TED爆紅課程：如何在6個月內學會一門外語

Have you ever held a question in mind for so long that it becomes part of how you think?

你是否曾經把一個問題留在心中很久， 結果它已經成為你的一種思路？

Maybe even part of who you are as a person?

甚至可能已經成為你自己的一部分？

Well I』ve had a question in my mind for many, many years and that is: how can you speed up learning?

我思考了一個問題很多很多年，就是：你怎樣才能加快自己學習的速度？

Now, this is an interesting question because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at school。

那麼，這是一個很有趣的問題，因為如果你可以加快自己的學習的速度，你就可以花更少時間在學校里。

And if you learn really fast, you probably wouldn』t have to go to school at all。

如果你真的可以學習得特別快，你可能根本就不用去上學。

Now, when I was young, school was sort of okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning so I had this question in mind: how do you learn faster?

在我小時候，上學還湊合，但我常常發現上學會阻礙學習，因此在心裏面我有了這樣一個問題：怎樣才能學得更快呢？

And this began when I was very, very young. When I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside your bed and it turns on in the middle of the night when you』re sleeping, and you』re supposed to be learning from this。

(這個想法)在我很小時候已經開始了，大約我11歲的時候，我給前蘇聯的研究者寫了一封關於睡眠學習的信， 所謂「睡覺學習」，就是拿一個磁帶錄音機放在你床邊， 等你入眠後機器開始播放磁帶，(然後)目的是通過這種方式來學習。

A good idea, unfortunately it doesn』t work。

一個好主意，不幸的是它行不通。

But, hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in other areas

但睡眠學習確實打開了研究其他領域的大門，

(1:34) and we』ve had incredible discoveries about learning that began with that first question。

並且我們從研究這個問題開始已經有了一些驚人的發現。

I went on from there to become passionate about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many ways for the rest of my life up until this point。

從那開始我對心理學充滿熱情，直到現在我已經投入了幾十年的時間從事心理學相關的不同研究和工作。

In 1981 I took myself to China and I decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two years。

1981年，我來到了中國，並且我決定在兩年內我的漢語要達到像中文母語者一樣的水平。

Now, you need to understand that in 1981, everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficult and that a westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get very good at it。

吶，你需要明白的是在20世紀80年代初，所有人都認為漢語是真的很難學，一個西方人可能學習10年或以上也未必能學好。

And I also went in with a different idea which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological research up to that point and applying them to the learning process。

還有，我帶著一種不同的想法，就是把心理學對這個問題研究所得的全部結論運用到我學習的過程當中。

What was really cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit longer to get up to native。

特別棒的是我在六個月內能說流利的中文，不久後，我達到了中文母語者的水平。

But I looked around and I saw all of these people from different countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other languages, and so my question got refined down to: how can you help a normal adult learn a new language quickly, easily and effectively?

但我看到周圍那些來自不同國家的人在為學習中文苦苦掙扎，中國人在為學習英文或其他語言苦苦掙扎，因此我的問題便細化到：怎樣幫助一位正常的成年人更快、更容易和有效地學會第二門語言。

Now this is a really, really important question in today』s world。

要強調的是，在今天的世界裡這是一個非常非常重要的問題。

We have massive challenges with environment. We have massive challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we can』t communicate we』re really going to have difficulty solving these problems。

我們需要面對大量的(有關)環保問題的挑戰，我們需要面對很多社會混亂和戰爭的挑戰，各種各類事情在發生，如果我們不能溝通那我們將難以解決這些問題。

So we need to be able to speak each other』s languages. This is really, really important。

因此，我們需要能夠說對方的語言。這真的非常重要。

The question then is how do you do that？ Well, it』s actually really easy。

接下來的問題是，怎樣做到？這實際上是很容易的。

You look around for people who can already do it, you look for situations where it』s already working and then you identify the principles and apply them。

