英語作文模板

一、常用句式

　　這部分針對一些在寫作上實在有困難的考生，列出一些經常用於作文開頭、結尾以及中間過渡的句式。需要指出的是，這些句式並不僅僅可以用在命題作文中，部分句式也可以用在我們後面要介紹的漫畫類作文、圖表類作文以及段首句類作文中。因此，考生一定要根據不同內容靈活運用。當然，在介紹後幾種題型的作文中，我們還會列出一些專門適用於那幾種題型的作文的句式。

　　㈠ 常用於開頭的句式

　　1．With the rapidly growing popularity of …, thequality of our lives has been considerably changed.

　　例句：With the rapidly growing popularity ofcomputers in China, the quality of our lives has been considerablychanged.

　　2．Recently, sth. /the problem of…has been broughtto popular attention/has become the focus of public concern.

　　例句：Recently, the problem of unemployment has beenbrought to such popular attention that governments at all levelsplace it on the agenda as the first matter.

　　3．With the development of…, more and more peoplecome to realize that…

　　例句：With the development of high education, moreand more people come to realize that knowledge plays a role ofextreme importance in modern society.

　　4．In the past few years, there has been aboom/sharp growth/decline in…

　　例句：In the past few years, there has been adecline in the number of species.

　　5．It is a traditional practice to…in oursociety.

　　例句：It is a traditional practice for young peopleto be financially dependent on their parents for anything likemarriage and housing.

　　6．It has long been considered only right andproper/perfectly justified to…

　ssible measure for the selection of thequalified.

　　10．The birth/invention of…has made anenormous/essential difference to… But is does not mean that…

　　例句：The birth of the computer has made anessential difference to the human progress. But it does not meanthat this wonder dose no threat to our society.

　　11．Sth. has changed the way our society develops,but its bright side should not keep us from following closely itsdark side.

　　例句：The genetic engineering has changed the wayour society develops, but its bright side should not keep us fromfollowing closely its dark side.

　　12．What would our society be like if there wereno…？

　　例句：What would our society be like if there wereno public morals?

　　13．Should we put sth. above sth. else? /Should weattach as much weight to sth. as to. sth. else?

　　例句：Should we put intellectual development abovemoral education?

　　14．Sth. is just the same as…/is compared to…/islike…

　　例句：Life in the middle of marriage if oftencompared to wire walking, for in the early years spouses attracteach other and in late years they need each other.

　　15．In our life, there often appears such anoccasion when…/on which…

　　例句：In our daily life, there often appears such anoccasion when we drink success to our work in one field but, at thesame time, begin to do great damage to other fields.

　　16．One of the great men one said that…/There isan old saying that…

　　例句：A gifted American psychologist once said thatit is an illusion to believe in the Sunday-school truth—morecomfort, more happiness.

　　17．According to the recent survey/statistics,there is…percent of…

　　例句：According to a recent survey made in a certainuniversity, there are 43.8 percent of male students and 38.3percent of female students either facing problems with nutrition orhaving to miss classes because of illness each term.

　　18．Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about…isunder way in China. Some people believe that…, whereas others arguethat…

　　例句：Nowadays, a heated debate about whether oneshould step forward bravely in the event of crime is under way inChina. Some people believe that one should step forward bravely nomatter how dangerous it is, whereas others argue that one shouldput his or her own safety above anything else.

　　19．When it comes to…, most people contend that…,but other people consider that…

　　例句：When it comes to fake commodities, most peoplecontend that people should battle against the falsehood of thefakes, but other people consider that buying fake commodities meansnothing but 「unlucky」 which is hard to avoid.

　　20．There are many advantages and disadvantagesin…

　　例句：There are many advantages and disadvantages inowning a car.

　　㈡ 常用於結尾的句式

　　1． It is hoped that we should place much emphasison/pay more attention to…

　　例句：It is hoped that we should pay more attentionto the problems of unemployment.

　　2． Only in this way/only when/only through…,will/can we…

　　例句：It is only if all sides of society take theirroles fully that we will achieve the society we want.

　　3． As long as…, we will be able to…/the problemsis bound to…

　　例句：As long as we persist in spreading scientificknowledge among the masses, all the superstitions are bound to goout of our life.

　　4． In the course of time/In a long run/In thelong term, sth. is more likely/bound/sure to…

　　例句：In a long run, the practice of birth controlis believed to do a great benefit to the future of China.

　　5． In a word, there is every/littlechance/probability/possibility that…in time to come.

　　例句：In a word, there is every chance that thiswise move in economic construction will acquire a broadersignificance in time to come.

　　6． Anything/anyone that/who…will have to…

　　例句：Anyone who has a strong bias against Chinawill have to threat her with increased respect.

　　7． It is high time that…

　　例句：It is high time that the issue were to besolved so as to promote the economic development.

　　8． We should do our best in eliminating…

　　例句：We should do our best in eliminating airpollution.

　　9． The problem is not…; the problem is…

　　例句：The problem is not that we cannot do it; theproblem is that we hate to do such nasty things.

　　10．In order to…, we must…

　　例句：In order to make our world a better place inwhich to live, we must learn to live in harmony with all wildlifespecies.

　　11．All the above evidence/experience/ facts goesto show that…

　　例句：All the above evidence goes to show that thebirth of computer has benefited our life greatly.

　　12．No surprising/ It is apparent that the taskof…demands/requires/deserves immediate/serious/considerableattention/consideration.

　　例句：It is, therefore, apparent that the task offighting against corruption requires considerable considerationnow.

　　13．We can come to the conclusion that…

　　例句：We can come to the conclusion that living oncampus is the best way of learning independence, and ofunderstanding other people and society at large.

　　14．We then have reasons to be confident that inthe near future…

　　例句：We then have reasons to be confident that inthe near future, no child is forced out of school because ofpoverty.

　　15．My suggestion is that…; otherwise…

　　例句：My suggestion is that effective measuresshould be taken to check population growth; otherwise, thepotential consequences are unimaginable.

