrubbers, Northern Power will be doing the most that can be done to reduce harmful emissions from its plants.

Which of the following is an assumption on. which the argument depends?

(A) Switching to cleaner-burning fuel will not be more expensive than installing scrubbers.

(B) Northern Power can choose from among various kinds of scrubbers, some of which are more effective than others.

(C) Northern Power is not necessarily committed to reducing harmful emissions from its plants.

(D) Harmful emissions from Northern Powers plants cannot be reduced more by using both methods together than by the installation of scrubbers alone.

(E) Aside from harmful emissions from the smokestacks of its plants, the activities of

Northern Power do not cause significant air pollution.

解析：題干：在煙囪上安裝清潔器和轉向使用清潔能源是NP公司減排的兩種方案，清潔器比清潔能源效果更好，所以只要安裝了清潔器，NP就在最大程度上實現了減排。

下面哪一個選項是題目結論所依賴的假設條件。

選項A, 談成本，無關屬性，排除！

選項C，談減排的必要性，無關屬性，排除！

選項D，兩種方式同時使用不會在更大程度上實現減排。取反驗證，假設兩種方式同時使用可以在更大程度上減排那麼題乾結論被推翻，正確！

選項E，ASIDE FROM HARMFUL EMISSION。。。直接排除！

【結論題】

結論題，又稱conclusion題目或歸納題。通常需要從題目給出的信息中得出一個結論。

標誌性詞語：conclusion、conclude、infer、must be true

解題思路：順向思維，通過總結歸納文中信息得出某個結論。通常與文章內容高度相關，不會出現新內容。

解題技巧：

1、模糊詞選項優先考慮

2、條件句選項優先考慮

3、排除法做題：

（1）不能重複原文、不能反駁原文、不能只與原文中一部分相關；

（2）不是對單個信息的改寫或推理；是對原文2個以上信息的融合；

（3）正確選項都能在原文找到依據

（4）不必結合全部信息，但至少結合2個以上，必須結合文章最後一句文中已有結論，問題是讓support，同加強題一樣做法

4、與段落重合度越高的選項越可能稱為正確答案，若段落出現專有名詞，答案一般也會出現專有名詞

5、出現if，unless，whenever等條件連詞的選項成為正確答案的可能性遠大於其他選項

6、NOT，EXCEPT題E正確的可能性為85%，CD各為5%，AB加在一起5%。

錯誤選項特徵：

1、不能出現新概念（包含新的動詞、形容詞、名詞等），原文的同義詞除外

2、原文沒有絕對化語言，答案也不能有絕對化語言（原文若有some等，為嚴謹答案一般也有some）

3、不能出現新比較

4、切忌進行段落外信息的進一步推理！

例題：OG16-P502-1

Neuroscientist: Memory evolved to help animals react appropriately to situations they encounter by drawing on the past experience of similar situations. But this does not require that animals perfectly recall every detail of all their experiences. Instead, to function well, memory should generalize from past experiences that are similar to the current one.

The neuroscientist』 s statements, if true, most strongly support which of the following conclusions?

(A) At least some animals perfectly recall every detail of at least some past experiences.

(B) Perfectly recalling every detail of all their past experiences could help at least some animals react more appropriately than they otherwise would to new situations they encounter.

(C) Generalizing from past experiences requires clear memories of most if not all the details of those experiences.

(D) Recalling every detail of all past experiences would be incompatible with any ability to generalize from those experiences.

(E) Animals can often react more appropriately than they otherwise would to situations they encounter if they draw on generalizations from past experiences of similar situations.

解析：神經學家：記憶幫助動物在遇到相似經歷下作出恰當的反應。但是動物並不需要回憶出他們的經歷的每一個細節。也就是說，為了表現的更得體，記憶應該可以從和現在相似的過去經歷中總結出經驗。

如果神經學家說的正確，可以得出什麼結論？

A 有動物可以回憶出一些過去經歷當中的每一個細節，原文沒有提及

B 回憶出所有的細節可以幫助動物表現的更好，原文沒有提及

C 要從過去的經歷里得出經驗，即使不能回憶出所有的細節，也需要清晰的記得大部分細節，原文沒有提及

D 如果可以回憶出所有的細節，就不具備從過去經驗里得出經驗的能力，原文沒有提及

E 如果他們可以利用他們從過去相似經歷里得出的經驗，那麼他們將會表現得更恰當，正確，符合題中邏輯鏈

例題：OG16-P518-53

Humans get Lyme disease from infected ticks. Ticks get infected by feeding on animals with Lyme disease, but the ease of transmission from host animal to tick varies. With most species of host animal, transmission of Lyme disease to ticks is extremely rare, but white-footed mice are an exception, readily passing Lyme disease to ticks. And white-footed mouse populations greatly expand, becoming the main food source for ticks, in areas where biodiversity is in decline.