看看你周圍那些已經做到的人，尋找在什麼情況下，它是有效的，識別這些原則後好好利用它們。

It』s called modeling and I』ve been looking at language learning and modeling language learning for about fifteen to twenty years now。

這是一種高科技模仿，而我已經用這種方法研究語言學習 大約15到20 年了。

And my conclusion, my observation from this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency inside six months。

接著多年的觀察，我得到的結論是，任何一個成年人能在6個月內把任何外語學得流利。

Now when I say this, most people think I』m crazy, this is not possible. So let me remind everybody of the history of human progress, it』s all about expanding our limits。

吶，當我說成年人能在6個月內學會任何一種外語，大多數人都認為我瘋了，這是不可能的。因此，先讓我提醒在座各位關於人類歷史的進展，所有人類歷史都是在擴展我們的極限。

In 1950 everybody believed that running one mile in four minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it』s got shorter and shorter。

在20世紀50年代，所有人都相信跑出4分鐘1英里的成績是不可能的，後來羅傑·班尼斯特在1965年做到了，而從那開始跑1英里的時間變得越來越短 。

100 years ago everybody believed that heavy stuff doesn』t fly。

100年前，每個人都相信重的物體不能飛。

Except it does and we all know this. How does heavy stuff fly?

它不但可以飛，而且我們大家都知道這個事實。那麼，重物是怎樣飛的呢？

We reorganize the materials using principles that we have learned from observing nature, birds in this case。

我們觀察大自然的原理，在此是鳥飛行的原理，，根據這些我們重新組織材料來使重物可以飛。

And today we』ve gone ever further, so you can fly a car. You can buy one of these for a couple hundred thousand US dollars。

如今，我們甚至走得更遠，你可以駕駛一輛會飛的汽車。你可以花幾十萬美元購買一輛這樣的汽車。

We now have cars in the world that can fly。

我們現在有了會飛的汽車了。

And there』s a different way to fly that we』ve learned from squirrels。

在能飛的松鼠的身上我們學會了另一種不同的方式來飛。

So all you need to do is copy what a flying squirrel does, build a suit called a wing suit and off you go, you can fly like a squirrel。

你只要做的是去複製一隻飛鼠如何飛的原理，建造一套翼服，你就可以像一隻飛鼠那樣可以在天空中飛翔。

Now, most people, a lot of people, I wouldn』t say everybody but a lot of people think they can』t draw。

那麼，大多數人，很多人，我不會說所有人，但很多人認為他們不會畫畫。

However there are some key principles, five principles that you can apply to learning to draw and you can actually learn to draw in five days。

然而這裡有一些重要的原則，5個原則你可以利用來學習畫畫並且實際上你可以在5天內學會。

So, if you draw like this, you learn these principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can draw something like this。

如果你平時畫成這樣，那麼你學習5天這些原則然後應用它們，5天後，你可以畫成這樣。

Now I know this is true because that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was what I was able to do。

我知道這是真的，因為那是我第一次畫的，5天後我應用了這些原則，我可以做到這樣。

And I looked at this and I went 『wow,』 so that』s how I look like when I』m concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding。

當我看著這個，我「哇」了一聲，那就是我非常強烈的，專註到我大腦快要爆炸的樣子呀！

So, anybody can learn to draw in five days and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a second language in six months。

因此，任何人都能夠用5天時間學會畫畫，同樣地，用同樣的方式和邏輯，任何人都可以在6個月內學會一門外語。

How: there are five principles and seven actions。

怎麼做呢？ 有5個原則和7個行動可以跟隨。

There may be a few more but these are absolutely core。

可能有更多，但這些絕對是核心部分。

And before I get into those I just want to talk about two myths, dispel two myths。

進入這些點之前我想先說說兩個神話並消除它們。

The first is that you need talent。

第一個是你需要有天賦。

Let me tell you about Zoe。

讓我跟你們說說關於佐伊的事情。

Zoe came from Australia, went to Holland, was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally people were saying: 『you』re completely useless,』 『you』re not talented,』 『give up,』 『you』re a waste of time』 and she was very, very depressed。