　　16．As for me, I have always been taking care to…So, I…

　　例句：As for me, I have always been taking care tochoose a goal and a right path before doing anything important.Then I will work hard and perseveringly. So, I have made someachievements and I will do better.

　　17．So I believe a…tomorrow…will be achievedthrough efforts of every person.

　　例句：So I believe a safe tomorrow of less caraccidents will be achieved through efforts of every person.

　　18．Therefore, we should not only…but…as well.

　　例句：Therefore, we should not only realize thatcompetition and cooperation, like two sides of the coin, have to gohand in hand, but fix more attention on how to make full use ofcooperation as well.

　　19．In short, …are the major problems to be solvedto…

　　例句：In short, shortage of water, decrease offertile fields and environmental pollution are the major problemsto be solved to increase grain production.

　　20．Who is to say that…?

　　例句：Who is to say that our scientists may notprovide a better theory?

　　㈢ 常用的過渡句式

　　1． Although lots of people follow thefashion/trend, I still set my heart on…

　　例句：Although lots of people follow the fashion, Istill set my heart on its negative effect on our society.

　　2． For one thing… For another… As a thirdbenefit/disadvantage…

　　例句：For one thing, some excellent students cantake full advantage of the holiday to awaken their personalinterests such as painting, sightseeing and so on. For another, itcan provide more chances for some poor students to help make twoends meet and to get prepared for the future by taking part-timejobs. As a third benefit, for those who are far from good at acertain subject, there is a golden opportunity of catching up withother.

　　3．It is no easy/simple task/job tofurnish/identify/find every reason/cause for sth., but/while, onthe whole, two/some factors shout louder/ weigh heavier thanothers/stand out from others.

　　例句：It is no easy job to find every reason for theincrease in the number of teenagers who run away from their homes,but, on the whole, two factors shout louder than others. First ofall, …. Second, …

　　4．In contrast with the drawbacks/demerits/flawsof sth., sth. else can serve as a better step/move/advance in theright direction/toward the solution for the problem of…

　　例句：In contrast with the drawbacks caused bynuclear power, the solar power can serve as a better move towardthe solution for the problem of energy crisis.

　　5．It is true/obvious that sth can』t compete/becompared with sth else in…, but sth still enjoys/secures/possessesdistinct/substantial advantage over sth else.

　　例句：It is obvious that radio cannot compete withtelevision in visuality, but it still possesses substantialadvantages over television. (One of these is…Another…Stillanother…)

　　6．But if…, it is easy/not difficult/hard tosee/find/discover that…

　　例句：But if they adjust their frame of mind alittle in the other direction, it is not hard for them to find thatlife is just as promising as before.

　　7．Superficially/On the surface/At first glance/Inappearance, the issue in question seems…. But in fact/insubstance/on close examination, …

　　例句：At first glance, the western-type democracyseems superior to any other types. But on close examination, itdoes not entitle every citizen of the same nation to the equalfreedom to act.

　　8．Those in favor of the issue in questionargue/contend/hold/maintain/claim that…. But what they fail toconsider/analyze/see/find out is that…

　　例句：Those in favor of euthanasia(安樂死) contend thatits practice can benefit both the patient and his family. But whatthey fail to consider is that euthanasia may be taken advantage offor some evil or hidden purposes.

　　9．My our look on/choice of/participationin/devotion to…stems from/derives from/results from some/severalchief factors.

　　例句：My choice of the career stems from severalchief factors. First… Second…

　　10．A variety of/Quite a few factors have led meto do…

　　例句：Quite a few factors have led me to form thehabit of reading

三．常用句式

　　在命題作文一節中列舉的一些常用句式，大部分都可以用在漫畫類作文中，考生可以根據自己的需要選用。這裡再列舉幾個常用於描述漫畫的句式。

　　1． The cartoon/picture briefs/depicts/shows…

　　例句：The cartoon briefs the history of commercialfishing in the 20th century.

　　2． In the picture, …

　　例句：In the picture, an American girl looks sopleased in the richly decorated Chinese national costumes.

　　3． Looking at the picture, …

　　例句：Looking at the picture, many people cannothelp laughing. …

　　4．…。This is what the picture indicates.

　　例句：It is not unusual for Chinese children to getmoney from their parents, grandparents or relatives during theSpring Festival. … This is what the picture indicates.

　　5． The two pictures here illustrate…

　　例句：The two pictures here illustrate how a flowerin a greenhouse is destroyed when exposed to a storm.

　　6． In the first picture, …. While in the secondone, …

　　例句：In the first picture, a lonely small boat, inspite of the good catch, does not disturb the fishes that areswimming leisurely. While in the second one, the sea isover-crowded with fishing boats, and a lonely fish, desperatelytrying to escape, finds no place to hide.

　　7．As depicted in the picture/As we can see in thepicture/As can been seen from the picture/As is shown by thedrawing, …

　　例句：As can be seen from the picture, the carbreaks stops on the way and cannot move any further.

　　8．It is most likely that by drawing the pictures,the artist intends…

　　例句：It is most likely that by drawing thepictures, the artist intends not only to tell us the story of fishbut also to set us thinking more about nature.

　　(一）常用句式

　　以下是圖表作文常用的表達法：

　　1． According to the figures shown in thetable/graph we can see/conclude that…

　　例句：According to the figures shown in the table,we can see that great changes have been taking place in people』sdiet over the period from 1988 to 1998.

　　2． We can see/We have noted/It can be seen fromthe table/chart/graph that…

　　例句：We have noted from the graph that there is awide gap between the top ten universities both of China and of theworld.

　　3． The graph/table/chartshows/indicates/reveals/points out that…

　　例句：The chart reveals that the number of roadaccidents is spiraling upward every year as more and more highwaysare constructed all over China.

　　4． As is shown/can be seen in thechart/graph/diagram released by the government…

　　例句：As we can see in the diagram released by thegovernment, the rapid growth of population has resulted in theextinction of many wildlife species.

　　5． After considering the information in thegraph/table/chart, we might conclude that…

　　例句：After considering the information in thegraph, we might conclude that the energy structure in rural areashas been greatly improved over the past 15 years.

