懂你英語-筆記分享L4-U2

// (『重讀) (_輕聲) (x ~ x連讀) (#跟讀) (##聽讀) (+##複習時跟/聽讀) (xxx下劃線是測試題答案) (加粗是對於我的生詞/片語)

L04U02 1-1 Listening (The Earth』s evolution)

The earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.

The first life appeared about billion years late.

## The first plants didn』t appear until around 2 billion years ago.

(The first plant-like life didn』t appear until around 2 billion years ago.)

Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic.

Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species.

However, scientist estimated that more than 99% of them are now extinct.

+## There has been several extinction events in history of the earth.

In an extinction event, many life forms or species of life die out.

The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved misters.

## These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.

Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts, or volcanic eruptions.

(It』s when an asteroid collides with something.)

Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.

One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.

# That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the earth.

As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out.

When the asteroid hit the Earth, it started a chain of events.

+# A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.

This particular chain of events happened about over a period of months and years.

1) When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.

2) The/This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.

3) # Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.

4) +## With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.

This led to the death so many more species.

## Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.

+## In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.

For example, some mammals lived through the ages of dinosaurs , but they couldn』t compete.

+# When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.

# (Mammals couldn』t compete successfully with the dinosaurs, so their evolution was blocked. the existence of the dinosaurs.)

+# Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.

+## Without extinction events, perhaps we couldn』t be here today.

Scientists estimated that have been at least five mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.

They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event.

## Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.

+# Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is a result of human actives.

+##(This new extinction event is cause by humans.)

Human actives for example, have led to global warming.

1) Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.

2) These gases trap heat from the Sun so the Earth is getting warmer.

3) As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing.

4) +# In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.

Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.

(Sea levels are rising because the polar icecap are melting.)

There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.

## Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.

+## Global temperators are rising and weather patterns are changing.

# Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.

+## If we don』t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.

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L04U02 1-2 Vocabulary (Body inner system / Evolution)

# The bodys circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels.

The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.

(The blood vessels that carry the oxygen-right from the heart are called arteries.)

# The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.

(The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)

+# It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.

After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body. (多餘食物) (排除; 消除)

+# The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves. (脊椎)

This your bodys control system.

It controls your muscles and organs including your circulatory and digestive systems.

+## (The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)

## The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.

+## It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.

The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed. (血液)

## The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.

## Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.

+## If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.

(For some diseases, the immune system uses white blood cells and antibodies to attack it.

+# The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive ~ in colder climates.

+## Fire provided light so that people could 『work and socialize for longer 』hours.

+# With the invention of agriculture, people could grow food and settle into 『communities.

By growing food, people can spend less time hunting and more time for other things, such as art.

+## (With the development of agriculture, people could had more time for other activities.)

The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.

By raising herds animals such as a sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.

+# (The ability to raise herds of animals gave humans a regular supply of meat and clothing.)

The strength of animals such as horse and oxen was used for work and transportation.

The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient manufacturing in construction.

(result in 導致)

With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and a much lower cost.

## (The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.)

The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications.

+## (Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.)

+## (Science and engineering ~ breakthroughs ,are rapidly changing the way ,we live our lives.)

With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distance.

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L04U02 1-3 Dialogue (Smartphones / Having a work』s break)

I took a vacation last night.

+## What are you talking about?

+## Where did you take your vacation?

I didn』t go anywhere.

I just spent an evening without my smartphone.

How was it?

It was great. # I got a real magazine and readed it with no interruption. (…stop what they are doing.)

## It was very peaceful.

Yes, I haven』t done that in a long time. (hasn』t spent time without smartphone.)

You know what?

## I』m beginning to hate smartphones.

+## Really? But you can』t live without one, right?

Yes, that』s the problem.

+# These things are changing the way people live.

Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.

A hunsband was complaining to his wife that she was spending to much time on her smartphone.

What happened? Did they get a divorce?

You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.

It』s a bit ironic, dont you think?

+# Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.

Yes, you are right.

Hey just a minute. # I』ve got a message on my smartphone, and it can』t wait.

## Hey, wake up and get back to work!

+## Whats wrong with you?

+# I』m on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.

Well, we』re not paying you to sleep.