佐伊是澳大利亞人，她去到荷蘭並嘗試學習荷蘭語。她非常掙扎，最後人們跟她說，「沒用的，」「你沒有天賦，」「還是放棄吧，」「你根本就是在浪費時間。」她對此感到非常沮喪。

And then she came across these five principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesn』t matter。

後來，她無意中發現了這5個原則，去了巴西，並把這些原則應用到她學習葡萄牙語中，6個月內，她可以說流利的葡萄牙語了。因此，天賦不重要。

People also think that immersion in a new country is the way to learn a language。

人們還認為學會一門外語最好的方式就是到說該門語言的國家去。

But look around Hong Kong, look at all the westerners who』ve been here for ten years, who don』t speak a word of Chinese。

但是看看在香港已經呆了10年的西方人，還是一句中文也不會說。

Look at all the Chinese living in America, Britain, Australia, Canada who have been there ten, twenty years and they don』t speak any English。

看看那些居住在美國、英國、澳大利亞、加拿大10年、20年的中國人，還是不會一句英文。

Immersion per se doesn』t not work, why?

只呆在一個新的國家本身是沒有用的。為什麼？

Because a drowning man cannot learn to swim。

因為溺水的人是學不會游泳的。

When you don』t speak a language you』re like a baby and if you drop yourself into a context which is all adults talking about stuff over your head, you won』t learn。

當你不能說那種語言，你就像一個嬰兒，如果你進入一個環境，那裡全部都是成年人在嘰嘰呱呱的說一些你完全聽不明白的話，你還是學不會。

So, what are the five principles that you need to pay attention to;

那麼，你需要注意的那5個原則是什麼呢？

first: there are four words, attention, meaning, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very important ways. Especially when you』re talking about learning。

首先，有四個詞，注意力、含義、關聯和記憶， 而這些在很多非常重要的方面是相互連接的，特別在你談論學習的時候。

Come with me on a journey through a forest。

請跟隨我來一趟森林之旅。

You go on a walk through a forest and you see something like this。

你穿越森林，然後你看到一個像這樣的東西。

Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay attention, maybe you don』t。

你可能注意到了樹上的這些小標記，可能你沒有注意它們。

You go another fifty metres and you see this。

然後你繼續向前走50米，你看到了這個。

You should be paying attention。

你應該要注意了。

Another fifty metres, if you haven』t been paying attention, you see this。

再50米，如果你還沒注意的話，你會看到這個。

And at this point, you』re paying attention。

當看到這個的時候，你就會注意了。

And you』ve just learned that this is important, it』s relevant because it means this, and anything that is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that you』re going to pay attention to and therefore you』re going to remember it。

你剛剛學習到了這個是重要的，它與你有重要關係，因為它代表這個。任何有關聯的東西，任何有關你生存的信息都是值得你注意的，而你給注意力的就會記住的。 。

If it』s related to your personal goals then you』re going to pay attention to it, if it』s relevant you』re going to remember it。

如果它關於你個人目標的，那麼你就會注意到它，如果它與你是有關聯的，你就會記住它。

So, the first rule, the first principle for learning a language is focus on language content that is relevant to you。

因此，學習一門語言的第一個原則就是注意那些與你息息相關的語言內容上。

Which brings us to tools。

這就讓我們談到工具。

We master tools by using tools and we learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us。

我們通過使用工具來掌握工具，而當這些工具與我們息息相關的時候，我們就可以學得很快。

So let me share a story。

先讓我分享一個故事。

A keyboard is a tool。

鍵盤是一個工具。

Typing Chinese a certain way, there are methods for this. That』s a tool。

有不同方法打中文字。這些方法屬於工具的一種。

I had a colleague many years ago who went to night school;

