專門替中國人寫的英語語法（五）

第五章 未來式 5§1 未來式的基本規則

如果我們在句子中，有需要提到未來的事情，就可以使用未來式，舉例來說，以下的句子都用未來式。

I will go to America tomorrow.

He will dance tonight.

Peter will finish his work next month.

如果不用〝will〞，我們可以用〝verb to be +going to+ verb〞，如果我們如此做，以上的三個句子就變成了以下的句子

I am going to go to America tomorrow.

He is going to dance tonight.

Peter is going to finish his work next month.

以下是一些未來式的例子：

1. I will call you tonight.I am going to call you tonight.

2. He will graduate next June.He is going to graduate next June.

3. Mr. Lee will teach us English soon.Mr. Lee is going to teach us English soon.

4. He will help you.He is going to help you.

5. The war will break out soon.The war is going to break out soon.

6. It will rain tonight.It is going to rain tonight.

有一個規則必須注意，就是will是一個助動詞，現在式第三人稱單數的主詞，仍不用在will後面加s。

不僅如此，will後面的動詞必須用成原式，如果用verb to be +going to+ verb這裡面的verb也必須用原式。

因為這裡面的to式infinitive，infinitive裡面永遠要用原型動詞。

以下例子都是錯的

1.*He wills go to school.

2.*He will goes to school.

3.*They will went to work tomorrow.

4.*Tom is going to saw me tonight.

5.*Peter is going to working next month.

未來式常和別的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子

1. When you come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.

2. After I graduate, I am going to be a good doctor in Africa.

3. Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work.

4. After the war is over, every one will be happy.

5. I will go to a concert after my classes are over.

6. I will eat lunch as soon as I have time.

但千萬不可寫出以下錯誤的句子：

*When you will come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.

*After the war will be over, every one will be happy.

*I will eat lunch as soon as I will have time.

【練習十八】

將以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用will或to be going to：

1. 我明天要上教堂（go to church）。

2. 他下周一要和我見面。

3. 他明天要整理這個房間（clean this room）。

4. 我明天吃晚飯後要去台北。

5. 我明天晚上回家以後，就打電話給你。

6. 我畢業以後會去念法律。

7. 明天你走以後，我要看電視.。

8. 明天我會去台南。

9. 今天晚上我要寫一封信給你。

10. 今晚，我要等我的哥哥。

【練習十九】

填充：

1.I ________(be) in America next year, after I ________(graduate).

2.I ________(explain) this to you tonight after I ________(read) the report.

3.I ________(see) you tonight.

4.As soon as you ________(come) to see me, I ________(give) you my book.

5.When you ________(arrive) in New York tomorrow, Tom ________(be) in the airport to meet you.

6.I ________(go) to church after the rain stops.

7.I ________(watch) the new TV program after you ________(leave).

8.When you ________(get) here tomorrow, everyone ________(wait) for you.

9.I ________(get) a job as soon as I get out of college.

10. He________ (have) dinner very late tomorrow.

11. I________ (quit) my present job, after I________ (find) a better one.

5§2 未來式的變形

未來式可以和進行式合起來用，以下是未來進行式的例子

I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight.

He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.

I will be studying mathematics at home when you come.

Two days later, I will be driving a new car.

未來式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成為未來完成式，這種句子都是在於強調未來要完成的事。

舉例來說，」我明天六點以前，我會完成這工作了」，就可以用未來完成式：

I will have finished this work by six o』clock tomorrow.

以下是一些未來完成式的例子

By the time he arrives at the station, the train will have left.

We will have had three meetings before six o』clock tonight.

He will have written six novels next summer.

【練習二十】

填充：（用未來進行式或未來完成式）

1.I ________(watch) the baseball game tomorrow night.

2.He ________(finish) the report when you arrive at his home.

3.I ________(wash) my car tonight when my mother comes.

4.They ________(play) their violins when the clock strikes twelve.

5.He ________(complete) writing this program before ten o』clock tonight.

6.He ________(be) the president for three years next May.

7.I ________(wash) my car when you come tonight.

8.I ________(read) this report before six o』clock tomorrow evening.

9.Peter ________(dance) in the streets if Mr. Robertson is elected president.

10. I ________(drive) four hundred miles tomorrow.

【練習二十一】

將以下中文句子譯成英文

1. 彼得生於1965年，他從小就喜歡音樂，自從1975年起，他就一直在練習小提琴。現在他是一個很好的小提琴家。

2. 我的哥哥明天會來看我，他來的時候，我會在家裡看電視。我喜歡看有關醫院的節目。

3. 在我小的時候我常常喜歡打籃球，現在我不打籃球了，因為我曾有一次車禍（car accident）。

4. 我現在在打電話給我的母親，我的母親現在88歲，他在台北已經住了60年。

5. 在我去美國以前，我曾經去過英國，當我在英國的時候，我碰見了一個美麗的女孩子，他後來成為我的太太。

【練習二十二】

填充

1.I ________(watching) TV now. I ________(watch) TV every day.

