世界攝影史：照相術鼻祖 尼舍弗朗·尼埃普斯

《攝影史》

Introduction History of Photography (Encyclopaedia Britannica)

《攝影史介紹》（大英百科全書）

A World History of Photography (by Naomi Rosenblum)

《世界攝影史》（納奧彌·羅森布朗 著）

The Story Behind the Pictures 1827-1991 (by Hans-Michael Koetzle)

《照片背後的故事 1827-1991》（漢斯-邁克爾·克茨勒，著）

Photographers" Dictionary (based on "20th Century Photography - Museum Ludwig Cologne")

《攝影者字典》（採選於克隆魯特維西博物館20世紀攝影作品）

Photographers" Dictionary

《攝影者字典》

(based on "20th Century Photography-Museum Ludwig Cologne")

（採選於克隆魯特維西博物館20世紀攝影作品）

Nicephore Niepce.

尼舍弗朗·尼埃普斯

(From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

（源自自由維基百科）

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (March 7, 1765 ? July 5, 1833) was a French inventor, most noted as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in the field. He is well-known for taking some of the earliest photographs, dating to the 1820s.

喬瑟夫·尼舍弗朗·尼埃普斯（1765年3月7日？——1833年7月5日）是法國的發明家，尤以攝影術發明者和該領域的先驅而著名。他因拍下最早的照片而享譽，其作品可以早到19世界20年代。

Joseph Niépce was born on 7 March 1765 in Chalon-sur-Sa?ne, France. He created the first permanent photograph, of the exterior of his home, around 1826. The photograph was made using a camera obscura and a sheet of pewter coated with bitumen of Judea, an asphalt that when exposed to light, hardened permanently. This first photograph was captured during an eight hour exposure, taking so much time that the sun passed overhead and thus illuminating both sides of the courtyard.

喬瑟夫·尼舍弗朗·尼埃普斯於1765年3月7日出生於法國索恩河畔沙隆。他在1826年左右拍攝出第一張永久性照片——他家房屋外景。他採用照相暗盒和一塊白蠟上塗上曝光後會永久硬化的瀝青——朱迪亞瀝青。第一張照片是曝光8個小時後得到的，由於曝光時間太長，太陽從這頭照到那頭，使得照片里的院子兩邊都同樣明亮。

Niépce did not have a steady enough hand to trace the inverted images created by the camera obscura, as was popular in his day, so he looked for a way to capture an image permanently. He experimented with lithography, which led him in his attempt to take a photograph using a camera obscura. Niépce also experimented with silver chloride, which hardens when exposed to light, but eventually looked to the bitumen, which he used in his first successful attempt at capturing nature photographically. He dissolved the bitumen in lavender oil, a solvent often used in varnishes, and coated the sheet of pewter with this light capturing mixture, he placed the sheet inside a camera obscura to capture the picture, and eight hours later removed it and washed it with lavender oil to remove the unexposed bitumen.

尼埃普斯無法用那個時代流行的方法，穩住手不動足夠久來追蹤小孔成像得到的倒轉的圖像，他開始嘗試就靠暗盒來拍照。他試驗過氯化銀，遇光便會硬化，但最終還是看上了瀝青，他成功的拍下了自然景色。他用常用在油漆中的薰衣草油把瀝青溶解，把它塗在白蠟上，再將蠟板放在照相暗盒裡捕捉圖像，八個小時取出來，又用薰衣草油把沒有曝光的瀝青洗掉。

He began experimenting to set optical images in 1793. Some of his early experiments made images, but they faded very fast. It was said that he made the first long lasting images in 1824. The earliest known example of a Niépce photograph (or any other photograph) was created in June or July of 1827 or 1826, according to some information. Niépce called his process heliography, which literally means "sun writing".

他在1793年就開始試驗凝固光學圖像。他早期一些試驗也能獲得圖像，但很快就消失了。據說他在1824年得到第一張能持久的圖片。據種種信息，他最早為人所知的樣片是1826或1827年的六或七月拍到的。尼埃普斯把他的攝像過程成為「日光蝕刻法」。

Starting in 1829 he began collaborating on improved photographic processes with Louis Daguerre, and together they developed the physautotype, a process that used lavender oil. The partnership lasted until Niépce"s death in 1833. At this point Daguerre continued with experimentation, and in 1839 revealed to the public his new process for taking pictures, which he called the Daguerreotype, after himself, and for a good many years Niépce received no credit for what was essentially his invention. Niépce"s son eventually fought for and won his father"s right to be credited for this invention, but Niépce"s name was never as well known as was Daguerre"s.

在1829年，他就開始和路易·達蓋爾合作改善照相術，他們一起開發出「物理碳印法」，這一過程要使用薰衣草油。他們的合作持續到1833年尼埃普斯去世。達蓋爾在此基礎上繼續試驗，在1839年向公眾發布了他的新攝影術，自名為「 達蓋爾照相法（即銀板照相法）」。多年來，尼埃普斯都沒有因事實上是他的發明那裡得到過榮譽。他的兒子為此奮鬥，終於贏得了這項發明的擁有權，但尼埃普斯永遠也不可能像達蓋爾那樣著名了。

In 2002, an earlier remaining photograph which had been taken by Niépce was found in a French photograph collection. The photograph was found to been taken in 1825, and it was an image of an engraving of a young boy leading a horse into a stable. The photograph itself later sold for 450,000 euros at an auction.

2002年，在法國攝影收藏中發現了一張尼埃普斯拍攝的早期照片，圖像完好。人們發現這張照片拍攝於1825年，雕版式的圖像，內容是一個小男孩牽馬進馬廄。這張照片後來以45萬歐元拍賣出。

Homage to Niepce:

向尼埃普斯致敬！

View from His Window at Le Gras, c. 1827. Heliograph. Gernsheim Collection.

《窗外的庭院》，1827年。蓋恩斯海姆 收藏

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