The information in the passage most strongly supports which of the following?

(A) In areas where many humans are infected with Lyme disease, the proportion of ticks infected with Lyme disease is especially high.

(B) Very few animals that live in areas where there are no white-footed mice are infected with Lyme disease.

(C) Humans are less at risk of contracting Lyme disease in areas where biodiversity is high.

(D) Ticks feed on white-footed mice only when other host species are not available to them.

(E) The greater the biodiversity of an area, the more likely any given host animal in that area is to pass Lyme disease to ticks.

解析：人類通過T感染L病。T通過吃有L病的動物感染L病，但是傳染的難易程度是和宿主到T有關的。T很難從大部分種類的宿主身上感染L的，但是白腳老鼠是個例外，T很容易就感染上L。在生物多樣性逐漸降低的地區，隨著白腳老鼠數量的大量增加，白腳老鼠慢慢變成T的主要食物。

上述信息主要支持下面哪一個信息？

A 在人類感染L的地區，感染L的T的比例特別高，原文沒有提及

B 生活在沒有感染L的白腳鼠地方的動物非常少，原文沒有提及

C 在生物多樣性高的地方，人類感染上L疾病的風險低，正確。因為生物多樣性高，T的食物不止白腳老鼠一種，感染L的概率低，那麼人從T上面感染L的概率也低。符合邏輯

D T只有當吃不到其他的宿主時，才會吃白腳老鼠，原文沒有提及。

E 一個地區的生物多樣性越高，其他宿主把L傳染給T的概率就越高，原文沒有提及。

【評價題】

評價題，又稱evaluation題目或評估題。通常需要選出能夠影響文章結論是否成立的選項。選項通常為whether/if引導的一般疑問句的陳述語句或特殊疑問句的陳述語句。

標誌性詞語：evaluate、assess、determine

解題思路：對句子取非，判斷是否對結果產生影響。往往會對結果造成影響的選項就是正確選項。

解題技巧：

1、模糊詞、極端詞都不選；但極端結論可以選模糊詞；

2、對其答Yes或No對文章產生相反效果

例題：OG13-P538-124

Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that student-teacher ratios in government-funded schools not exceed a certain limit. All Vargonian children are entitled to education, free of charge, in these schools. When a recession occurs and average incomes fall, the number of children enrolled in government-funded schools tends to increase. Therefore, though most employment opportunities contract in economic recessions, getting a teaching job in Vargonias government-funded schools will not be made more difficult by a recession.

Which of the following would be most important to determine in order to evaluate the argument?

(A)Whether in Vargonia there are any schools not funded by the government that offer children an education free of charge

(B) Whether the number of qualified applicants for teaching positions in government-funded schools increases significantly during economic recesslons

(C) What the current student-teacher ratio in Vargonias government-funded schools is

(D) What proportion of Vargonias workers currently hold jobs as teachers in government-funded schools

(E) Whether in the past a number of government funded schools in Vargonia have had student teacher ratios well in excess of the new limit.

解析：題干：V剛推出一個法規，要求在政府資助的學校中學生-老師的比例不超過某個限制。所有的V的孩子都有資格免費在這些學校學習。當經濟出現衰退時，平均收入下降，入學政府資助孩子的數量有上升趨勢。因此，盡量大部分就業機會在衰退時會減少，但是得到一個在政府資助學校教課的工作在衰退期並不會更加困難。

題目：哪個評價對論證最重要。

分析：前提是經濟衰退時，政府資助的學校入學的孩子數量上升，結論是在經濟衰退時，在政府資助學校教課的工作不會更加困難，答案應該圍繞工作是否更加困難開展。

A選項是否在V有不是政府資助的但免費讓孩子接受教育的學校，無關。

B選項是否有資格獲得在政府資助學校教課的申請者數量在衰退期增加的非常多，若是肯定的回答，對文章是削弱，否定回答，對文章是加強作用，正確。

C選項問師生比例，無關。

D選項問老師占工人的比例，無關。

E選項比例是否有超過限制，無關。

例題：OG16-P533-100

A certain cultivated herb is one of a group of closely related plants that thrive in soil with high concentrations of metals that are toxic to most other plants. Agronomists studying the growth of this herb have discovered that it produces large amounts of histidine, an amino acid that, in test-tube solutions, renders these metals chemically inert. Hence, the herb』s high histidine production must be the key feature that allows it to grow in metal-rich soils.

