菌群在腦發育、老化及神經退行中的重要角色

06-14

顧建文教授，解放軍306醫院，文獻整理

近期發表在JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY回顧研究提到，越來越多的人意識到，腦腸軸和由微生物調控可能在神經生物學和生理學基礎發揮了關鍵作用，與年齡相關的神經退行性疾病。對微生物和大腦之間的信息傳遞被破壞，包括迷走神經，胃腸激素，免疫系統，色氨酸代謝或通過微生物代謝產物如短鏈脂肪酸。在未來的健康生命早期腸道菌群的重要性也層出不窮。這種成分的干擾，抗生素暴露，缺乏母乳餵養，感染，壓力和環境的影響，再加上宿主遺傳學的影響，可能會導致長期對生理和行為的影響，至少在動物模型。值得一提的是，出生影響菌群組成與剖宮產術具有明顯不同的微生物在生命早期出生的每vaginum出生的分娩方式。在人生的另一個極端，老齡化與縮小微生物多樣性及微生物與健康老齡化與多樣化。最近，腸道菌群有牽連的各種條件，包括抑鬱症、自閉症、精神分裂症和帕金森病。仍然有相當多的爭論是否腸道菌群變化的核心，這種病理生理條件或僅僅是錯覺嗎。這是合理的，這樣的神經精神障礙可能是針對微生物的菌群移植治療在未來，抗生素或psychobiotics。

① 腸-腦軸及菌群對腸-腦軸的調節在神經發育、老化及神經退行性疾病中起重要作用；② 菌群與腦可能通過以下途徑聯繫：迷走神經、腸道激素信號、免疫系統、色氨酸代謝、短鏈脂肪酸等菌群代謝產物；③ 環境因素與宿主遺傳因素相結合，通過對生命早期腸道菌群的組成產生影響，從而導致對生理及行為的長期效應；④ 老化與菌群多樣性降低相關，健康的老化過程與多樣性的菌群相關；⑤ 近期研究發現，菌群與抑鬱症、自閉症、精神分裂症及帕金森病等相關。

菌群、腦發育、老化、神經退行性疾病

Title：

Gut Instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration

DOI：

10.1113/JP273106

Abstract：

There is a growing realisation that the gut-brain axis and its regulation by the microbiota may play a key role in the biological and physiological basis of neurodevelopmental, age-related and neurodegenerative disorders. The routes of communication between the microbiota and brain are being unravelled and include the vagus nerve, gut hormone signalling, the immune system, tryptophan metabolism or by way of microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids. The importance of early life gut microbiota in shaping future health outcomes is also emerging. Disturbances of this composition by way of antibiotic exposure, lack of breastfeeding, infection, stress and the environmental influences coupled with the influence of host genetics can result in long-term effects on physiology and behaviour, at least in animal models. It is also worth noting that mode of delivery at birth influences microbiota composition with those born by caesarean section having a distinctly different microbiota in early life to those born per vaginum. At the other extreme of life, aging is associated with a narrowing in microbial diversity and healthy ageing correlates with a diverse microbiome. Recently, the gut microbiota has been implicated in a variety of conditions including depression, autism, schizophrenia and Parkinson"s disease. There is still considerable debate as to whether or not the gut microbiota changes are core to the pathophysiology of such conditions or are merely epiphenomenal. It is plausible that such neuropsychiatric disorders might be treated in the future by targeting the microbiota either by microbiota transplantation, antibiotics or psychobiotics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

All Authors：

Timothy G Dinan,John F Cryan

First Authors：

Timothy G Dinan

Correspondence：

John F Cryan