2.He ________(have) a big dinner before we arrived last night. It ________(be) a good meal. He seldom ________(eat) so much.

3.He ________(work) on this novel for a very long time. By the time he ________(finish) it, he ________(written) six novels.

4.I ________(be) to America several times. I ________(go) to America again next year.

5.I ________(live) in Taipei when I was a child. When I was six years old, I ________(move) to Taiwan and ________(live) there ever since.

6.He ________(be) an honest person all his life. That is why so many people ________(like) him.

7.It ________(be) my birthday tomorrow. Yet I ________(have) a test the day after tomorrow. So I ________(study) in the library tomorrow night.

8.He ________(be) a strong kid when he was young. Now although he ________(be) seventy years old, he ________(be) still quite healthy.

9.I ________(have) this car for nine years. I ________(sell) it and ________(buy) a new one next year.

10. He ________(take) a bath every morning. Today, since he ________(get) up very late, he ________(go) to school directly without taking a bath.

第六章　否定句子(Negative Sentences)6§1 否定句的基本規則

在任何語言，我們都有必要造出〝否定〞的句子，在中文，寫出否定句子並非難事，在英文，無論任何否定句子，都必須遵行一些規定，以下是否定句子的例子

肯定句子	否定句子
I like music.	I don』t like music.
He loves swimming.	He does not love swimming.
They have come to work.	They have not come to work.
Mary went to see a movie yesterday.	Mary did not go to see a movie yesterday.
John is a good boy.	John is not a good boy.
I will go to New York tomorrow.	I will not go to New York tomorrow.
He can sing.	He can not sing.
You may go now.	You may not go now.
He should sleep early.	He should not sleep early.
It is raining now.	It is not raining now.
It rains very often here.	It does not rain very often here.
He has a lot of money.	He does not have a lot of money.
It is exciting to see this game.	It is not exciting to see this game.
He asked me three questions.	He did not ask me three questions.

從以上的例子來看，我們可以歸納出以下的規則：

1. Verb to be 後面可以直接加not。例如：

He is not a good teacher.

Mary was not very happy when she was young.

They are not strong boys.

Peter is not coming.

John is not going to work.

2. 助動詞後面可以直接加not。例如：

He has not written any letter.

They will not come.

He cannot swim.

They should not cry very often.

Tom had not eaten any thing before you came.

He may never eat cakes in the future.

John has not lived here.

3. 一般句子的動詞必須加入do或他的變形。

He does not smoke.

He did not go.

I do not love sports.

You do not like to eat fish.

They do not swim very well.

We did not see that movie.

在英文中，我們可以用have to來代替must，以下是have to的例子：

He has to go to Chicago tomorrow.（他明天應該去芝加哥）

They had to buy three tickets to go to the concert.（他們必須買三張票去聽音樂會）

I have to work very hard.（我必須努力工作）

含有have to的句子，如要改成否定句子，必須在have to前面加do或它的變形，請看以下的例子：

肯定句子	否定句子
He has to eat a lot of food.	He does not have to eat a lot of food.
He had to leave.	He did not have to leave.
I have to write that letter.	I do not have to write that letter.

【練習二十三】

將以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：

1.I saw your brother last night.

2.I like apples.

3.She is a beautiful girl.

4.They can play violin very well.

5.Mr. Chang must answer the following questions.

6.He went to see his brother last night.

7.He could sing many songs.

8.He will buy this car.

9.It rained heavily last night.

10. I have lived here for three years.

11. He has to see his mother.

12. He had to stay here yesterday.

6§2 No, Never和Any的用法

要達成否定的意思,有時我們也可以用no和never這些字，no必須跟一個名詞，請看下面的例子：

1.I saw no students here.

2.There are no lakes in this country.

3.I have no money.

4.I had no choice.

5.He has no friends.

以上這些例子也可以用not來表示否定的意思，如果用not，則以上的句子應該照下面的方式寫；

1.I did not see any student here.

2.We can not find any lake in this country.

3.I do not have any money.

4.I did not have any choice.

5.He does not have any friends.

除以上not之外，never也可以表達否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，請注意never常用在完成式的句子里：

I have never gone there.

He has never written any song.

They have never washed their clothes.

【練習二十四】

用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里:

1.I have ________money.

2.A selfish person does ________have any friends.

3.man is entirely alone.

4.one is living here. We can ________get into this house.

5.a single person loves me.

6.one loves me.

7.The person whom I saw did ________come.

8.I did ________go to work yesterday.

9.I had ________work to do yesterday.