# If you』re going to sleep, sleep someplace else.

Yes, sir. Sorry, it won』t happen again.

You had better not.

Just a minute.

Don』t talk me like that.

What did you say?

You』ve heard me. # You don』t have to treat people like that.

+# Well, if you don』t like it, I suggest you leave.

Okay, I will. ## I』ve had enough of you.

+## I』ll get a job somewhere else.

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L04U02 2-1 Listening (Probability / How people see things)

This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.

## The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.

+## We can』t see which it is, because we can』t see inside the box.

+# The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an ~ apple.

It maybe an apple and it maybe an orange.

+## Its got be one or the other.

## It can』t be anything else.

(It maybe an apple but )

Now, let』s look at it from the man』s point of view.

From his point of view, the probabilities are different.

From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.

That』s because he knows what he has.

## For him there is no uncertainty.

If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.

If he doesn』t have an orange, the probability is 0%.

+## He either has it or he doesn』t.

+# From ~ our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%.

# From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.

# So the probability depends on your point of 』view. (or how much you know)

+## People see things from different points of view.

This often leads to arguments between people.

Here are some examples.

## From this man』s point of view, he is relaxing.

## He needs to relax because he has been working too hard.

## He hasn』t been getting enough sleep.

His wife sees things differently.

+## She isn』t aware of how hard he has been working.

+## From her point of view, he is doing nothing.

# However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.

# It ~ isn』t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.

When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.

These differences can cause real communication problems.

+# (People often argue with each other because they see things from ~ a different ~ point ~ of ~ view.)

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L04U02 2-2 Vocabulary (Events / Religions)

+# Earthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth.

When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse, people can be burred inside.

+## An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy.

Explosions can be caused by chemical reaction, such as inside an engine.

(To reduce the danger of an explosion, it』s important to prevent gas leaks inside the home.)

A spark can ignite a mixture of gases and release energy for good or destructive purpose. (破壞的)

# Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not doing careful.

## One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.

+# Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in very painful injuries.

Epidemics are the rapid spread of disease such as flu or ebola.

# (Epidemics have killed more people than all wars and nature disasters.)

+## Throughout history epidemics have killed millions of people.

Storms are caused by changing in atmosphere, resulting in hight winds and heavy rain.

Thunder-storms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere, that produce lightning , which can cause forest fires.

## (Many forest fires are caused by lightning.)

Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities.

Followers the Islam religion are called muslin.

These muslins are praying inside a mosque.

+# Muslins are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.

Christianity is based on the teachings of Jess Crass who lived in more than 2000 years ago.

(n. 基督教；基督教精神，基督教教義)

Christians believe that Jess is the son of God.

# Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship. (禮拜)

## Followers of Judaism are called jews.

These jews are meeting inside a synagogue which is a place of worship and study.

# Judaism was founded over 3500 years ago in the Middle East.

Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses who they believe is the most important prophet. (先知)

+# Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.

+## The religion is about 2500 years old.

Some Buddhists practice a form of medication in which they empty their minds of any thought.

Hinduism is the world』s third most popular religion, and it』s the main religion of India.

+## Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many believes.

## Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.

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L04U02 2-3 Dialogue (Aircraft accident)

1) Do you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft.

2) No, we don』t. 3) The only information we have is that it disappeared.

4) 1) What about the last communication with the aircraft?

5) 2) +# The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared.

3) Was there anything unusual in the communication.

4) No, there wasn』t anything unusual.

5) Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.

+## Anyway, we are confident that we will find it.

# It』s a large aircraft, so it shouldnt be difficult to find.

How many countries are helping with the search?

Right now we have 30 teams from 3 countries starting the search.

It』s a big area to search. So, can you give us an estimate about how long it will take?

Yes, it』s a area. So it might take a long time.

But we won』t give up.

# We will search until we find it.

(They plan to search it until they find it.)

Have they found the wreckage yet?

What are you talking about?

You know the airplane that disappear last year.

Oh, yes. Now I know what are you referring to.

Yes, they found some pieces of it.

What about the black boxes?

No, they still haven』t found the black boxes.

# It』s hard to believe they still don』t know what happened.

Perhaps they』ll never know, especially if they don』t find the black boxes.

Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.

I agree with you.