　　6.The chart/graph/table shows aminimal/slight/slow/steady/marked/dramatic/sharp/suddenincrease/rise/decline/reduction/fall/drop in…compared with those oflast year/10 years ago/last century…

　　例句：The graph shows a marked decline in the numberof wildlife species compared with that of last century.

　　7． This year, the products of…dropped to half/wascut in half/doubled/tripled.

　　例句：This year, the products of cotton doubled.

　　8． The number of … grew/rose/dropped from…to…

　　例句：The number of car accidents grew from 3691 in1985 to 8245 in 1995.

　　9． No increase is shown in …; then came a sharpincrease of …

　　例句：No increase is shown in 1988; then came asharp increase of 8 million.

　　10．Sth. is twice/three/half as large/high/much assth. else.

　　例句：The production of cotton is twice as much asthat of wheat.

　　11．The table/chart/graph represents thedevelopment and changes in …

　　例句：The table represents the development andchanges in agriculture structure in the past 30 years.

　　12．By comparison with…, it dropped/ fell/decreased from…to…/ by…

　　例句：By comparison with 1990, it dropped by 15percent.

　　13．There appeared an even morestable/consistent/steady tendency to rise/drop.

　　14．The curve has leveled off/stayed thesame/remained unchanged for 2 years and the trend will becontinuing.

　第六節 應用文類作文

　　1． 幾種主要信函的寫法

　　英文書信主要分為事務書信和個人書信兩種，前者是單位與單位之間或個人與單位之間來往的信件，後者是親朋好友之間的來往信件。事務書信包括申請信、推薦信、求職信、訂購信等等；個人書信包括慰問信、祝賀信、道歉信以及一般的個人信等等。在格式和語體方面，事務書信比較正規，而個人書信則比較隨便。在這部分中，我們結合信函的實用程度和考研作文對篇幅的一般要求選取了五種我們認為有可能成為考研作文命題對象的信函。

　　⑴ 求職信

　　求職信是用來向某一單位求取一份工作的信函，它屬於廣義的申請信的一種。之所以將求職信與其他類型的申請信分開來寫，是因為其目前應用的普遍性和重要性，因此希望考生給予足夠的重視。

　　寫求職信時，要注意以下幾點：

　　首先，措辭要禮貌，對求職單位要加以一定的褒揚，並表示對該單位的嚮往之情，希望能到該單位工作。

　　第二，簡潔、明了、具體地說明自己的能力和條件。因為求職信通常是跟簡歷一起寄給用人單位的，所以在信中提到自己的能力和條件時，不是要簡單重複簡歷中已有的內容，而是要用簡潔、明了、具體的語言提出自己特別突出的或者可能引起用人單位特別的注意的能力和條件。

　　第三，對於要求取的工作崗位，要特別寫明，給用人單位一個考慮選擇的機會。

　　第四，要突出招聘者的利益，不要一味強調自己的需要和期望。

　　求職信一般分為三個部分來寫，至於分成幾段，沒有嚴格的要求。第一部分說明從哪裡得到的關於這份工作的信息，又或者寫信人只是投求職信碰碰運氣。

　　第二部分主要是推銷自己，表達自己對應聘職位的興趣以及介紹自己的最突出的能力和條件。如果求職者對應聘職位沒有太多的了解，可以特別表達一向願意接受新挑戰的願望，並強調一下自己在適應新環境、處理人際關係方面的能力。

　　最後一部分當然是表達一下希望，例如希望能得到面試的機會。

　　下面給出一封齊頭式的求職信，省略了信頭和信內地址，從稱呼開始。

　　Dear Sir or Madam:

　　I am writing in response to the advertisement youplaced in the Sunday paper for a sales manager in your company.Your company has a reputation for producing high-quality productslike Mandolin network system. I am interested in joining such aprofessional organization.

　　As you can see from the enclosed resume, myprevious work in an export company has provided me with lots ofopportunities to contact all kinds of customers and suppliers homeand abroad. By communicating with them, I have got very familiarwith the international trade and the current market. Besides, myeducational training at university concentrated also oninternational trade which equipped me with a solid foundation insales and trade.

　　As such, I believe that my service could be ofgreat benefit to your company in terms of customer relation and newbusiness connections.

　　I hope to have an opportunity to meet your humanresource manager in order to let you know more about me. I enclosea resume and could be available for an interview at yourconvenience. Looking forward to hearing from you and thank you foryour consideration.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　J.S. Wu

　　⑵ 其他申請信

　　當一個人想得到某種機會或某些東西，如申請得到獎學金、求學、申請出國簽證等，往往通過申請信來請求。

　　寫申請信的時候一般應注意以下幾點：

　　首先，語氣要誠摯友好，措辭要嚴謹，千萬不要表現出強求的意思。

　　第二，對於申請的內容和原因一定要寫得非常清楚，不能含糊。

　　第三，儘管不能表現出強求的意思，但是期望得到的心情一定要表達出來。

　　申請信如何分段，也沒有嚴格的規定，其內容一般應包括以下幾個部分：明確是在寫申請；申請的具體內容和緣由；自己的情況和條件；提出要求，如回信、面試等等。每一部分都要做到清晰、簡明。

　　對於不同的申請內容，在介紹自己情況的時候也要有不同的側重。例如在求學信中，應比較側重介紹自己已有的學位及專業情況；在申請留學經濟資助的信中，應著重介紹自己的學業及學術水平，因為國外很多學校頒發獎學金是以此為標準的。

　　以下是兩封申請信，第一封是求學信，另一封是申請留學資助的，第一封信用的是齊頭式，第二封信用的是縮進式，信頭和信內地址都已省略。

　　Dear Sir or Madam:

　　I am writing to apply for admission to youruniversity to pursue my M.S. degree. I have read the annualprospectus issued by your university and found that it has the bestgraduate program of chemistry. I am greatly interested in theprogram.