In evaluating the argument, it would be most important to determine which of the following?

(A) Whether the herb can thrive in soil that does not have high concentrations of the toxic metals

(B) Whether others of the closely related group of plants also produce histidine in large quantities

(C) Whether the herb』s high level of histidine production is associated with an unusually low level of production of some other amino acid

(D) Whether growing the herb in soil with high concentrations of the metals will, over time, reduce their concentrations in the soil

(E) Whether the concentration of histidine in the growing herb declines as the plant approaches maturity

解析：某一種草藥是一組可以在有害的高金屬含量的土地當中生存的植物當中的一種，農學家研究發現，這種草藥的生長產生了大量的H，一種氨基酸。試管實驗證明，H這種物質可以使這些金屬產生惰性。因此，草藥產生的H這種物質一定是它在這種金屬含量高的土地生長的的解決辦法關鍵因素。

下面哪一個可以成為評估這個結論的因素？

A.這種草藥是不是可以在沒有這麼高濃度的有害金屬的土壤裡面生存。無關選項

B 其他相關植物是否也可以產生大量的H這種物質。正確，如果不可以，他們也可以在這種土壤中生存，說明能不能生存與H這種物質無關，反之，若也產生了，則與H這種物質有關。

C H這種物質濃度的產量是否與其他某種氨基酸的產量異常低有關，無關選項

D 生長在高濃度金屬土壤中的草藥是否會降低土壤中金屬的濃度，說明這種草藥可能會吸收這種金屬，或者分解，但與H沒有關係。不能影響結論。

E 是否隨著植物接近成熟，土地中H的濃度降低。無關選項。

【解釋題】

解釋題，又稱explain題目。通常需要對題目的某一個部分做出合理解釋。

標誌性詞語：explain、reason、account for

解題思路：尋找可以合理解釋文中現象的選項，通常為解釋矛盾現象原因，或計劃不成功的原因，類似於削弱題。

解題技巧：

1、找出A, however B,將however看作therefore,解釋時思考整體

2、解釋的對象是兩者比較：正確選項必須體現此相對量

3、解釋的對象再說上升下降，正確選項必須體現變化

例題：OG13-P500-3

Suncorp, a new corporation with limited funds, has been clearing large sections of the tropical Amazon forest for cattle ranching. This practice continues even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which does not destroy the forest, than from cattle ranching, which does destroy the forest.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why Suncorp has been pursuing the less profitable of the two economic activities mentioned above?

(A) The soil of the Amazon forest is very rich in nutrients that are important in the development of grazing lands.

(B) Cattle-ranching operations that are located in tropical climates are more profitable than cattle-ranching operations that are located in cold-weather climates.

(C) In certain districts, profits made from cattle ranching are more heavily taxed than profits made from any other industry.

(D) Some of the cattle that are raised on land cleared in the Amazon are killed by wildcats.

(E) The amount of money required to begin a rubber-tapping operation is twice as high as the amount needed to begin a cattle ranch.

解析：題干：S公司，在有限資金的支持下，開始將其所屬的亞馬遜熱帶雨林地區清理為畜牧場。而在該地區進行橡膠生產既比畜牧業利潤更高也不會破壞當地的森林植被。

題目：解釋為何S公司選擇低利潤的畜牧業而非高利潤且環保的橡膠生產業

A選項，引入無關對象討論無關屬性；

B選項，無關屬性比較；

C選項，邏輯方向錯誤；

D選項，引入無關對象討論無關屬性且邏輯方向錯誤；

E選項正確

例題：OG13-P5010-6

Parlands alligator population has been declining in recent years, primarily because of hunting. Alligators prey heavily on a species of freshwater fish that is highly valued as food by Parlanders, who had hoped that the decline in the alligator population would lead to an increase in the numbers of these fish available for human consumption. Yet the population of this fish species has also declined, even though the annual number caught for human consumption has not increased.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the decline in the population of the fish species?

(A) The decline in the alligator population has meant that fishers can work in some parts of lakes and rivers that were formerly too dangerous.

(B) Over the last few years, Parlands commercial fishing enterprises have increased the number of fishing boats they use.

(C) The main predator of these fish is another species of fish on which alligators also prey.

(D) Many Parlanders who hunt alligators do so because of the high market price of alligator skins, not because of the threat alligators pose to the fish population.