多年前，我有一位同事，她上夜校學習中文打字。

Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did not learn to type Chinese。

每周二、周四晚上，她都用2個小時上課，然後也在家練習，她花了9個月的時間，仍然沒學會打中文字。

And one night we had a crisis。

一天晚上，我們有一件緊急的事情。

We had forty eight hours to deliver a training manual in Chinese。

我們有48個小時來準備用中文發表一本訓練手冊。

And she got the job, and I can guarantee you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it was relevant, it was important, it was meaningful, she was using a tool to create value。

她獲得了這個任務 ，並且我可以像你保證，在48個小時內，她學會了用中文打字。因為這是相關的、重要的、有意義的，她在使用一種工具來創造價值。

So the second tool for learning a language is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day one. As a kid does。

因此，學習一門語言的第二個工具是從第一天開始，用你的語言作為一種工具來溝通，像一個孩子那樣做。

When I first arrived in China I didn』t speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a train ride overnight。

當我初次來到中國，我一句中文都不會說。第二個星期我乘坐火車過夜。

I spent eight hours sitting in the dining car talking to one of the guards on the train。He took an interest in me for some reason, and we just chatted all night in Chinese and he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by piece by piece I understood more and more。

我花了8個小時，坐在餐車，跟一位乘警聊。因為某種原因，他對我很感興趣。我們在那用中文聊了整夜，隨著他畫畫、比劃雙手並動用他的面部表情，我逐漸地明白越來越多。

But what was really cool, was two weeks later, when people were talking Chinese around me, I was understanding some of this and I hadn』t even made any effort to learn that。

但是真正有趣的是，兩個星期後，當人們在我周圍說中文的時候，我可以明白一些而且我並沒有為之付出任何努力。

What had happened

發生了什麼？

I』d absorbed it that night on the train,

在火車的那晚我已經吸收了中文

which brings us to the third principle

也是我們要說的第三個原則。

When you first understand the message, then you will acquire the language unconsciously。

當你已經理解溝通的信息含義，接下來你將不知不覺下意識的獲得該語言。

And this is really, really well documented now, it』s something called comprehensible input and there』s twenty or thirty years of research on this. Stephen Krashen, a leader in the field has published all sorts of these different studies and this is just from one of them。

而且這是有充足的證據證明的，我們把它稱之為「可明白輸入」，而這個概念被研究了了研究二三十年。此領域的佼佼者史蒂夫·克拉申發布了各類不同的學術研究成果，而這些數據來自他的一個報告。

The purple bars show the scores on different tests for language。

條形圖裡面的紫色部分顯示不同語言測試的成績。

The purple people were people who had learned by grammar and formal study, the green ones are the ones who learned by comprehensible input。

紫色代表那些通過正式學習和學習語法的人，綠色的代表那些通過可明白輸入學習的人。

So, comprehension works。

因此，可明白意思的輸入是有效的。

Comprehension is key

理解是很關鍵的

and language learning is not about accumulating lots of knowledge。

而學語言本身不僅僅是獲取大量的知識。

In many, many ways it』s about physiological training。

在很多方面，更多的是生理的訓練。

A woman I know from Taiwan did great at English at school, she got A grades all the way through, went through college, A grades, went to the US and found she couldn』t understand what people were saying。

我認識的一位來自台灣的女士，上學時英文成績很好，大學英語也很優秀。後來，她到了美國，竟然發現自己聽不懂別人在說什麼。

And people started asking her: 『are you deaf?』

然後人們開始問她：「你是聾的嗎？」

And she was。

她確實是

English deaf。

英語聾子。

Because we have filters in our brain that filter in the sounds that we are familiar with and they filter out the sounds of languages we』re not。

因為在我們大腦里有一些過濾器會幫助我們過濾熟悉的語言聲音進入腦子裡，而把不熟悉的語言聲音過濾出去。

And if you can』t hear it, you won』t understand it and if you can』t understand it, you』re not going to learn it。