　　I graduated in 1997 from Beijing University,majoring in Chemistry and holding a B. S. degree. At university, Itook many fundamental courses in Chemistry and my English isexcellent as I had served as the head of English Association fortwo years. Since then I have been teaching Chemistry in BeijingNormal University. Through my teaching experience, I have not onlydeepened my understanding in this field, but mastered manycomplicated research skills as well.

　　Two of my former professors and the present deanof our department have kindly written letters of recommendation forme, as enclosed with this letter.

　　Could you please send me the necessary forms andany information about financial aid in your program?

　　Thank you very much. I look forward to hearingfrom you soon.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　Fan Wei

　　Dear Sir or Madam:

　　I wish to apply for admission to your departmentas a graduate student. I am writing to ask whether it will bepossible for you to grant me a full scholarship, considering myacademic record and the fact that I have no relatives or friends inAmerica who can act as my sponsor.

　　I completed a four-year course in chemistry atBeijing University last June. During my four years in theuniversity, I have passed all the required courses of study withsatisfactory marks. With Chemistry as my major, I minored inPhysics and Mathematics. Enclosed herewith is my transcript fromthe department concerned.

　　My English is very good. I have been learningEnglish since early childhood with the help of my father who is aprofessor of English in Fudan University, Shanghai. I thereforebelieve that I will not have language difficulties while studyingin the United States.

　　I should be most grateful if you would give myrequest favorable consideration. Thank you very much and lookforward to your reply.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　Wu Li

　　最後列舉一些寫申請信常用的表達法，供考生參考：

　　I am writing to you because I wish to …

　　I am writing to ask whether you could send mesome information about your college and the application forms …

　　I am a graduate from …，I am very interested in…

　　Please send me all relevant informationconcerning the program you offer.

　　I should be most grateful to you if you wouldsend me …

　　I would appreciate very much if you could send me…

　　Thank you for your consideration and I lookforward to your favorable reply.

　　Enclosed in this letter please find three lettersof recommendation and a certified copy of my transcript.

　　⑶ 推薦信

　　推薦信是求職或者求學所需要的材料。寫推薦信的人一般是有身份、有地位的人士，而且必須對申請者比較了解。最好是申請者原單位的領導或資歷較深的同事，或者是學校里的教授、本專業的專家等等。

　　寫推薦信應該注意以下幾點：

　　首先，推薦人在寫信前應該詳細了解聘方或學校的要求、工作性質、專業特點等有關情況，有針對性地介紹並推薦申請者。

　　第二，推薦信要多寫優點，充分肯定成績，語氣要積極、熱情。但為了客觀起見，也可適當提一下申請者的不足之處，但一定要說明這種不足之處是可以通過學習和鍛煉得到克服的。

　　第三，推薦信的篇幅不宜過長，但也不能三言兩語敷衍了事，一般以250到350字為宜。

　　第四，推薦信的稱呼一般用To whom it may concern或者Dear sir orMadam。而且推薦信通常由推薦人直接寄給用人單位或學校。

　　推薦信一般分成三段到四段，主要包括三個方面的內容：推薦人與被推薦人之間的關係；被推薦者的能力、品質和優點，在這部分至少應該寫兩個優點，但最多不要超過四個，而且如果能夠用具體的例子來證明，效果會更好；建議錄取被推薦者。

　　下面是一封推薦信：

　　To whom it may concern:

　　I sincerely recommend Ms. Zhang Chen toparticipate in your program and researching group. I am adepartment manager in Guangyou Trade Company and Ms. Zhang had beenworked in my department for nearly three years.

　　As her direct supervisor, I have a goodunderstanding in her working ability. She was very careful andsensitive to figures. Her monthly statistics and report forms werealways the best of the company. And as I knew more about her, Ifound that she was very much interested in accounting. So Iprovided her with the opportunity to work with the experiencedaccountant in our company so that she would be able to learn fromhim.

　　What I appreciate most is her diligence and theability to learn quickly. By self-study, she passed the exam ofaccountant qualification. I must admit that it was not an easytask, but she managed it through hard work. Since she had alreadyhad a deep understanding in this area, I asked her to beresponsible for the computerization of the accounting system in ourcompany. It was within my expectation that she accomplished itsuccessfully.

　　And now, as she has determined that she wouldchoose accounting as her life career, I would like to lend my fullsupport in her effort. Therefore, I strongly recommend you toaccept Ms. Zhang in your program. I believe that thanks to all hervirtues, she would make herself a good student in your prestigiousprogram and make a good contribution to it. And I really hope thatI will have the opportunity to cooperate with her again after shegot the MACC degree.

　　Thank you very much!

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Tong

　　Department Manager of Guangyou Trade Company

　　最後列舉幾個寫推薦信常用的表達法，供考生參考：

　　I proudly introduce … to your attention.

　　I am certain that … will build a bright careerwith your instruction.

　　I would safely say that … will be excellent withyour program.

　　I have no doubt that … will make a strongcandidate for your program.

　　… is surely the right person for yourprogram.

⑷ 邀請信

　　邀請信分為兩種：一種屬於個人信函，例如邀請某人共進晚餐、參加宴會、觀看電影、出席典禮等。另一種邀請信則屬於事務信函，一般是邀請參加會議、學術活動等等。

　　第一種邀請信邀請的對象一般是朋友、熟人，所以內容格式上的要求都比較松，可以寫得隨便一些。只要表明邀請的意圖，說明活動的內容、時間、地點等等。但既然是邀請信，那麼就一定要在信中表達非常希望對方能夠參加或者出席的願望。這種邀請信的篇幅可以非常短，下面以一封邀請看電影的簡訊為例：

　　Dear Jane,

　　We have four tickets for a famous film shown atGuangming Cinema, The Longest Day, Friday, the ninth. Will you joinus? We』ll be looking for you at eight sharp Friday night in frontof the cinema, so don』t disappoint us!

　　Warmest regards.