(E) In several neighboring countries through which Parlands rivers also flow, alligators are at risk of extinction as a result of extensive hunting.

解析：題目：P地鱷魚數量最近幾年一直在下降，主要由於對鱷魚的獵殺。而鱷魚喜歡捕食的淡水魚是P地居民所喜愛的食物，那麼P地居民就希望鱷魚數量的減少能帶來淡水魚數量上升這個結果。但是淡水魚數量也減少了，還是在當地居民沒有增加淡水魚消費量的情況下。

題干：解釋魚群數量下降這個現象。

A選項說鱷魚數量下降會使得漁民可以在之前危險的地方進行作業，題目中已經排除了人為因素對魚群數量的影響，不能忽視或者否定原文給定的信息。

B選項說P地的漁業企業增加了捕魚船的數量，跟A選項問題一樣。

C選項說鱷魚不僅僅吃淡水魚，同時也吃另一種喜歡捕食淡水魚的物種，那麼鱷魚數量減少，這裡所說的另一種喜歡捕食淡水魚的物種數量會上升，能夠導致淡水魚數量下降這個結果。正確！

D選項討論為什麼要捕殺鱷魚，與題目論點無關。

E選項說鄰國鱷魚瀕臨滅絕，None of our business…

【填空題】

填空題，又稱blank題型。通常需要通過理解題目語義，在劃線部分填上一個最符合題意的部分。

標誌性特徵：劃線部分。一般來說（1）空格前是since, because則是假設題；（2）空格前是therefore, hence, thus是MUST BE TRUE / Main Point題。

解題技巧：

1、填原因：同解釋題做法

2、題型：

（1）A, therefore B 填寫AB之間的Gap 架橋

（2）A, however B 填寫A的直接原因 與解釋題做法相同

例題：PG13-P503-12

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Most bicycle helmets provide good protection for the top and back of the head, but little or no protection for the temple regions on the sides of the head. A study of head injuries resulting from bicycle accidents showed that a large proportion were caused by blows to the temple area. Therefore, if bicycle helmets protected this area, the risk of serious head injury in bicycle accidents would be greatly reduced, especially since .

(A) among the bicyclists included in the studys sample of head injuries, only a very small proportion had been wearing a helmet at the time of their accident

(B) even those bicyclists who regularly wear helmets have a poor understanding of the degree and kind of protection that helmets afford

(C) a helmet that included protection for the temples would have to be somewhat larger and heavier than current helmets

(D) the bone in the temple area is relatively thin and impacts in that area are thus very likely to cause brain injury

(E) bicyclists generally land on their arm or shoulder when they fall to the side, which

reduces the likelihood of severe impacts on the side of the head

解析：題干：大部分的自行車頭盔都為頭頂和後腦提供良好的保護，但是卻忽視了頭兩側太陽穴部位。一項針對自行車事故頭部損傷的研究表明其中的一大部分是出自太陽穴部位損傷。所以，如果自行車頭盔保護該區域的話，自行車事故頭部嚴重受傷的風險將大大降低，因為________

A， 質疑了研究的準確性，錯誤。

B， 騎車的人對頭盔保護作用認識不夠，混淆了關鍵對象。

C， 保護太陽穴部位的頭盔會更大更重，引入無關屬性。

D，指出了太陽穴部位本身就很脆弱，是我們要找的關鍵對象的關鍵屬性。正確！

E，指出太陽穴部位不易受傷，邏輯方向錯誤。

例題：OG16-P515-43

Which of the choices most logically completes the following argument?

NowNews, although still the most popular magazine covering cultural events in Kalopolis, has recently suffered a significant drop in advertising revenue because of falling circulation. Many readers have begun buying a competing magazine that, at 50 cents per copy, costs less than NowNews at $1.50 per copy. In order to boost circulation and thus increase advertising revenue, NowNews』s publisher has proposed making it available at no charge. However, this proposal has a serious drawback, since

.

(A) Those Kalopolis residents with the greatest interest in cultural events are regular readers of both magazines.

(B) One reason NowNews』s circulation fell was that its competitor』s reporting on cultural events was superior.

(C) The newsstands and stores that currently sell NowNews will no longer carry it if it is being given away for free.

(D) At present, 10 percent of the total number of copies of each issue of NowNews are distributed free to students on college campuses in the Kalopolis area.

(E) NowNews』s competitor would begin to lose large amounts of money if it were forced to lower its cover price.

