關注傳統——清明節的英文知識

06-13

人間三月春意濃，踏青賞花學英語

有關清明節的起源奇速君給大家普及一下：

ORIGIN（起源）

Qing Ming is popularly associated with Jie Zi Zhui, who lived in Shanxi province in 600 B.C. Legend has it that Jie saved his starving lord"s life by serving a piece of his own leg. When the lord succeeded in becoming the ruler of a small principality, he invited his faithful follower to join him. However, Jie declined his invitation, preferring to lead a hermit"s life with his mother in the mountains.

談到清明節，有點歷史知識的人，都會聯想到歷史人物介子椎。據歷史記載，在兩千多年以前的春秋時代，晉國公子重耳逃亡在外，生活艱苦，跟隨他的介子椎不惜從自己的腿上割下一塊肉讓他充饑。後來，重耳回到晉國，作了國君（即晉文公，春秋五霸之一），大事封賞所有跟隨他流亡在外的隨從，惟獨介子椎拒絕接受封賞，他帶了母親隱居綿山。

Believing that he could force Jie out by burning the mountain, the lord ordered his men to set the forest on fire. To his consternation, Jie chose to remain where he was and was burnt to death. To commemorate Jie, the lord ordered all fires in every home to be put out on the anniversary of Jie"s death. Thus began the "cold food feast", a day when no food could be cooked since no fire could be lit.

晉文公無計可施，只好放火燒山，他想，介子椎孝順母親，一定會帶著老母出來。誰知這場大火卻把介子椎母子燒死了。為了紀念介子椎，晉文公下令每年的這一天，禁止生火，家家戶戶只能吃生冷的食物，這就是寒食節的來源。

The "cold food" festival occurs on the eve of Qing Ming and is often considered as part of the Qing Ming festival. As time passes, the Qing Ming festival replaced the "cold food" festival. Whatever practice is observed，the basic observation of Qing Ming is to remember one"s elders by making a special effort to visit their graves, ashes or ancestral tablets. To make the visit even more meaningful, some time should be spent to remind the younger members of the family of the lives and contributions of their ancestors, and the story of Jie Zi Zhui who choose death over capitulation.

寒食節是在清明節的前一天，古人常把寒食節的活動延續到清明，久而久之，清明取代了寒食節。拜介子椎的習俗也變成了清明掃墓的習俗了。無論以何種形式紀念，為了使紀念祖先的儀式更有意義，我們應該讓年輕一代的家庭成員了解先人過去的奮鬥歷史，當然，還要學習介子椎寧死不屈的氣節。

清明的具體日期在仲春和暮春之交，大約農曆4月4、5、6日之間。此時，天氣轉暖，大地回春，萬物復甦，一片生機盎然，家家門口插柳條，祭掃墳墓和郊外踏青。農諺中也有"清明忙種粟"的說法。

作為中國人，對於這些從小看大的習俗我們當然不會陌生，可如果問你「清明」用英文怎麼講、你就未必知道了吧！

首先我們要清楚的是：作為節日的清明節、和作為節氣的清明節，它們的英文說法是不同的。

作為節日的清明節一般翻譯為"Tomb Sweeping festival"或者"Tomb-sweeping Day"，掃墓節或掃墓日。這個翻譯著重強調了清明節的重要習俗「掃墓」。這種說法的好處是，老外一聽就能大概明白這個節日的背後含義。

也有人把清明節翻譯為"All Souls"Day"，這是一種站在對方文化角度考慮做出的翻譯。因為"All Souls"Day"在西方是確實存在的節日，一般稱為「萬靈日」。這是一個宗教節日，在有的教派里甚至不止一天。教會會在這一天為那些去世後無法進入天堂的信徒祈禱，希望他們早日進入天堂。其基本意義和清明節相似，也是祭奠死者的節日。

另外再談到作為節氣的清明，它被譯為"Clear and Bright"，清潔和明亮。我們也不難發現，這種譯法強調的是清明時節的氣候狀況，和其他節氣的翻譯出發點一致。比如立夏被譯為"Summer begins"、小寒、大寒分別被譯為"Slight cold"和"Great cold"。

我們人耳熟能詳的一首關於清明的詩就是：

清明

杜牧

清明時節雨紛紛，

路上行人慾斷魂。借問酒家何處有?牧童遙指杏花村。這首杜牧《清明》各種英文翻譯版本也有很多：1.許淵沖譯A drizzling rain falls like tears on the Mourning DayThe mourner"s heart is going to break on his way。　Where can a wineshop be found to drown his sad hours?A cowherd points to a cot "mid apricot flowers。2.吳偉雄譯 It drizzles thick and fast on the Mourning Day,The mourner travels with his heart lost in dismay. When asked for a wineshop to kill his gloomy time,A cowboy points at Almond Hamlet far away3.萬昌盛、王僴中譯The ceaseless drizzle drips all the dismal day,So broken-hearted fares the traveler on the way.When asked where could be found at avern bower,Acow boy points to yonder village of the apricot flower.4.楊憲益、戴乃迭譯It drizzles endless during the rainy season in spring,Travelers along the road look gloomy and miserable。When I ask a shepherd boy where I can find a tavern,He points at a distant hamlet nestling amidst apricot blossoms。5.吳鈞陶譯It drizzles thick and fast on the Pure Brightness Day,I travel with my heart lost in dismay。"Is there a public house somewhere, cowboy?"He points at Apricot Village faraway。6.蔡廷干譯The rain falls thick and fast on All Souls" Day,The men and women sadly move along the way。They ask where wineshops can be found or where to rest ----And there the herdboy"s fingers Almond-Town suggest。7.孫大雨譯Upon theClear-and-Bright Feast of spring, the rain drizzleth down in spray。Pedestrians on countryside ways, in gloom are pinning away。When asked "Where a tavern fair for rest, is hereabouts to befound",The shepherd boy the Apricot Bloom Vill, doth point to afar and say。