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L04U02 3-1 Listening (Alcatraz)

Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco.

From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden gate bridge.

+## Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction.

## Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.

Alcatraz have often appeared in movies, including Escape From Alcatraz, which was made in 1979.

+# One reason its famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.

# It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape. (prisoners who were troublemakers)

+# It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible.

The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.

The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.

There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers.

They came by train from ~ another prison, in the state of Kansas.

## During that trip there was heavy security.

+## The prisoners were under-guard and handcuffed.

Nobody wanted them to escape.

The prison was designed to hold up of 336 prisoners.

However, the average population was only about 270.

Although there were serious notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known.

+# Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.

# If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.

# At Alcatraz, there was just one inmate in each prison sell.

1) ## Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.

2) +## It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.

3) They had 4 rights: food, clothing, shelter and medical care.

4) Everything else was privilege that had to be earned.

+# Privileges included working, visits from family members. and access to the prison library.

+## There were also activities such as painting and music.

+# Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finished his sentence.

1) ## Alcatraz was used ~ as a prison for 29 years.

2) ## During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.

+## (No prisoner ever escaped from Alcatraz.)

3) There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.

4) Twenty-three were caught alive and six were shot and killed.

Two men tried to escape twice.

# Two drowned and five were listed as missing and presumed ~ drowned.

# The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2, 1946 when six prisoners tried to escape.

That event is called the Battle of Alcatraz.

While it was in use, Alcatraz had some of most notorious criminals in America history, such as Al Capone.

+# Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago.

+## The prison was finally closed in 1963.

+## It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.

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L04U02 3-2 Vocabulary (Charts / Laws)

+# A bar graph uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data.

## The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent.

The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.

+## A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.

## It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.

Percentages are used to compare the segments which are ordered from biggest to smallest.

Line graphs are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as times and distances.

+## (Line graphs are very good at showing how things change over time.)

+# (A line graph uses connected points to how things are related ~ to each other.)

This variables are plodded to two axis, the x axis and the y axis.

The x axis often shows time, while the y axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature, profit are changed with time. (數量)

A flowchart is type of graph that shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.

A flowchart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.

# (In a flowchart, a decision … shows how… made.)

An organisational chart or org chat shows the structure of a company.

It shows how people and departments within a company are connected.

# (An org chart shows how people and departments within a company are connected.)

It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within a company.

Laws are rules that people are supposed to follow.

A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country.

+## (An action that is against the law is an illegal action.)

+## (An action that follows the law is a legal action.)

## Criminals are people who break the law.

## People who commit a crime are called criminals.

Some criminals are very dangers and needed to put in jail.

(Someone who is found guilty of committing a crime is sent to prison.)

(Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.)

A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years.

# Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.

A court house is where someone charged with committing crime goes on trail.

+# (When a person is charged with breaking a law, they are tried in a court of low.)

In court, evidence is presented to show either guilt or innocent to the person on trail.

# When someone breaks the law they may be arrested by the police.

+# (When someone breaks the law they may be arrested and put on trail.)

To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trail.

+# (When a person is charged with breaking a law, they are tried in a court of law.)

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L04U02 3-3 Dialogue (Converting)

1) May I help you sir?

2) Id like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.

3) Yes, certainly sir.

How much would you like to change?

4) Id like to change $500.

1) ## May I see you passport, please?

2) +# I dont have it with me, but I do have my drivers license.

3) Would that be ok?

4) No, Im sorry sir.

5) I need to see your passport, its the law.

1) ## Look, Im not asking for a loan.

I just want to convert my dollars into yen.

2) Why do I need my passport?

3) # I understand your frustration sir, but thats the law.

4) +## I cannot do something that is illegal.(against the law)

Okay, do you have any suggestions?

Sure, the easiest thing for you to do is to use a machine in one of the hotel near here.

You can borrow someones and then do the conversion.

So the machine doesent check my figure prints or anything like that?

No, sir. But there is a limit as how much you can change at one time.

You also have to pay a higher fee.

Thanks for your help.

Youre welcome sir.

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L04U02 4-1 Listening (Al Capone)

+# Al Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.

## He came from an immigrant family.

His parents came from Italy and his father was a barber.

As a boy, he belonged to a street gang.

+## He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.