　　Alice

　　第二種邀請信一般由會議或學術活動的組委會的某一個負責人來寫，以組委會的名義發出，而且被邀請者通常也是屬於比較有威望的人士。因此，這類邀請信的措辭要相對正式一些，語氣要熱情有禮。

　　這一類邀請信通常要包括以下內容：首先表明邀請對方參加的意圖以及會議或學術活動的名稱、時間、地點；然後要對被邀請者的威望和學術水平等表示推崇和讚賞，表明如果被邀請者能夠接受邀請，會給會議或者活動帶來很好的影響；接著要說明會議或活動的相關事宜，最好是能引起對方興趣的事宜；當然不能忘了表達希望對方能夠參加的誠意；最後還要請收信人對發出的邀請做出反饋，如確認接受邀請。

　　下面是一封邀請對方參加學術會議的信函：

　　Dear Professor Wang,

　　On behalf of the Ohio State University and theIEEE Computer Society, I would be very pleased to invite you toattend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 InternationalConference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire,Michigan, from October 25 to October 28, 2004.

　　You are an internationally acclaimed scholar andeducator. Your participation will be among the highlights of theConference.

　　We sincerely hope that you could accept ourinvitation. As you know, this is the 10th anniversary of theConference and we plan to make it a truly international meeting. Wehave accepted many papers from several foreign countries, includingtwo from China.

　　If you can come, please let us know as soon aspossible, since we have to prepare the final program soon. We arelooking forward to your acceptance.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　Peter White

　　無論是收到哪種邀請信都要複信，明確表示接受與否。而且無論接受與否都要對邀請者表示感謝。接受邀請的回信一般包含以下內容：首先感謝對方的邀請，並重述邀請信中的主要內容；然後愉快地表示接受邀請，並簡要說明自己的打算；最後表示期待赴會和與對方見面的心情。

　　下面是一封接受邀請的信，與上面第一封邀請信相對應：

　　Dear Alice,

　　Thank you very much for your invitation. It willbe great pleasure for me to join you on Friday for the wonderfulfilm. I will arrive at the cinema before eight. I look forward tomeeting you on Friday.

　　Thank you for thinking of me.

　　Yours,

　　Jane

　　謝絕邀請的回信一般包含以下幾方面的內容：首先還是要對對方的邀請表示感謝；然後具體說明自己無法接受邀請的原因，並對無法出席表示遺憾；最後表達自己的祝願，即祝願自己未能參加的會議或者活動能夠順利進行。

　　下面是一封謝絕邀請的信，與上面的第二封邀請信相對應：

　　Dear Professor White,

　　Many thanks for your letter dated 15th August,inviting me to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held inBellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to 28, 2004.

　　Much to my regret, I shall not be able to honorthe invitation because I have been suffering from a disease sincethis summer. I am firmly advised that it would be unwise toundertake any distant and long travel in the near future.

　　I feel very sad to miss the opportunity ofmeeting you and many others in the field of Computer Science. Iwish the conference a complete success.

　　Faithfully yours,

　　Wang Xuan

　　⑸ 感謝信

　　感謝信屬於個人信函，是用來對饋贈禮物或曾經得到某人的關懷、照顧表示感謝，在西方國家用得比較普遍。感謝信在格式上沒有很嚴格的要求，主要是要寫得真摯，表達誠摯的感激之情，不能給人一種草率的印象。

　　由於感謝的對象、原因和內容不同，感謝信的內容也會有所區別。例如，對朋友贈送禮物表示感謝的信，一定要提到所贈的禮物以及自己對禮物的喜愛之情；又如因為曾在對方家裡小住而寫的感謝信，一定要提到在對方家裡居住時候的感受。但是，無論如何，一封感謝信通常都包括感謝的原因、內容以及誠摯的感激知情。

　　下面給出兩封簡短的感謝信，一封是對朋友贈送禮物表示感謝，另一封是在對方家裡小住過一段時間，離開後表達感謝的信。

　　Dear Sandy,

　　When you left a package for me yesterday, I haddifficulty waiting until my birthday to open it.

　　I don』t know how to thank you for such anattractive present. It is something that will give me pleasure fora long time to come.

　　Please accept my sincere thanks and bestwishes.

　　Cordially,

　　Susan

　　Dear Professor Anthony,

　　Thank you for a delightful stay.

　　Your home is lovely, your meals delectable, and Ienjoyed the fun and companionship. I am still thinking about it andenjoying it in retrospect.

　　Many thanks again for your warm hospitality.

　　Cordially,

　　Tom

　　⑹ 諮詢信

　　諮詢信指的是用於了解信息、資料和情況等等的信件。寫諮詢信要注意以下幾個問題：

　　第一，從措辭上來講，一定要有禮貌，要比較客氣地說清楚你想了解什麼或者有什麼要求。

　　第二，所提的問題一定要具體、明確，不能含糊其辭，否則會讓對方感到無從回答。

　　第三，如果同時有好幾個問題需要對方回答，可以考慮分段寫；如果問題比較簡單，則無需分段，但一定要將每個問題分別寫清楚。

　　第四，一定要記得在信中向對方表示感謝。

　　寫諮詢信的時候，一般分三個部分來寫。首先說明自己的情況，寫諮詢信的目的；第二步講明自己要諮詢的問題，要簡潔明晰；在新的結尾要向對方表示感謝。此外，記得要註明聯繫地址與電話，以便對方答覆。

　　下面是一封諮詢信的範例：

　　To: London Woolen Products

　　From: Angel Clothes Store

　　As we plan our Fall inventory, we are again inmarket to buy woolens. We are principally interested in thetraditional sweater and would like to request a sample.

　　Please also send information on any otherknitwear that your company produces and a current price list.

　　If you plan to take part in the Beijing TradeFair at the end of this month, please inform us of your standnumber so that we can contact you at that time. Please note our newaddress and telephone number.

　　Thank you in advance for your attention.