清明節是一個特殊的日子，在這一天生者為他們死去的親朋獻上敬意。(Tomb-Sweeping Day falls on April 4th or 5th. This is a special day for the living to show their love and respect for dead friends and relatives.)每逢清明時節，中國人會去掃墓祭祖，在祖先墳前獻上祭品、鮮花，燒些紙錢。有的人還會寫悼文，緬懷逝去的親人。

說到「紙錢」，英語中是怎麼表述的呢?大家可能第一時間想到的就是paper money。不過字面上它是「紙錢」的意思，實際上paper money的意思是「紙質貨幣」，與metal money(金屬貨幣)相對應，不是燒給死者的紙錢噢!那麼，燒給死者的「紙錢」怎麼表達呢?可以用joss paper或hell bank notes表示。

除了傳統的祭祀方式，近年來，「綠色祭掃」逐漸成為人們掃墓的一種新趨勢。不僅經濟環保，還避免了燒紙錢等傳統方式帶來的火災隱患。「綠色祭掃」的方式有很多，如網上祭掃(online tomb-sweeping)和網路紀念館(Internet memorial)等。

清明節相關英文辭彙

day of sacrifice 祭祀節日

offer sacrifices to ancestors 祭祖/上供

condolence 哀悼之情

hell note/joss paper 紙錢

funeral supplies/products 殯葬用品

funeral services 殯葬服務業

mortician 殯儀業者

burn incense 焚香

tomb-sweeping 掃墓

tomb sweeper 掃墓的人

kite flying 放風箏

spring outing 踏青

god"s lantern 神燈

memorial tablet 紀念碑

willow branches inserted on each gate 門旁插柳

cremation urn 骨灰盒

mourning ceremony 哀悼儀式

inhumation 土葬

cremation 火葬

sea-burial 海葬

boat-coffin burial 船棺葬

tree burial 樹葬

celestial burial 天葬

flower burials 花葬

filial piety 孝順孝心

Day of the Dead(亡靈節，墨西哥傳統節日，人們通過守靈、上供等方式祭奠逝去的親人。)

清明節的英文例句：

為什麼我們在清明節要掃墓啊?。

Why must we go and sweep the tomb on Tomb Sweeping Day?

清明節的時候，我們去為忠烈掃墓。

In early April, we went to sweep the martyrs" graves.

你清明節有放假嗎?

Do you have holidays on Tomb Sweeping Festival?

清明節對中國人來說是一個很重要日子。

Tomb-sweeping day is an important day for chinese.

寫出了清明節的特殊氣氛。

Write the tomb-sweeping day special atmosphere.

清明節我們放假三天。

We have three days free on Tomb-sweeping Day.

清明節在中國大陸地區是法定節假日。

The Qingming Festival is a statutory public holiday in mainland China.

隨著時間的推移，寒食也為清明節所替代。

Over time, Hanshi Day was replaced with tomb-sweeping day.

四月份的清明節期間，對原該縣百姓開放。

It reopened to former residents during Qingming, or tomb-sweeping day, in April.

在這個追思逝者的清明節，人們卻更多地感受到了生命的力量、生命的頑強，他們表達著來自同胞的關愛與對國家救援的讚賞。

In this Tomb Sweeping Day for memorizing the deceased, people nevertheless sensed more of the power of life and showed great concern to their compatriots and great compliment to our state』s rescue.

清明節是掃墓拜祭先人的日子。

The Qingming Festival in spring is the occasion for visiting ancestral graves.

據中國傳統習俗，人們通常在清明節放風箏。

According to our traditions and customs, flying kites usually happen at the QingMing Festival.

重陽節登山和清明節掃墓等民俗應當被銘記，因為它們是中國文化遺產不可或缺的組成部分。

Folk customs like climbing a mountain during the Double Ninth Festival orcleaning the tombs during the Qingming Festival deserve to be remembered asthey are integral part of the Chinese heritage.

清明節是一個紀念祖先的節日。

Qing Ming is a time to remember the dead and the dearly departed.

人們在清明節會怎樣過?

How do people celebrate Qingming Featival?

隨著中國人在一年一度的清明節期間祭祀先人，公墓及殯葬服務價格暴漲成為激起民憤的一個焦點問題。

As millions paused to honor their ancestors during the annual Tomb-Sweeping Festival, the increasing cost of cemetery plots and funerals has become a focusof national anger.

周一是中國傳統的清明節，人們在這一天祭奠逝去的亡靈。

Monday was China"s traditional "Tomb-Sweeping Day", when people mourn theirdead.

每年4月4-6日左右的清明節是傳統的掃墓的日子。

Qingming Day, the traditional tomb-sweeping day, falls on April 4-6 each year.

隨著清明節的到來，全國各地的人們都在懷念和哀悼逝去的親友。

People around China commemorated deceased relatives and friends as theQingming Festival begins.

奇速英語祝各位度過一個愉快、輕鬆的假期，清明時節總是雨紛紛，大家出行注意安全！