10. I can ________find any one in this hall.

11. I have ________gone to America.

12. He has ________written to me.

第七章 問句(Questions)7§1　答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的問題

有些問題，答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞，以下是一些例子。

原來句子	問句
I am a boy.	Am I a boy?
He has a car.	Does he have a car?
I gave him three books.	Did I give him three books?
He cannot work.	Can he work?
He has not seen me.	Has he seen me?
They like your novel.	Do They like your novel?
The sun sets in the west.	Does the sunset in the west?
They are good teachers.	Are they good teachers?
He will not go to a concert tonight.	Will he go to a concert tonight?
He is going to swim.	Is he going to swim?
They must eat vegetables.	Must they eat vegetables?
They have to go.	Do they have to go?
I walked two kilometers yesterday.	Did I walk two kilometers yesterday?
It is raining now.	Is it raining now?

根據以上的例子，我們可以歸納乘以下的規則：

(1)凡動詞是verb to be的，變成問句時，動詞移到主詞前面去。例子：

原來句子	問句
You are a girl.	Are you a girl?
He was a teacher.	Was he a teacher?
They were all old.	Were they all old?
This song is beautiful.	Is this song beautiful?
Peter is a good student.	Is Peter a good student?

(2)動詞不是verb to be，也沒有助動詞，改成問句時，必須加助動詞do或他的變形，這個助動詞必須在主詞的前面。例子：

原來句子	問句
I like music.	Do I like music?
He likes sports.	Does he like sports?
Peter went to America.	Did Peter go to America?
He ate three apples last night.	Did he eat three apples last night?
Her mother calls her every week.	Does her mother call her every week?

(3)句子中間如已有助動詞，改成問句時，只要將助動詞移到主動詞前面即可。例子：

原來句子	問句
He did not eat.	Did he eat?
He has gone to America.	Has he gone to America?
She can dance.	Can she dance?
I will see you tonight.	Will I see you tonight?
They are going to Washington.	Are they going to Washington?

我們的問句中，當然也可已有否定的意義，比方說，我們可以問：

你不喜歡音樂嗎？

他不是你的弟弟嗎？

你從未見過他？

英文句子也可以如此，例如：

Don』t you like music?

Doesn』t he play piano?

Aren』t you his brother?

Isn』t he a good student?

Didn』t he go to school?

Hasn』t he lived here?

Won』t he leave tomorrow?

注意，這時not通常和動詞連在一起了。

有一件事，是我們中國人必須注意的，假如有人問你：

你不喜歡音樂嗎？

而你本人的確也不喜歡音樂，你會回答說：

是，我不喜歡音樂。

也就是說，我們中國人的回答是順著問句的。問句說你不喜歡，我們同意他的說法，所以前面加一個〝是〞。假設我喜歡音樂，我會回答說：

不，我喜歡音樂。

可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，與問句的問法無關，而對應了回答的事實。舉例來說，我們的問句也許是：

Don』t you like music?

你如不喜歡音樂就回答說：

No, I don』t like music.

你如喜歡音樂，就回答說：

Yes, I like music.

再舉一例，有人問：

Isn』t he Chinese?

他是中國人就回答：

Yes, he is.

他如不是，就回答：

No, he isn』t.

反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事實對應，而與如何問無關。

【練習二十五】

將以下句子翻譯成英文問句：

1.你喜歡他嗎？

2.他是美國人嗎？

3.你昨天有沒有去教堂？

4.他曾經到過日本嗎？

5.你要去台北嗎？

6.他不喜歡體育嗎？

7.你從未去過日本嗎？

8.他有一個妹妹嗎？

9.他們都是學生嗎？

10.你的哥哥昨天見過我爸爸嗎？

7§2 回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的問句

問句的答案當然不一定只是yes或no，以下的問句都是例子：

Where did you buy this book?

Where did you see him?

How do you like America?

Whom do you like?

Which cake do you want?

Whose book is this?

What kind of method is this?

Which country were you born in?

Which do you want, an apple or an orange?

Whom do you like most, your brother or your sister?

Where did you go last night?

When did you meet your father?

When did you read this book?

Whom did you give this book to?

以上的問句中都有助動詞，但以下的問句中，助動詞是不存在的：

Who gave you this car?

Who wrote this letter?

Who took my pen away?

Who wants to go with me?

Who can sing this song?

【練習二十六】

將以下的中文問句翻譯成英文問句：

1.你在哪裡買這本書的？

2.他什麼時候到美國去的？

3.他爸爸的名字是什麼？

4.這是誰的書？

5.你從哪裡來的？

6.你要哪一本書？

7.這個孩子是誰？

8.他最喜歡誰？

9.他叫什麼名字？

10.你昨天到哪裡去了？

11.這是誰的狗？

【練習二十七】

填空

1.did you go last night?

2.book do you like?

3.is your brother?

4.is his name?

5.wrote this letter?

6.did you give this book to?

7.gave you this book?

8.car is this?

9.dog is this?

10.movie did you see?

11.can speak English?

12.did you speak to?

13.kind of car is this?

14.fruit do you like most?

15.does not swim?

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