　　Sincerely,

　　……

　　⑺訂購信

　　訂購信一般用於訂購某種貨物或機票、車票，屬於事務信件。在書寫訂購信的時候，最重要的是要清新明白地說明所要訂購的對象的數量、價格、規格等等，如果是機票、車票等，則須說明出發地、目的地、出發時間等。此外，寫明你自己的名字、地址、郵編，以及你期望的送貨方式等也是非常重要的。要避免寫冗長的句子，因為此類信函以傳達信息為主，所以能讓對方明白你的意圖是最重要的。

　　下面是一封訂購飛機票的信函：

　　Dear Sir or Madam:

　　I am on an urgent mission and want to get to HongKong as soon as possible. Please reserve for me a seat in the planeleaving Guangzhou for Hong Kong at 8 a.m. tomorrow. A seat by thewindow in the economic section is preferred. I shall be verygrateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the BaiyunHotel where I am staying.

　　If there is no seat available at 8 a.m. tomorrow,please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change aflight.

　　Thank you very much!

　　Yours faithfully,

　　Steve Brown

　　⑻ 投訴信

　　投訴信一般是針對質量低劣的產品或者服務，其送寄對象應該是對方主管部門的負責人。寫投訴信的目的是為了讓對方同情你的遭遇或者碰到的問題，繼而給出你所期望的解決方法。因此，寫這類信件最重要的一點是要實事求是，一定要遵守「簡明、公正」的原則，切勿誇大其詞，引起對方的反感。

　　投訴信中應該包含的內容有：你所投訴的問題；該問題給你造成的不良後果；與投訴有關的重要依據，如商品簡要說明、購買日期地點等；你所希望的解決方法和最後結果。此外，還可以向對方建議解決問題的最後日期，並表示對所投訴問題的妥善解決充滿信心。

　　投訴信一般可分為三段：第一段說明信的主要意思，即提出要解決的問題，以及解決問題的重要性；第二段可以解釋一下詳細的情況，提出與投訴有關的重要依據；最後一段一般是提建議，說出你所期望的解決方法。

　　以下是一封樣信：

　　Dear Sir,

　　Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes whichyour delivery truck left in our office yesterday. We wish, however,to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund.

　　When our supply secretary selected and purchasedofficial envelopes in your store last week on December 12, sheasked that size L be sent to our office. The size we received issmall, and of course it does not serve our needs. The sales receiptis #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #189.

　　Please send us the correct size L envelopes inexactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now,cash refund of $ 50.50. Thank you very much.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　以上是八種我們認為有可能考到的信函類型，當然也有可能在考試中出現不在其列的信函類型，但是相信考生可以根據我們所給的這些講解和示例推出一定的規律來應對。需要指出的是，為了給大家一個比較完整的內容和結構上的示例，以上的樣信在字數上並不都符合100詞的要求。但各位考生在考試時一定不能忽略字數上的要求，因為這也是判分點之一。結構和格式盡可以參考以上的樣文，字數上還請考生自行把握。

2.簡歷

　　簡歷即個人履歷，它是個人經歷的書面表達式。簡歷是針對自己想要謀求的學習機會或工作機會，把自己所具備的資格經歷簡要地列舉出來，以達到推銷自己的目的。簡歷不同於自傳，它並不要求將所有的經歷列出，而是列出主要的、與所申請的學習或工作機會相關的經驗、業績、能力等。

　　寫英文簡歷的主要目的是為了要爭取到面試的機會，所以必須考慮到招聘單位和學校的立場，要做到事實求是、簡明扼要、語言規範、格式正確。寫簡歷的時候，要注意以下幾個問題：

　　首先，要有針對性。要圍繞要申請的職位和學位來列舉自己的經歷、資格以及技能，盡量表現出自己的長處，表明自己非常適合這份工作。

　　第二，要力求簡明，篇幅最多不超過兩頁。

　　第三，版面設計要清晰簡潔，不需要做得很繁雜花哨。

　　第四，經歷要完整，在時間上盡量不要留空缺。

　　簡歷屬於目錄式的書面報告，內容應包括以下幾項：

　　⑴ 個人資料

　　個人資料一項主要包括姓名、地址、電話。至於性別、出生日期、婚姻狀況、業餘愛好等等並不是必須要寫的內容。中文姓名用英語表達時用漢語拼音，可以寫成：Cheng，Huang，姓在前，名在後，用逗號隔開，如Cheng，Jun（或不用逗號即ChengJun）；姓的字母全部大寫，如CHENGJun；三個字的名字，後面兩個字的漢語拼音連在一起，第二個字的第一個字母大寫，其餘都小寫，如Cheng Xiajun。

　　⑵ 應聘職位

　　一般的英文簡歷，都要註明應聘職位。

　　⑶ 教育背景

　　教育背景即學歷，要依照從近到遠的順序來列，即從最高學歷開始倒敘。如果學位較高，如學士、碩士和博士，就不需要寫出中小學的學歷來。在這一部分中，要寫出每個學歷所代表的學業的起止時間；在讀學校、系別和專業；獲得學位的種類。

　　⑷ 工作經歷

　　寫工作經歷也要遵循從近到遠的順序，一般是從目前的工作開始寫。要寫明每一份工作的服務時間；職位；工作單位；主要職責等。工作經歷除了全職工作之外，還包括兼職工作、實習等。

　　⑸ 社會活動

　　社會活動通常指在校期間的課外活動，主要指參加過什麼文體活動或擔任過何種組織的職務。對於沒有什麼工作經歷的剛畢業的學生來說，社會活動是一個很重要的競爭因素。這部分也要寫明每項活動的時間、所擔任的職務和主要職責。

　　⑹ 資格證書

　　資格證書是指通過考試或評審所獲得的各種任職或證明某政能力的證書，例如英語六級證書。

　　⑺ 科研成果

　　科研成果包括發表的論文、出版的專著和譯著和專利等。要列明論文、專著或譯著的名稱；發表或出版的時間；報刊雜誌或出版社的名稱；專利項目及獲得時間。

　　⑻ 榮譽和獎項

　　榮譽和獎項是指在讀書期間和工作期間獲得的各種獎勵和榮譽，例如獎學金。這一部分要列明獎項的名稱和獲得時間。

　　⑼ 證明人

　　證明人一般列在簡歷的最後，以增加可信度。通常可作為證明人的有：學校里的任課老師和同學、單位的領導和同事。也可不列出具體的證明人，但必須說明Referencewill be available upon request.

