英語詞性的分類及用法

英語詞性的分類及用法

一、詞性的分類

詞類又叫詞性,英語單詞根據其在句子中的功用,可以分成十個大類。 1 名詞 noun n. student 學生 2 代詞 pronoun pron. you 你 3 形容詞 adjective adj. happy 高興的 4 副詞 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 5 動詞 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 數詞 numeral num. three 三 7 冠詞 article art. a 一個 8 介詞 preposition prep. at 在... 9 連詞 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感嘆詞 interjection interj. oh 哦 前六類叫實詞,後四類叫虛詞。

二、名詞

名詞概論

名詞複數的規則變化

其它名詞複數的規則變化

1) 以y結尾的專有名詞,或母音字母+y 結尾的名詞變複數時,直接加s變複數: 如:two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2) 以o 結尾的名詞,變複數時:

a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es,如:potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes 3) 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變複數時: a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b. 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; 名詞複數的不規則變化

1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 2)單復同形如:

deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為複數。

如: people police cattle 等本身就是複數,不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱時,作複數用。 4)以s結尾,仍為單數的名詞,如:

maths,politics,physics等學科名詞,為不可數名詞,是單數。news 是不可數名詞。 不同國家的人的單複數

名詞的格

在英語中有些名詞可以加""s"來表示所有關係,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher"s book。名詞所有格的規則如下:

1) 單數名詞詞尾加""s",複數名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加""s",如the boy"s bag 男孩的書包,men"s room 男廁所。

2) 若名詞已有複數詞尾-s ,只加""",如:the workers" struggle工人的鬥爭。

3) 凡不能加""s"的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來表示所有關係,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。

4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的後面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber"s 理髮店。

5) 如果兩個名詞並列,並且分別有"s,則表示"分別有";只有一個"s,則表示"共有"。 如:John"s and Mary"s room(兩間)John and Mary"s room(一間)

6) 複合名詞或短語,"s 加在最後一個詞的詞尾。 如:a month or two"s absence

三、代詞

人稱代詞的用法:

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

我看到她和他們在一起,至少我認為是她。(her做賓語,them做介詞賓語,her作主補) a. -- Who broke the vase?--誰打碎了花瓶?

b. -- Me.--我。(me作主語補語= It"s me.) 並列人稱代詞的排列順序

1) 單數人稱代詞並列作主語時,其順序為:

第二人稱 -> 第三人稱 -> 第一人稱you -> he/she; it -> I 2) 複數人稱代詞作主語時,其順序為:

第一人稱 -> 第二人稱 -> 第三人稱we->you ->They 反身代詞 1)

指示代詞

指示代詞分單數(this / that)和複數(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞, 疑問代詞

指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which 代詞比較辯異one, that和it

one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it 與所指名詞為同一個。

I can"t find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個)

I can"t find my hat. I don" t know where I put it.( 同一物)

四、冠詞

不定冠詞的用法

不定冠詞a (an)與數詞one 同源,是"一個"的意思。 定冠詞的用法

定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有"那(這)個"的意思。 1)特指雙方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把葯吃了。

2)上文提到過的人或事: He bought a house. I"ve been to the house. 3)指世上獨一物二的事物:the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)單數名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元;

the fox 狐狸;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5)用在序數詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞only, very, same等前面: Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二層。 6)與複數名詞連用,指整個群體:

They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教師)

7)表示所有,相當於物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前: She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。

8)用在某些由普通名詞構成的國家名稱、機關團體、階級、等專有名詞前: the People"s Republic of China中華人民共和國

9)用在表示樂器的名詞之前:She plays the piano.她會彈鋼琴。

10) 用在姓氏的複數名詞之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫婦) 11) 用在慣用語中:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 零冠詞的用法 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結構

1) 兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西。

He raises a black and a white cat.他養了一隻黑貓和一隻白貓。 2) 如後一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。

He raises a black and white cat.他養了一隻花貓。 冠詞位置

1) 不定冠詞位置 不定冠詞常位於名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意: a. 位於下列形容詞之後: such,what,many,half, such an animal; Many a man

b. 當名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時,不定冠詞應放在形容詞之後:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. c. quite,rather與單數名詞連用,冠詞放在其後。

