對話中美教育的創造力

對話中美教育的創造力

來自專欄 彼鄰之湖畔學者(中美教育談)

何老師:美國教育下學生更有創造力嗎?

在很多人的想法裡面, 美國的教育都要比中國的教育或者亞洲教育,更注重發展學生的創造力,然而我覺得這個說法只有一部分是對的,美國的教育也有死板的一面。

我在美國當數學老師,對比中國的數學,美國的Common Core math standards(共同核心數學標準)的某些要求非常的機械,特別是在低年級的數學中。Common core math standards實行以來一直被詬病。在低年級的很多數學題上,學生被要求用非傳統的方式去解題。而且很多時候不允許去學生用其他的辦法,雖然顯然多數時候其他辦法更簡單。

在我看來,common core math standards 在低年級的數學過度強調具象思維,要求學生重在學習數學過程。雖然理解過程是好的,但是數學的本質是一種抽象思維。我覺得過度強調具象思維,強迫學生用具象思維做題的話會傷害學生抽象思維的能力。同時,美國的數學解題方法非常的模式化和程序化。如果你用了老師規定的不同的方法去解題,你有可能被判錯。

美國低年級數學,反覆訓練用畫圈方式(representational) 做題,而不是很快進階到光用數字

我在中國長大,我所經歷的數學教育會鼓勵學生用不同的方法去解題。而且,這個方法越是簡便,越有創造性,就越能得到老師的讚賞。我記得在初高中的時候,我們常常被要求使用兩種或者兩種以上的方法去解決數學問題。所以用不同的思路去解決數學問題不但是被鼓勵的,而且是必須的的。這樣的話,我覺得我們從小就被鍛煉的很強的數學問題解決能力,不管什麼樣的題,我們總是習慣於從多個角度思考。在數學基礎教育上,我看到了中國的教育鼓勵學生的創造性的一面,並不是通常人們想像的中國的數學教育只強調算數和記憶。當然算數和記憶也是中國數學的一個特色。我記得我在初中的時候,老師會把我們課後留下來,讓我們背誦那些數學定理和公式。我很厭惡這種學習數學的方式。但是我們從沒有被要求只能用一種方法去解決問題。

另外一個方面,我覺得美國教育缺乏創造性的方面也在寫作。在中國的時候,我們所有的寫作都非常強調原創性,有趣,生動。我們很大部分的寫作都是花在Creative Writing上。包括高考作文。然而所有考過GRE和GMAT還有托福考試各種美國的標準考試的人都知道,這些考試的作文部分的要求也是非常標準化。所有的議論文都是五段式。作文評分強調的,是邏輯性和表達清晰,而非創造力。

我還想到了中國曾經名噪一時新概念作文大賽。新概念作文大賽把寫作的創造性推到一個頂峰。但是在美國像這樣的作文大賽似乎不可行,因為美國人在比賽或者考試非常講究標準化,不能以主觀的判斷來評分。

當然,中國教育裡面壓制創造性的方面,也是很明顯的。比如歷史和政治的學習大部分只是死記硬背。對於文學作品的學習,也不鼓勵學生有自己的分析和見解。我記得我第一次在美國上歷史課的時候,感到無所適從。特別是在討論環節,我反覆想我到底說什麼才是正確的,我很猶豫開口,但是事實上對於歷史事件的分析是見仁見智的。

儘管中國教育給人普遍印象是缺乏鼓勵學生創造力,甚至壓制創造力。但是我覺得學生的創造力並不是完全沒有途徑釋放的。於美國教育相比,我可以說創造力的釋放途徑並不相同。我認為這也是為什麼造就了中國學生理科偏強,而美國學生文科偏強的一個原因。在中國,大部分的學生高中階段選擇學習理科。很多學生說起文科,會表示文科沒意思。我覺得中國學生認為理科更有意思的原因是學生在理科的學習過程中可以找到創造力的釋放,而文科學習在中國則過於死板教條。美國則恰恰相反,很多學生髮現數學很痛苦,大多數學生更喜歡文科的學習。

Is the US education system becoming less creative?

Mr: Garrison: 美國教育正在失去創造力嗎?

When we talk about creativity in the US education system, it is useful to not just look at the current situation, but also to try to understand the way we all arrived here. In the past two or three decades, the US education system has undergone some pretty profound changes. One of the bigger changes is that we no longer just compare students in one American school district to another nearby school district. In an era of globalization, American students now compete for jobs and resources with the best and brightest students from countries that most Americans have never been to and don』t know much about. This global focus leads us directly to another question: how do we measure which students are the 「best」 in the world? This question is so broad, and the term 「best」 is so ambiguous, that the only real way to compare is to look at data: test scores, graduation rates, literacy rates, etc.

當我們談論美國教育的創造力時,不僅要看目前的情況,而且要了解近年來美國教育的變化。在過去的二三十年里,美國的教育體系發生了一些相當深刻的變化。其中一個大的變化是,我們不再只比較一個美國學區的學生和另一個學區的學生。在全球化時代,美國學生現在與來自大多數美國人從未去過並不太了解的國家中,最優秀,最聰明的學生爭奪工作和資源。這個全球焦點直接導致我們另一個問題:我們如何衡量哪些學生是世界上最好的?「最好」一詞如此含糊不清,唯一可比較的方式是查看數據:測試分數,畢業率,識字率等。

With the focus on data collection and analysis, what has happened is that people who are data specialists are playing a more prominent role in education than ever before. Slowly, the focus on education changed. We have moved away from purely worrying about improving education, and now we worry just as much about improving education and improving the student』s test scores and comparative data. This may not seem like a big difference, but the two goals are profoundly different.