如果你聽不到，你不會明白；你聽不明白，你將不能學會它。

So you actually have to be able to hear these sounds。

因此，你必須能夠聽到這些聲音。

And there are ways to do that but it』s physiological training。

這裡有一些方法來做到，但這些是生理上的訓練。

Speaking takes muscle。

說話需要用到肌肉。

You』ve got forty-three muscles in your face, you have to coordinate those in a way that you make sounds that other people will understand。

在你的臉上有43塊肌肉，你必須協調好這些肌肉來發聲，讓別人明白你的話。

If you』ve ever done a new sport for a couple of days, then you know how your body feels. And it hurts。

如果你曾經有做過幾天新的運動，你會知道你的身體有什麼感覺。有點酸疼。

If your face is hurting you』re doing it right。

如果你的面部有這種酸疼的感覺，那就對了。

And the final principle is state。

最後一個原則是狀態。

Psycho-physiological state。

心理生理的狀態。

If you』re sad, angry, worried, upset, you』re not going to learn。

如果你傷心、生氣、擔心、沮喪，你將不能學會。

Period。

絕對是這樣。

If you』re happy, relaxed, in an Alpha brain state, curious, you』re going to learn really quickly, and very specifically you need to be tolerant of ambiguity。

如果你是在一個開心的，放鬆的，好奇的大腦狀態下，你將很快學會，而且，需要明確的一點是，你需要忍受歧義。

If you』re one of those people who needs to understand 100% every word you』re hearing, you will go nuts, because you』ll be incredibly upset all the time, because you』re not perfect。

如果你是那種在聽的時候需要百分百聽明白別人在說的每一個詞兒 的人之一，你會因為你無時無刻(的)沮喪感和你的不完美而發瘋了。

If you』re comfortable with getting some, not getting some, just paying attention to what you do understand, you』re going to be fine, you』ll be relaxed and you』ll be learning quickly。

如果你對聽明白一些、聽不明白一些而感到舒服，並把注意力放在你明白的部分，你將會學好，而且你的狀態越輕鬆，你將學得越快。

So based on those five principles, what are the seven actions that you need to take?

那麼在這5個原則上，你還需要哪7個行動呢？

Number one: listen a lot。

第一，多聽。

I call it brain soaking。

我把它叫做泡腦子。

You put yourself in a context where you』re hearing tons and tons and tons of a language and it doesn』t matter if you understand it or not。

你把自己置放在聽很多很多語言的環境當中，聽得明白與否無關重要。

You』re listening to the rhythm ,you』re listening to the patterns that repeat, you』re listening to things that stand out。

在聽的時候，你是在聽它的節奏、聽它重複的模式、聽凸出來的詞語。

So, just soak your brain in this。

像這個泡泡你的腦子。

The second action: is that you get the meaning first, even before you get the words。

第二個行動是在獲取單詞之前先獲取它的意思。

You go 「Well how do I do that?」，

你可能在想，這個我怎麼知道的呢？

I don』t know the words. Well, you understand what these different postures mean。

我不知道那些單詞！ 但你可以理解那些不同手勢代表的含義.

Human communication is body language in many, many ways, so much body language。

身體語言佔領人類交流的一大部分。

From body language you can understand a lot of communication, therefore, you』re understanding, you』re acquiring through comprehensible input。

從身體語言，你可以理解很多對話內容，因此，你通過可明白輸入理解、獲取它的含義。

And you can also use patterns that you already know。

你還可以利用你已經知道的模式。

If you』re a Chinese speaker of Mandarin and Cantonese and you go Vietnam, you will understand 60% of what they say to you in daily conversation, because Vietnamese is about 30% Mandarin, 30% Cantonese。

如果你是說國語和粵語，當你去到越南，你可以明白60%的日常用語，因為越南話有30%的國語和30%的粵語。

The third action: start mixing。

第三個行動：開始混合。

You probably have never thought of this but if you』ve got ten verbs, ten nouns and ten adjectives you can say one thousand different things。

你可能之前沒有想過這個，但如果你有10個動詞，10個名詞和10個形容詞，你可以說1000句不同的話。

Language is a creative process。

語言是創造的過程。

What do babies do?