## He built ~ his career as a crime boss in Chicago.

He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.

His crime organization made a lot of money more than 100 million dollars a year.

Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially the sale of illegal liquor.

# (The largest portion of its income was from the illegal sales of liquor.)

His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution. (are both illegal activities)

# (Its illegal activities included gambling and prostitution.)

Capone was flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.

+## (When he went out, he loved to be the center of attention.) (violent and center-attened)

+# He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.

Though he was involved in the deaths of many but he was never convicted of serious crime.

When he was finally arrested it was for manner crimes.

In 1929, he and his bodyguard were invested for carrying deadly weapons.

For that, they were sentence to a year in prison.

Capone was released in 9 months for good behavior.

In 1930, Capone was a public enemy number one in Chicago.

## A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.

## (He was sent to prison for taxes evasion)

The government had finally found a way to catch him.

After a trail, he was found guilty and sentence to 11 years in prison.

He spent the first two years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta Jogea.

Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the countrys most famous prion.

1) +# At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain. (a serious disease)

2) +## As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.

# (He spent much of his time in the prison hospital because of his illness.)

3) By the time he was released from prison ~ in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organisation.

4) He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947. (中風和肺炎)

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L04U02 4-2 Vocabulary (Financial)

# Income is money received for work or from investments.

+# For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.

(A salary is what you earn for doing your job.)

# People who earn a good salary can buy what they need to survive.

+# A receipt ~ is given to you after you have paid for something.

## A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.

+## A receipt shows that something has been paid for.

+## After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.

## An invoice is request for payments. (發票)

## An invoice lists_ the prices and products being bought.

To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products or services.

+## Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.

# Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services.

+## (People pay taxes to pay for government services.)

Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police and health care.

An income tax is a tax on your income.

In some countries income taxes are very high.

+# Interest is what we pay to lenders when me borrow money.

+# If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money.

# (If you get a loan from a bank, you will pay interest to the bank.)

+# (Banks earn money by charging interest when they make a loan.)

Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper.

They make decisions based on feelings more than facts.

# (Someone with ~ a bad temper gets angry easily and shouts at_ others.)

# (People don』t like to work for people _who ~ are too 『emotional.)

Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions.

+# Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others.

+## Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.

In many situations, others look to them for leadership.

+## Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.

## (Loyal people will act to support the decisions of the group.)

+## They will support and protect their leaders and friends.

## A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.

+## Independent people can do things on their own.

+# (Independent people may want to do things their own way.)

## They often prefer working by themselves.

## Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.

+# Creative people come up with new ideas and _ways of doing things.

They often have a good imagination, and can see things in different ways.

# (Creative people are often more imaginative than other people.)

Many artists and musicians are very creative.

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L04U02 4-3 Dialogue (Video proposal)

Congratulations, Lisa.

Congratulations for what?

1) We just heard the news.

2) What news! Don』t keep me in suspense!

3) +## QuickServe has accepted your video proposal.(Her proposal has accepted.)

4) Already? I just submitted it a week ago.(She submitted her proposal a week ago)

Maybe so, but they like it so much that made a quit decisition.

+# They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.

Thats great news, but I』m still working on some other projects.(may need to be delayed.)

They need to be finished first.

+## Cant you delay some of our other projects?

## (To delay something means to postpone it.)

I』m not sure. How important is this project? (everything depends on)

# They are putting a lot of pressure on ~ us now, especially since they read your proposal.

They really like it.

## It』s a very creative of presenting their company.

It had everybody laughing.

Yes, that was the idea.

# It was fun to do, and our whole team thought it was funny.

Well, great job!

+# I think it』s the best work your team has ever done.

# When can you get started on the project?

## Are they going pay extra? (they want to get started earlier)

In my proposal, I said the earliest ~ start date would be one month after signing the contract.

(The proposal said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.)

+## Was that ~ in the proposal?

Yes there was. ## Have they signed the contract yet?

No, they haven』t. But I』m sure they will right the way.

# Theyll also need to make ~ an advance payment.(extra fee)

+## That was in the proposal too.

+# We can』t stop everything else just because they are excited.

Ok, I』ll get back to them and let them know. (…to contact them)

Yes please do. +# I』ve been through this kind of thing before.