　　除了以上列出的九項基本內容之外，還可以根據需要增加一些內容，例如相關技能等；當然如果上述基本內容中有幾項不符合實際情況也可以省略，例如沒有發表論文或出版書籍的就不需要列科研成果這一項。對於以上各種內容在簡歷中的順序安排並沒有嚴格的規定，一般來說只要包括以上的主要內容，每個人可以根據自己的習慣來排列順序。

　　下面給出一份簡歷，供大家參考簡歷的格式：

　　Jack Black

　　Objective MACC program, fall,2004

　　Education 1996–2000 Fudan University of Financeand Economics § B.A., Accounting1993-1996 Shanghai No. 5 MiddleSchool

　　Standard Test CET 6 Passed TEM 4 Passed

　　Related Qualifications Strong team spiritStrongability to analyze and solve problems independentlySense ofresponsibility

　　Social Activities 1996-2000 Publicity Section ofthe Department of International Trade§ Member

　　Work Experience 2000.5-2003.2 Jingjiang TradeCorporation § Accountant § Designed a set of statistical reportforms which was very practical and widely used in the company§Dealt with daily fiscal report forms

　　Awards 1997-1998 The Third Class Scholarship ofFudan University of Finance and Economics

　　Personal Information Telephone: 010-62548902Email: absent1@ sina.comAddress: 305 Zhong Guan Cun Science Bldg.15 Zhong Guan Cun Rd. Beijing, 100081, P. R. C.

References Available upon request.

三.便箋

　　從本質上來講，便箋也屬於英文信函的一種，應被包括在廣義的英文信函之中。我們之所以將其單列出來講，是為了區別於一般的英文信函。作為一種簡單的書信，便箋經常用於熟識的朋友、同事之間，因而臨時性強，內容簡短，格式簡便。

　　從格式上來講，便箋的稱呼和結尾謙稱部分是比較隨意的，可以直接寫上對方以及自己的名字，省略類似於Mr., Dear,Sincerelyyours等的禮貌用語。日期的寫法也相對來說比較隨意，寫星期幾或者月日都是可以接受的，同時還可以寫上幾點鐘等具體時間。

　　便箋的內容一般是涉及請假、預約、通知、訪友不遇留言、接電話留言等等，接下來我們就請假條和約會條作一個簡單介紹，其他類型的便箋考生可以根據我們介紹的這兩種便箋來舉一反三。

　　1． 請假條

　　請假條可以由別人代寫，也可以由請假人自己寫。無論採取何種形式，其內容必須包括請假的緣由和期限，必要時還須附上醫生的診斷或其他的可以證明請假事由的書面材料。根據請假事由的不同，可將請假條分為事假條和病假條。下面給出三個以請假為內容的便箋，前兩個為病假條，一個是請假者自己寫的，另一個是由別人代寫的；第三個為事假條。

　　例一：

　　To Dean』s Office

　　Dear Mr. Black:

　　I am terribly sorry to inform you that I amunable to go to school today owing to a severe headache. I enclosea certificate from the doctor who is attending on me, as she fearsit will be two days before I shall be able to resume my study.Could you kindly excuse my absence on Monday and Tuesday?Thanks.

　　Peter

　　Monday

　　例二：

　　Miss Boffin,

　　Please excuse Tom』s absence from school thismorning. He caught a bad cold and had a high fever last night andcould not fall asleep until midnight. I felt it would not be fairto the other children to allow her to attend school. So I amwriting to ask you for three day』s sick leave and will let herresume her study if she feels better.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Steven

　　例三：

　　Mr. Zhang,

　　I have just received a telegram saying that myfather is seriously ill and urging me to go home at once. Becauseof this I would like to have a leave of two days beginning onAugust 26. I hope that my request will be given dueconsideration.

　　Wang Ming

　　August 25

　　Encl: A telegram from my home

　　2． 約會條

　　約會條主要用於邀朋友相聚等，內容上必須包含約會的事由，如果已經定了時間和地點，則應將具體的時間地點寫在便箋上。

　　例：

　　Andy,

　　Fred is now with us. He is going to New Yorktomorrow morning to pursue his graduate study and we will not beable to see him for a long time. We are having a dinner party at 7p.m. this evening at my home. It would be nice if you could comeover and see him.

　　Michael

　　四．備忘錄

　　備忘錄其實也是廣義的信函中的一種，主要用於公司內部對公司的職員、部分通報信息，如會議安排、情況報告、問題處理等等。在英語中稱之為interofficememorandum，其複數為memoranda，簡稱memo。除了可以採用書面形式之外，備忘錄也可以通過e-mail 發出。

　　備忘錄的一般格式如下：

　　MEMORANDUM

　　To:

　　From:

　　Date:

　　Subject:

　　Body

　　其中To項是收箋人，在其姓名前可以加上Mr., Mrs.,Dr.等，在其姓名後可加上職位和部門。From項是髮箋人，其姓名前一般不加尊稱，但姓名後同樣可加上職位和部門。Subject即內容主題，一般用簡短的幾個字做簡略陳述，不需要是一個完整的句子，幾個詞或片語即可。

　　Body即內容是備忘錄的主要部分，寫作應力求簡明、確切。首先應直入主題，列出最重要的信息，然後可以具體說明事由、情況，提出意見和建議等，最後可以根據具體情況或重申主題或表示意願或感謝。

　　需要指出的是，在備忘錄的末尾不需要簽名。但是，如果備忘錄還發給了收箋人以外的其他人，須在末尾cc:之後寫上其姓名。請看下面的示例：

　　Microsoft, Inc.

　　Interoffice Memorandum

　　To: Peter Clark, Rachel White

　　From: Linda Larson

　　Date: September 16, 2004

　　Subject: Scheduling the project meeting

　　As you know, we are having the project meetingnext week in the projection room. Since the room holds only fiftypeople comfortably without overcrowding. I suggest we hold themeeting to the forty-one people in the Assembly Section on Thursdayat 2:00 p.m. and to the remaining forty-three from the othersections on Friday at the same time.