但當rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前後均可。如:quite a lot

d. 在as,though 引導的讓步狀語從句中,當標語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞後: Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 當名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時,不定冠詞通常置於比較級形容詞之後。

2) 定冠詞位置 定冠詞通常位於名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之後,名詞之前。

All the students in the class went out.班裡的所有學生都出去了。

五、數詞

表示數目多少的數詞叫基數詞;表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。 數詞的用法 1)倍數表示法

a. 主語+謂語+倍數(或分數)+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那麼多。 b. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ the size (amount,length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. d. 還可以用by+倍數,表示增加多少倍

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 2)分數表示法

構成:基數詞代表分子,序數詞代表分母。分子大於1時,分子的序數詞用單數,分母序

數詞用複數:1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths

六、形容詞及其用法

形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之後,例如:

something nice 以-ly結尾的形容詞

1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。 2)有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early

The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 用形容詞表示類別和整體

某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的複數連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序

限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質,類別--名詞 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school 典型例題:

1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two答案:C。 2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old答案A.

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.

A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:B。

七、副詞及其基本用法

副詞的排列順序:

時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在後。

注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的後面,形容詞enough放在名詞前後都可。 I don"t know him well enough.

There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 兼有兩種形式的副詞 1) close與closely

close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細地" He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. 2)late 與lately

late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"

You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? 3)deep與deeply

deep意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"

He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4)high與highly

high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當於much

The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5)wide與widely

wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方"

He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 6)free與freely

free的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無限制地"

You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like. 形容詞與副詞的比較級 1) 規則變化

單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。

2) 不規則變化

可修飾比較級的詞

a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等 典型例題:

1)---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes,I"m fine now.

A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better

答案:B. any 可修飾比較級,quite修飾原級,well的比較級為better. 2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much

答案:C. much可修飾比較級,因此B,C都說得通,但easier本身已是比較級,不需more,因此C為正確答案。

3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time

C. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案:D。 和more有關的片語

1) the more… the more…越……就越……

The harder you work,the greater progress you"ll make. 2) more B than A與其說A不如說B He is more lazy than slow at his work.

3) no more… than… 與……一樣……,不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less… than…與……一樣…… He is no less diligent than you. 4) more than不只是,非常 She is more than kind to us all. 典型例題

1)The weather in China is different from____.

A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America

答案:D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家,C不能選。A沒有名詞,後句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用來代替可數名詞,而that可車以代替不可數或抽象名詞,所以選D。

2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as

答案C. 此句意為"這個廠1988能生產的拖拉機是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數用"倍數+ as + 形

容詞原形+ as +比較對象"的句型。所以此句答案為C。 This ruler is three times as long as that one

八、動詞

動詞根據其後是否帶有賓語,可分為兩類,分別是:及物動詞(Transitive Verb)、不及物

動詞(Intransitive Verb),縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。 系動詞

1)狀態系動詞:用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞,例如:He is a teacher.

2)持續系動詞:用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他開會時總保持沉默。

3)表像系動詞:用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired.他看起來很累。

4)感官系動詞:感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.

5)變化系動詞:這些系動詞表示主語變成什麼樣,變化系動詞有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He became mad after that.自那之後,他瘋了。

6)終止系動詞:表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove, turn out, 表達"證實","變成"之意,

例如:The search proved difficult.搜查證實很難。

非謂語動詞

1)不定式

2)動名詞

3)分詞

否定形式: not +不定式,not + 動名詞,not + 現在分詞

九、特殊詞精講

stop doing/to do

stop to do停止,中斷做某事後去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。 They stop to smoke a cigarette. I must stop smoking.

典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the side of the path.

A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest答案:C。 forget doing/to do

forget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做) The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. He forgot turning the light off.

典型例題---- The light in the office is still on.

---- Oh,I forgot___.

A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案:C。 remember doing/to do

remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)remember doing記得做過某事(已做) Remember to go to the post office after school.

