肺動脈充盈缺損不一定是血栓:學習被老外誤診誤治的肺栓塞

奴婢就是當年的夏雨荷!

滾粗,別以為牛糞上插朵鮮花,我就不知道你是容嬤嬤了!

曾經,一看到肺動脈CTA上有充盈缺損,就大呼:肺栓塞了,肺上長血栓了!立馬抗凝、對症治療。

後來,發現,肺動脈造影才是金標準。我就納悶:肺動脈CTA上發現了充盈缺損,那不是血栓會是神馬?

再後來,內科學第八版,第103頁:肺動脈造影診斷肺栓塞的特異性是95%~98%。我就更納悶了,肺動脈造影作為金標準,為什麼還會誤診肺栓塞?特異性居然不是100%。

再後來,我知道癌栓。但是除了手術活檢,其他辦法是不可能很準確的鑒別癌栓啊,還是得抗凝啊。

曾經,有人問我:肺栓塞老是治不好,為什麼?我知道很多原因,但是我居然不知道一個很簡單的原意:肺栓塞治不好,有可能那根本就不是肺栓塞!

看了很多文獻,才發現,自己曾經真的是too young,too simple。

年輕不知曉,缺損都栓了。

夜來看文獻,誤診知多少。

為此,我來寫寫肺栓塞CTA葵花寶典殘頁,為什麼叫殘頁呢?我只是分享一些經驗,還木有水平寫整本葵花寶典。

文獻1:首先,來看看這個病人。美國康涅狄格州立大學報道,58歲男性,咳嗽,勞力性呼吸困難,進行性雙側下肢水腫2月。

A 58-year-old man presented with 2 months of cough, dyspnea on exertion, and progressive bilateral lower extremity edema.

這是什麼?妥妥的肺栓塞啊,還能有啥?

怎麼辦?腫么辦?

別慌,米國人民的治療和我們一樣。

抗凝治療,2周後,病人呼吸困難加重返院。

在中國,很可能家屬第一句話:醫生,你TMD給我老爸用的什麼狗屁葯,你個庸醫,病人本來好好的,被你越治越重。上次來看病,本來沒什麼病的,我們來醫院主要是旅遊、參觀的。

是的,有些人來醫院並不是看病的,我們醫生也沒注意這個問題。有一次,科室的電腦活生生被人帶出醫院,神不知鬼不覺,監控錄像發現了,醫生還被扣了獎金,監控錄像就是來扣獎金的,不是監視賊的,也抓球不到賊。

He was treated expectantly with anticoagulants for pulmonary embolism but returned 2 weeks later with worsening dyspnea and echocardiographic evidence of right heart failure.

抗凝治療,病情加重,怎麼辦?這下該好好想想,腫么辦?

這些醫院都是很牛叉的。

行動脈血栓內膜剝脫術,然而,結果示黏液性梭形細胞肉瘤。

Surgical thromboendarterectomy revealed a high-grade myxoid spindle cell sarcoma。

是的,這不是肺栓塞,這是肺動脈內膜肉瘤。這不是扯蛋肺栓塞,這是扯蛋肺動脈腫瘤。扯蛋是肯定的,然而,血栓且不肯定。

文獻2:法蘭西報道的一個病人。

這麼大一個血栓!需要你,我是一隻魚。

好大的一條血栓!

然而,最終做了手術,病理如下:

五顏六色的,好好看啊。然而,this is肺動脈內膜肉瘤。

仔細看看,不對。

充盈缺損的地方,密度不均勻,並且,有強化,血栓裡面沒有血管,一般不會強化,所以,有可能是腫瘤。

文獻3:足球王國巴西報道的一例。

這是什麼?

病理:Intimal sarcoma of the pulmonary artery:肺動脈內膜肉瘤。

仔細看看:

CT示肺動脈內腫塊,腫塊侵犯縱膈,血栓不會跑到縱膈。

文獻4:德國蒂賓根大學。

女性,33歲,反覆勞累後呼吸困難5月,胸膜炎性胸痛,伴有咳嗽,以肺栓塞可能收入院。

A 33-year-old female with a 5 month history of recurrent episodes of exertional dyspnoea, pleuritic chest pain and an urge to cough was referred to hospital with the tentative diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.

看CT,左肺動脈血栓了。

病人結局呢?

遺體解剖發現肺動脈腫塊,延伸至右心房。病理:原發性肺動脈絨毛膜癌。At autopsy, a tumour was found occluding the left pulmonary artery extending into the right atrium.Histological evaluation showed a primary choriocarcinoma。

這不是癌栓,這是肺動脈的腫瘤。

文獻5:

44歲女性,平素體健,進行性的呼吸困難3月,雙側踝周水腫。

A 44 year old woman, who had enjoyed good health up until recently, presented with a three month history ofprogressive shortness of breath and bilateral ankle oedema.