　　If there』s any problem about this arrangement,please let me know.

擇用後置的介詞短語。兩個賓語區可分別表達為：the law of development oforganic nature和the law of development of human history。

　　最後成句，Just as Darwin discovered the law ofdevelopment of organic nature, Marx discovered the law ofdevelopmentof層中文意思，但是不難發現，三層意思所描寫的是同一個對象，是「科學家、工程師和高級職員們」。所以，完全可以用並列結構或者複合句結構將這三層意思寫在一個句子里。

　　第二步，安排語序。這句話的主語就是「科學家、工程師和高級職員們」，三層意思當然可以用三個並列分句來表達，可以用一個轉折關係。那麼可以表達為「科學家、工程師和高級職員們習慣於掙高工資，享有中上層社會地位，但是他們發現自己已經找不到工作了」。但是，這樣一個表達法雖然表達出來了中文意思，但是顯得非常平淡。如果把其中的幾層意思用一個定語從句來表達，整個句子就會更有層次感，更加緊湊。因此，可以將「習慣於掙高工資」和「享有中上層社會地位」用一個定語從句來表達作為主語的修飾語；謂語是「發現」，賓語區表達「自己已經找不到工作了」的意思。

　　第三步，局部潤色和修改。根據上面的構思，主語區的中心詞即為scientists,engineers, and executives。後面跟一個定語從句來作修飾語，其中的「習慣於」可以選用一個介詞短語beaccustomedto，為了結構的緊湊「享有」這個意思也可以一併用這個短語來表達，即習慣於高工資和中上層社會地位的科學家、工程師和高級職員們。整個主語區就寫為：scientists,

　　engineers and executives who had been accustomedto high incomes and upper middle classstatus。謂語用動詞find即可，賓語區可以用一個從句即that they were difficult to findjobs。那麼整句話可以寫為：Scientists, engineers and executives who had beenaccustomed to high incomes and upper middle class status have foundthat they were difficult to findjobs。句子寫成這樣，應該說已經可以了，但為了精益求精，我們發現賓語區還可以再精練一點。因為find這個詞有一種方法，即findsb.＋分詞或形容詞，賓語區可以緊縮為themselves unemployed。

　　最後成句，Scientists, engineers, and executives whohad been accustomed to high incomes and upper-middle class statushave found themselves unemployed。

　　10．研究表明，超過百分之八十的那些確實想把煙戒掉的人都無法成功。即便是通過特殊的醫療手段也沒有用。

　　第一步，明確要表達的思想。上述兩層意思描述的都是戒煙，因此可以通過從句或者短語等修飾語，將它們放在一句話裡面。

　　第二步，安排語序。這句話的大主語是「研究」，謂語是「表明」，主句非常簡單，難點在從句。從句的主語就是「人」，「超過百分之八十的」和「想把煙戒掉的」都是主語的修飾語，放在主語區就可以。至於兩個修飾語之間的語序，由於「想把煙戒掉的」肯定要用一個從句來表達，放在主語中心詞的後面，因此不成問題。謂語是「無法成功」，用failto do so即可，比較簡單。至於「即便是通過特殊的醫療手段」可以用從句或短語的形式放在句末。

　　第三步，局部潤色和修改。這句話的主句很簡單，用Studies haveshown…就可以了。從句的主語區比較複雜，主要是兩個修飾語的寫法，超過百分之八十用一個表示比率的前置定語即可，即more thaneighty percent of the people。「那些確實想把煙戒掉的」就要用定語從句了，可以說who reallywant to stop smoking。然後最後加上一個表讓步意思的短語，即even through specialclinics。那麼初步可以寫出這樣一個句子：Studies have shown that more than eightypercent of the people who really want to stop smoking fail to doso, even through special clinics。

　　這個句子本來已經寫得不錯了，但為了讓它顯得更加漂亮，還可以在局部再下一點功夫。例如，定語從句「確實想把煙戒掉的」部分可以更加生動一點，中間用一個短語表達「真正經過努力想要戒煙的」這樣一個意思，即whomake sincere efforts to stop smoking。

　　52．總的來說，得出這樣一個結論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個條件：能夠假定這個孩子對測試的態度和與他相比的另一個孩子的態度相同；他也沒有因缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關知識而被扣分。

　　譯文：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawnwith a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can beassumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the otherwith whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lackof relevant information which they possessed.

　　（原文中兩個onlyif引導的從句顯然使整個句子變得很複雜，可是由於有並列連詞but和and，整句話的邏輯關係十分清楚：…能夠得出結論…但是只要…而且只要…。從上面的譯文我們可以看出，為了使中文表達更加清楚，butonly if...and onlyif...被首先提綱摯領地先來了個介紹：但是必須具備兩個條件……，這種做法給我們的感覺是譯文中沒有從句，有的只是一些不同的分句。）

　　53．你們都多次聽說過，科學家是用歸納法和演繹法工作的，而且從某種意義上來說，他們依靠這種方法力求從自然界歸納出某些自然規律，然後根據這些規律，用自己的某種非同一般的本領，建立起他們的理論。"

　　譯文：You have all heard it repeated that men ofscience work by means of induction and deduction that by the helpof these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extractfrom Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by somespecial skill of their own, they build up their theories.

　　72．但是如果機器人要進入應用於節省勞力的下一個階段，它們必須能夠在更少的人工監控下運行，並且至少能夠獨立地作一些決定——這些目標給我們提出了一個真正的挑戰。

　　譯文：But if robots are to reach the next stage oflaborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less humansupervision and be able to make at least a few decisions forthemselves--goals that -- a real challenge.

　　80．從整體來說，雖然鐵路工業有耀眼的資產，但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長的運輸需要而進行的固定資產投資。

　　譯文：The railroad industry as a whole, despite itsbrightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to coverthe cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surgingtraffic.