Don"t you remember seeing the man before? regret doing/to do

regret to do對要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing對做過的事遺憾、後悔。(已做) I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. I don"t regret telling her what I thought. 典型例題

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___ that.

thirty miles an hour 每小時三十英里

4、在what time前的at經常被省略,尤其在口語中。

(At)what time did she say she was coming?她說她幾點鐘來?

5、含有height(高度),length(長度),size(尺碼),shape(現狀),age(年齡),colour(顏色),weight(重量)等詞語在句子中做表語時,短語前不用介詞。

She is just the right height to be a model 她的身高正合適當模特。

What size are your shoes? 你的鞋是多大號的?

Her bag is the same color as mine 她的包和我的包顏色一樣

6、在in the same way,in this way,in another way等短語中,in常常被省略 Please try it again (in)the same way 請用同樣的方法再試一次

7、在表示持續一段時間的短語中,for常被省略

They stayed there (for)six months 他們在那裡待了6個月

介詞用法口訣

早、午、晚要用in,at黎明、午夜、點與分。

年、月、年月、季節、周,陽光、燈、影、衣、帽in。

將來時態in...以後,小處at大處in。

有形with無形by,語言、單位、材料in。

特徵、方面與方式,心情成語慣用in。

介詞at和to表方向,攻擊、位置、惡、善分。

日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,

收音、農場、值日on,關於、基礎、靠、著論。

著、罷、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。

特定時日和"一……就",on後常接動名詞。

年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。

步行、驢、馬、玩笑on,cab,carriage則用in。

at山腳、門口、在當前,速、溫、日落、價、核心。

工具、和、同隨with,具有、獨立、就、原因。

就……來說賓譯主,對、有、方狀、表細分。

海、陸、空、車、偶、被by,單數、人類know to man。

this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。

接年、月、季、星期、周,介詞省略已習慣。

over、under正上下,above、below則不然,

若與數量詞連用,混合使用亦無關。"

beyond超出、無、不能,against靠著,對與反。 besides,except分內外,among之內along沿。 同類比較except,加for異類記心間。

原狀because of,、 owing to、 due to表語形容詞 under後接修、建中,of、from物、化分。

before、after表一點, ago、later表一段。

before能接完成時,ago過去極有限。

since以來during間,since時態多變換。

與之相比beside,除了last but one。

復不定for、找、價、原,對、給、段、去、為、作、贊。 快到、對、向towards,工、學、軍、城、北、上、南。 but for否定用虛擬,複合介詞待後言。

ing型由於鑒,除了除外與包合。

之後、關於、在......方面,有關介詞須記全。

in內to外表位置,山、水、國界to在前。

動詞與介詞(或副詞)的搭配

add…to 加到……上 agree with 同意(某人)

arrive at(in) 到達 ask for 詢問

begin…with 從……開始 believe in 相信

break into 闖入 break off 打斷

break out 爆發 bring down 降低

bring in 引進 bring up 教育,培養

build up 建起 burn down 燒光

call back 回電話 call for 要求約請

call in 召來 call on 拜訪 訪問

care for 喜歡 carry on 繼續開展

carry out 實行開展 check out 查明 結帳

clear up 整理,收拾 come about 發生,產生 come across (偶然)遇見 come out 出來 ask for 尋求

talk about sth 談論某事

arrive at(in)到達(某地)

call on(sb)拜訪,看望(某人)

look for尋找

wait for等待

stay with sb和某人待在一起

depend on依賴

come to 共計 達到 compare…with 與……比較 compare to 比作 cut off 切斷

date from 始於 depend on 依靠

devote to 獻於 die out 滅亡

divide up 分配 dream of 夢想

fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒

feed on 以……為食 get down to 專心於 get through 通過 give in 讓步,屈服

動詞與形容詞的搭配

be late for 遲到

be good at 擅長

be interested in 對...感到興趣

be angry with 對...生氣

be full of 充滿

be sorry for 對...感到抱歉

be afraid of害怕

be proud of ······而自豪,驕傲

be kind(nice) to sb對某人親切(有好) be sorry for為·····而抱歉

be fond of愛好

be different from與·····不同 動詞與名詞的搭配

on time 按時

by bus 坐公共汽車

on foot 走路

on one』s way to 在某人回家的路上 in trouble 陷入麻煩

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