LV:左心室,不是LV包包。MPA:主肺動脈。

這個相對簡單,是肺動脈嚴重受壓了,引起類似充盈缺損的改變。

縱隔鏡檢查,病理:惡性梭形細胞腫瘤。

Mediastinoscopy and biopsy of the tumour was subsequently performed which yielded malignant spindle cell tumour by histology.

文獻6:Central University Hospital of Asturias。奧維耶多中央大學醫院,這個翻譯有點怪。

82歲女老人,勞力性呼吸困難,近期加重。

An 82-year-old woman with no previous history of heart or lung diseases presented with exertional dyspnoea and episodes of an acute shortness of breath over the preceding month.

看CT,妥妥的血栓了。

疑診肺栓塞,抗凝治療。

the patient was initially anticoagulated for presumed pulmonary thromboembolism.

病人血流動力學惡化,心源性休剋死亡。

the patient suffered haemodynamic deterioration and died from cardiogenic shock。

為什麼涅?為什麼按照肺栓塞治療,病人還是去見馬克思了?偶,歪國人喜歡見上帝。

腫么辦?你的靈魂去見上帝,你的肉體給我解剖學習。

病理:肺動脈內膜肉瘤。

Macroscopic (Panels G and H) and microscopic (Panel I) examination revealed the presence of an intimal sarcoma of the pulmonary artery.

文獻7:里約熱內盧聯邦大學。

35歲女性,呼吸困難,咯血,胸痛。哈哈,哈哈,哈哈,典型的肺栓塞。

絕對的肺栓塞。

診斷慢性肺栓塞,治療6月。

複查

星星,還是那顆星;月亮,還是那個月......

血栓,還是那麼大滴喲,一個-----血----栓。

還來不及手術,病人died。

A significant clinical worsening was observed and the patient died before she could be submitted to a diagnostic/therapeutic surgical procedure.

最終診斷:肺動脈肉瘤。

文獻8:美國德克薩斯州心臟研究所。

77歲男性,外院轉入。

A 77-year-old man was transferred from another hospital for treatment of a saddle PA embolus.

外院已經給予溶栓、抗凝。

He had been treated with thrombolytic and anticoagulant agents without clinical improvement.

然而,這個血栓怎麼看著亂七八糟的?這是一個不正經的血栓。怎麼辦?牛叉的醫院就喜歡簡單、粗暴。

we incised the main PA and inspected the mass.切開肺動脈見腫塊。

肺動脈病理:高分化肉瘤。

The histopathologic report showed a high-grade sarcoma

with focal myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation.

文獻9:小Japan的報道。

39歲女性,呼吸困難。

A 39-year-old woman with shortness of breath was admitted to our hospital on October, 2009

不可否認,小日本的這個血栓很溫柔,很典型,很絲滑。

診斷肺栓塞,抗凝治療。

On admission, we diagnosed the patient to have a pulmonary thromboembolism and initiated anti-thrombotic therapywith alteplase at 24,000,000 U div for one hour followed by anti-coagulant therapy with heparin at 15,000 U/day.

然後,病人感染,心衰,就給予美羅培南抗感染(真高級,小日本也喜歡高級抗生素),多巴胺強心。

Day 11, the patient developed heart failure due to infection and treatment with an antibiotic (MEPM 1 g/day) and acatecholamine (Dopamine) was started.

然而,抗凝無效。

術後病理:肺動脈內膜肉瘤。

Histopathologically, the surgical specimen was not found to be thrombotic tissue but rather an intimal sarcoma of the pulmonary artery.

文獻10:義大利University of Milan。

病人84歲,呼吸困難,胸痛。

We report the case of a 84-year-old patient, with a history of coronary artery bypass graft。The patient referred to our emergency department for chest pain and dyspnoea.

CT提示肺動脈受壓(縱膈血腫壓迫)。進一步檢查發現A型主動脈夾層。

CT pulmonary angiography did not show PE but a significant pulmonary artery compression。A subsequent arterial phase

demonstrated a TypeAaortic dissection。

結局:The patient died 3 days after CT examination.

文獻11:

71歲男性,訴胸骨後胸痛。

A 71-year-old man was admitted owing to an episode of retrosternal chest pain.

肺通氣灌注掃描:右肺大面積肺栓塞。

Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy showed the total absence of perfusion in the right lung, consistent with massivepulmonary embolism in the right pulmonary artery 。

下一步腫么辦?抗凝?NO。歪國人的處理是:肺動脈CTA。結果:主動脈夾層,木有血栓。

To obtain a definite diagnosis, chest computed tomography was carried out, which, unexpectedly, disclosed a type II

dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta.

bifurcate:分叉的意思。

你看到的充盈缺損,實際是縱膈血腫壓迫了肺動脈而已。

Around the proximal segment of the ascending aorta a haematoma had accumulated (panels C–F), compressing

the right pulmonary artery, almost occluding its patency and limiting the perfusion of the reciprocal lung

文獻12:

作者單位:Department of PathologyNizam』s Institute of Medical SciencesHyderabadIndia。印度阿三寫的。

57歲男人,農民,進行性的呼吸困難。

A 57-year-old gentleman, farmer by occupation, presented with progressive breathlessness (NYHA class III).