孩子是怎麼做的呢？

Okay: me, bat(h)， now， okay, that』s how they communicate。

我，澡澡，現在。。。這就是他們說話的方式。

So start mixing, get creative, have fun with it, it doesn』t have to be perfect it just has to work。

所以現在開始混合、創造並從中獲得趣味。你不需要做到完美，你能溝通就好。

And when you』re doing this you focus on the core。

而且當你這樣做的時候，你把注意力放在核心上。

What does that mean?

這意味著什麼？

Well any language has high frequency content。

任何語言都有它的高頻內容。

In English 1000 words covers 85% of anything you』re ever going to say in daily communication。

英語有1000個高頻詞覆蓋你85%的日常交流。

3000 words gives you 98% of anything you』re going to say in daily conversation。

而3000個高頻詞將覆蓋98%的日常交流。

You got 3000 words, you』re speaking the language。

你有3000個高頻詞，你將可以說一門外語。

The rest is icing on the cake。

剩餘的是錦上添花。

And when you』re just begging with a new language start with the tool box。

當你開始學習一門外語，從工具箱開始。

Week number one in your new language you say things like: 『how do you say that?』

第一周，你會用新語言說一些像這樣的話「那個你怎麼說？」

I don』t understand,』

「我不明白，」

repeat that please,』

「請重複，」

what does that mean,』

「那是什麼意思」，

all in your target language。

全都用你的目標語言。

You』re using it as a tool, making it useful to you, it』s relevant to learn other things about the language。

你把它當做工具來用，並且利用好它，這對學習該門語言的其他東西是有重大關係的。

It』s by week two that you should be saying things like: 『me,』 『this,』 『you,』 『that,』 『give,』 you know, 『hot,』 simple pronouns, simple nouns, simple verbs, simple adjectives, communicating like a baby。

第二周，你應該會說一些像「我」、「這個」、「你」、「那個」、「給」、「熱」，像個孩子一樣用這些簡單的代詞、名詞、動詞、形容詞來溝通。

And by the third or fourth week, you』re getting into what I call glue words。

然後第三或第四周，你會進入我稱為「膠水詞」的這部分。

『Although,』 『but,』 『therefore,』 these are logical transformers that tie bits of a language together, allowing you to make more complex meaning。

「雖然」、「但是」、「因此」，這些邏輯工具幫助你把語言的小塊緊密地結合在一起，讓你製造更多複雜的意思。

At that point you』re talking。

在那個階段，你已經進入說話的階段了！ 。

And when you』re doing that, you should get yourself a language parent。

當你這樣做的時候，你應該給自己找位語言家長[微博]。

If you look at how children and parents interact, you』ll understand what this means。

如果你看看孩子和父母之間的互動，你會明白這個什麼意思的。

When a child is speaking, it』ll be using simple words, simple combinations, sometimes quite strange, sometimes very strange pronunciation and other people from outside the family don』t understand it。

當一個孩子說話，它會用簡單的詞，簡單的組合，而有時候會發生奇怪甚至是非常怪的聲音，如果不是家裡人根本就不懂它在說什麼。

But the parents do。

但是父母卻知道。

And so the kid has a safe environment, gets confidence。

因此，孩子有個安全的環境，然後變得有自信。

The parents talk to the children with body language and with simple language which they know the child understands。

父母用孩子可以理解的身體語言和簡單句子跟他們說話。

So we have a comprehensible input environment that』s safe, we know it works otherwise none of you would speak your mother tongue。

因此我們有一個很安全的可明白輸入的環境。我們知道這個有用，不然的話我們都不會說自己的母語。

15:55 So you get yourself a language parent, who』s somebody interested in you as a person who will communicate with you essentially as an equal, but pay attention to help you understand the message。

因此你可以給自己找個語言家長[微博]，他是對你感興趣的一個人，可以跟你溝通得上的，也可以是能夠幫助你理解的同齡人。

There are four rules of a language parent。

語言家長有四個規則。

Spouses by the way are not very good at this, okay?