解析：儘管NowNews在K這個地區仍然是包含文化事件的最流行的雜誌，但最近由於發行量的下降，廣告收入有一個嚴重的下滑。許多讀者開始購買競爭對手的雜誌（50美分一份），比NowNews每份低1.5美分。為了促進發行量，提高廣告收入，NowNews發行商提議免費發行。然而，這個提議有一個嚴重的缺點，因為——

A 對文化事件感興趣的讀者就會成為兩種雜誌的定期讀者。無關選項。不知道以前是什麼樣的，成為定期讀者不知道會不會對廣告收入造成影響。

B NowNews發行量下降的原因是競爭對手關於文化事件的報道更勝一籌。跟提議無關。

C 如果它免費發行的話，那麼報社和商量將不再賣NowNews的雜誌。正確，發行量不會增加。

D 現在，NowNews每次發行總數量的10%將會免費發給K地學校學生，無關選項

E 如果NowNews的競爭對手被迫降價，它將會損失大量的錢。無關選項

【黑體題】

黑體題，又稱boldface題目或黑臉題，或句子作用題。

標誌性特徵：加粗部分。

解題思路：通讀題目，解釋黑體部分在文中的屬性與關係。

解題技巧：

1、找到句子之間的轉折

（1）But, Yet, However, however, Nonetheless, Nevertheless, nonetheless, nevertheless （2）but, yet, although, though當沒看到！（BY只見大不見小，HN大小全見）

（3）句首負面評價也可能是轉折

2、判斷句子角色（選項）

（1）論據：evidence, explanation, premise, consideration

（2）結論：conclusion, claim, position, judgment, prediction, proposal

（3）假設：assumption

（4）支持：endorse, support,

（5）反對：call into question, oppose,

題干：Because 之後為論據

Consequently之後為結論, conclude that

3、若文中沒有轉折，選項不能有表示拒絕、反對、質疑的辭彙

4、A, however B 作者：反駁A，支持B

例題：OG13-P505-18

Hunter: Many people blame hunters alone for the decline in Greenrock National Forests deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forests protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

In the hunters argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the following roles?

(A) It is the main conclusion of the argument.

(B) It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.

(C) It is an explanation that the argument concludes is correct.

(D) It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.

(E) It introduces a judgment that the argument opposes.

解析：題干：獵人說，很多人指責獵人是G國家公園鹿群數量在過去十年下降的唯一因素。但是很明顯，黑熊在這個問題上也貢獻頗多。過去十年對森林公園中黑熊的保護導致黑熊數量急劇上升，而且在死去的黑熊肚子里也發現它們之中的很多在死前曾經捕食過鹿。

分析：BOLDFACE題目，抓住邏輯主客觀定性和邏輯方向兩點！首先很多人的指責明顯是主觀性的判斷，其次，題干作為一個整體是在用實例來駁斥這個主觀判斷的。分析到這裡答案就清楚了，選E。

例題：OG13-P508-28

Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, a new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last years record pace. Atthe same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies,starting upwill be no higher this year than it was last year, and surely the new companies starting up this year will create no more jobs per company than did last years start-ups. Clearly, it can be concluded that the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last years record.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is that main conclusion.

(B) The first is a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a conclusion drawn in order to support that main conclusion.

(C) The first is an objection that the argument rejects; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.

(D) The first is an objection that the argument rejects; the second presents a conclusion that could be drawn if that objection were allowed to stand.

(E) The first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a claim advanced in support of the main conclusion of the argument.

解析：題干：去年新增的製造業工作數量創造了歷史記錄，今年是否會創造新的記錄呢？一個新的製造業工作的創造要麼來自於一個現有的公司要麼來自於新成立的公司。在現有的公司里，新工作的增長速度明顯慢於去年。同時，大量證據表明新成立的公司數量不會比去年更多，而且基本可以確定今年平均每個新公司提供的職位也不會比去年的新公司更多。所以很明顯，我們能得出結論，今年新工作增長的數量會較去年的記錄下降

分析：我們首先對前後兩部分BOLDFACE進行主客觀定性，很顯然，前後兩部分均為主觀性判斷，具體表述我們在選項中進行考察。接下來我們可以很清晰地判斷前後兩段BOLDFACE的邏輯關係式正向而非逆向。同時符合這兩點判斷的選項只有A和B，再進一步考察B我們可以發現，在對第二段BOLDFACE的描述上B說第二段是一個支持主要結論的結論，而原文並沒有B中所描述的FURTHER CONCLUSION。所以我們判斷B錯誤，選A!