阿三人民歡樂多,CT提示妥妥的肺栓塞。

替奈普酶溶栓,然而,癥狀無好轉。

He was thrombolysed with tenecteplase without any improvement indicating a failed thrombolysis。

怎麼辦?阿三人民很積極的。

抗凝、下腔靜脈放濾網,然而,又無好轉。

Despite treatment with anticoagulants and inferior vena cava filter insertion, the patient continued to have breathlessness.

最終:血栓動脈內膜切除術。

術中只見腫瘤,未見血栓。病理:肺動脈內膜肉瘤。

Based on the above histopathological findings, a diagnosis

of pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma was made。

肺動脈腫瘤極其罕見么?

以Pulmonary artery sarcoma為標題,在pubmed上,居然可以查到大量的文獻。

首先,也是最起碼的,當一個病人的肺栓塞治療無效時,我們要考慮到:肺栓塞可能誤診了。或許是癌栓?或許根本就沒有栓子,我們看到的充盈缺損,可能是腫瘤,可能是血管狹窄。

其次,假如肺動脈裡面的病灶,密度不均,有強化,那要高度懷疑腫瘤,因為血栓一般不會強化。

最後,要高度注意縱膈病變。縱膈病變會侵犯、壓迫肺動脈,引起充盈缺損。多層面仔細辨別。

最後的最後:充盈缺損,不一定是肺血栓,也不一定是肺栓塞。

以後有時間,在寫肺栓塞CTA葵花寶典殘頁。

突然想原創一個小故事:

某人得葵花寶典,於是乎:自宮練武。

一高人得知,驚問:年輕人,為何自宮?

年輕人:寶典有曰,欲練此功,必先自宮。

高人下頜關節脫臼:自宮,乃六根清凈、心無旁騖地練功的意思,這只是一個語文中常用的比喻手法。心中清凈,六根清凈;汝自宮,乃一根清凈,如何大功告成?

參考文獻:

  1. Adekolu O, Lundbye J, Manthous C. Pulmonary artery sarcoma masquerading as pulmonary embolism[J]. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 2013, 188(9):1161. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201304-0715IM.

  2. Bourry N, Chabrot P, Jeannin G, et al. [Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma].[J]. Journal Des Maladies Vasculaires, 2008, 33(1):39-44.PMID: 18384993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmv.2008.01.107.

  3. Dornas A P, Campos F T, Rezende C J, et al. Intimal sarcoma of the pulmonary artery: a differential diagnosis of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism.[J]. Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia Publicaao Oficial Da Sociedade Brasileira De Pneumologia E Tisilogia, 2009, 35(8):814.PMID: 19750336。

  4. Trübenbach J, Pereira P L, Huppert P E, et al. Primary choriocarcinoma of the pulmonary artery mimicking pulmonary embolism.[J]. British Journal of Radiology, 2014, 70(836):843-845.PMID: 9486052 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.70.836.9486052.

  5. Siu C W, Jim M H, Tse H F. Pulmonary artery obstruction mimicking the clinical features of acute pulmonary embolism.[J]. Heart, 2005, 91(2):212.doi: 10.1136/hrt.2004.037036.

  6. Renilla A, Fernándezvega I, Martín M, et al. Pulmonary artery sarcoma mimicking a pulmonary embolism[J]. Indian Journal of Cancer, 2013, 14(10):1025.doi:10.1093/ehjci/jet061.

  7. Batista M N, Barreto M M, Cavaguti R F, et al. Pulmonary artery sarcoma mimicking chronic pulmonary thromboembolism[J]. Radiologia Brasileira, 2015, 48(5):333-334.

  8. Delany S G, Doyle T C, Bunton R W, et al. Pulmonary artery sarcoma mimicking pulmonary embolism[J]. Chest, 1993, 103(5):1631-3.

  9. Yamamoto K, Nozue T, Tsuchida M, et al. Pulmonary Embolism Caused by Intimal Sarcoma of the Pulmonary Artery[J]. Internal Medicine, 2012, 51(21):3031.DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7558.

  10. Annoni A D, Formenti A, Pontone G, et al. Ruptured unknown Stanford Type A aortic dissection with huge mediastinic emathoma mimicking pulmonary embolism.[J]. European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging, 2014, 15(6):710.

  11. Stougiannos P N, Mytas D Z, Pyrgakis V N. The changing faces of aortic dissection: an unusual presentation mimicking pulmonary embolism[J]. Heart, 2007, 93(11):1324.PMCID: PMC2016943 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2006.104414

  12. Shrivastava S, Uppin S G, Arora A J. Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma mimicking pulmonary thromboembolism in a known case of urothelial carcinoma: a case report[J]. Indian Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, 2015, 31(3):242-245.

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