順便說一下，配偶在這裡沒有那麼好，明白嗎？

But the four rules are, first of all, they will work hard to understand what you mean even when you』re way off beat。

那麼4條規則是，第一，他們會儘可能地理解你的意思，哪怕你脫離節拍。

Secondly, they will never correct your mistakes。

第二，他們從來不會糾正你的錯誤。

Thirdly they will feed back their understanding of what you are saying so you can respond appropriately and get that feedback and then they will use words that you know。

第三，他們會理解你說的話並給出反饋，好讓你適當地回應並獲得反饋，並且他們也是說你知道的單詞。

The sixth thing you have to do, is copy the face。

第六件事你需要做的就是模仿面部表情。

You』ve got to get the muscles working right, so you can sound in a way that people will understand you。

你需要把肌肉部位用得準確，別人才可以聽明白你發出的聲音。

There』s a couple of things you do。

達到此目的，你需要做幾件事情。

One is that you hear how it feels, and feel how it sounds which means you have a feedback loop operating in your face, but ideally if you can look at a native speaker and just observe how they use their face, let your unconscious mind absorb the rules, then you』re going to be able to pick it up。

第一，聽它是什麼感覺的並感覺它是怎樣發出聲音的，從你的臉上獲得反饋。如果條件理想的話，你可以看著母語者並觀察他們的面部，讓你下意識地吸收這些規則，然後你將能夠獲取到它。

And if you can』t get a native speaker to look at, you can use stuff like this: [slides]。

如果你沒有母語者可以看著學習的話，你可以用像這樣的東西。

And the final idea here, the final action you need to take is something that I call 「direct connect。」

最後一個行動是你需要「直接聯繫」。

What does this mean?

什麼意思呢？

Well most people learning a second language sort of take the mother tongue words and take the target words and go over them again and again in their mind to try and remember them。

大多數人學習外語幾乎都是用母語的單詞對照目標語言，反覆地在心中念並嘗試記住它們。

Really inefficient。

這樣做效率真的很低。

What you need to do is realize that everything you know is an image inside your mind, it』s feelings,

你需要做的是意識到你所知道的事情在你的腦海里都有一個畫面和感覺。

if you talk about fire you can smell the smoke you can hear the crackling, you can see the flames,

如果你說到「火」，你可以聞到那個煙味，你可以聽到那燃燒的爆裂聲，你可以看到那火焰，

so what you do, is you go into that imagery and all of that memory and you come out with another pathway。

所以你需要做的是進入那些意象和有關的所有的記憶力，然後從另一條通道出來。

So I call it 『same box, different path.』

我把這叫做「殊途同歸」(同一個盒子，不同的路)。

You come out of that pathway, you build it over time you become more and more skilled at just connecting the new sounds to those images that you already have, into that internal representation。

你從那條通道出來，你將建立這種技能並且越來越熟練地把新的聲音連接到你心裡已經知道的畫面去。

And over time you even become naturally good at that process, that becomes unconscious。

往後你甚至很擅長走這個過程，甚至是無意識的。

So, there are five principles that you need to work with, seven actions, if you do any of them, you』re going to improve。

因此，你需要運用的那5個原則和7個行動，如果你運用其中任何一個，都將得到進步。

And remember these are things under your control as the learner。

並且記住，作為學習者，這些事情都在你的掌控之下。

Do them all and you』re going to be fluent in a second language in six months。

如果你做到以上全部，你將會在六個月內學會流利的外語。

Thank you。

謝謝。