於是,教育開始以數據收集和分析為重點。數據專家在教育上比以往任何時候都更加重要。慢慢地,對教育的關注發生了變化。我們已經擺脫純粹擔心如何提高教育水平的問題,現在我們擔心如何提高教育水平和提高學生的考試成績和比較數據。這看起來沒有太大的差別,但實際上這兩個目標是截然不同的。

These factors helped create the circumstances that led to the Common Core system, which is an attempt to standardize national education in the US. The idea is: if we choose the best 「experts」 to design a national school curriculum, then all students will receive the best education possible, and everyone will benefit. However, like many theories, the practical application is quite different from the concept. Many teachers feel that we are no longer allowed to be creative, and that instead we are just teaching students to do well on exams, and to follow strict methods. Huayi discussed Common Core Math, which is a subject of great controversy in the US. I would like to talk about how having a standardized national math teaching methodology affects students, and how it stifles creativity.

這些因素和環境造就了Common Core (共同核心標準),這是在美國國家教育標準化的嘗試。這個想法是:如果我們選擇最好的「專家」來設計全國學校課程,那麼所有的學生都將接受最好的教育,每個人都會受益。但是,像許多理論一樣,實際應用與概念完全不同。許多教師認為我們不再具有創造性,相反,我們只是教學生在考試中取得好成績,並遵循嚴格的方法。何老師討論了共同核心數學,這是美國頗有爭議的話題。我想談一談標準化的國家教學大綱如何影響學生,以及它如何扼殺創造力。

Historically, American students have not been as adept at math as students from other countries. There are a variety of reasons for this; right now it is not important to discuss why, it is just important to acknowledge this fact. The Common Core was supposed to solve this problem, but what is has really done is create more problems. Here is a common core math problem

從歷史上看,美國學生並不像其他國家的學生那樣擅長數學。這是由許多原因造成的。 目前來說,討論原因並不重要,但是承認這一事實非常重要。Common Core(共同核心標準)應該解決這個問題,然而卻是創造了更多問題。這是一個常見的共同核心標準下的數學問題

左欄為傳統方法,右欄為核心標準新方法

You will notice that the 「new way」 to do this problem is extremely different from the way teachers have traditionally taught math. In fact, if there is alien life on Mars, maybe this is how they do math! Even though this method is not popular with teachers, it is popular with one group of people: administrators and decision makers. So teachers who have creative, fun, interesting, or unusual methods of teaching math must now turn down their creativity and focus on this 「new math」. Is the new method working yet? No, it isn』t. Will it work in the future? I have serious doubts. In my opinion, the Common Core will be changed in the next few years, which is good. What is not good is that it might be replaced with some other kind of alien math method. Maybe they will discover how math is taught on the Moon! Who knows?

你會注意到,做這個問題的「新方法」與老師傳統的數學教學方式截然不同。事實上,如果火星上有外星生物,也許這就是他們如何做數學!儘管這種方法在教師中不受歡迎,但它受到一群人的歡迎:管理員和決策者。因此,具有創造性,趣味性,有趣性或不尋常的數學教學方法的教師現在必須降低他們的創造力並專註於這個「新數學」。新方法是否起了好的效果?並沒有。那未來會產生效果嗎?我很懷疑。在我看來,共同核心將在未來幾年內發生變化,這很好。不好的是,它可能會被一些未知種類的外星人數學方法所取代。也許他們會發現如何在月球上教數學!誰知道?

Why do parents accept such an extreme and odd method to teach math? Because they hope that it will raise student』s test scores, and so that American kids can be global leaders in math. Every parent』s fear is that their child will not be able to have a successful future due to a mediocre educational background, right? In our lifetime, most Americans have seen other countries become stronger and stronger economically, and we want our students to be able to compete with the new, emerging world middle class. In addition, every year, we see that American students』 math scores are much lower than students in many other countries. This seems odd, because Americans spend a lot of money on education, and after many years of seeing other countries produce students who are more capable at math, science, and technology, we are beginning to feel nervous. So, the situation is complicated, and there is no easy solution.

為什麼父母會接受這種極端奇怪的方法來教數學?因為他們希望能夠提高學生的考試成績,並且讓美國孩子成為全球數學領袖。每個家長的擔心是,由於平庸的教育背景,他們的孩子將無法獲得成功的未來,對嗎?在我們這一代人中,大多數美國人都看到其他國家在經濟上變得越來越強大,我們希望我們的學生能夠與新興的新興世界中產階級進行競爭。另外,我們每年都會看到美國學生的數學成績遠低於許多其他國家的學生。這是一個奇怪的現象,因為美國人在教育上花了很多錢,卻看到其他國家培養了數學,科學和技術能力更強的學生,我們開始感到緊張。這是個複雜的情況,並沒有簡單的解決辦法。

Luckily for me, I am a specialized teacher. I only teach English, and I only teach students who are the children of immigrants (and who speak another language besides English at home) and so I should focus on their literacy, vocabulary, phonics, and grammar skills. If I need to, I can use my second language (Spanish) to teach, so you can say that my job is very language dominant. Personally, I hate math, and I would rather sing for money on the subway than teach math everyday. Sorry, but it』s true, even though I am a terrible singer, so I would probably go to bed hungry most nights! However, I can say that there is still a lot of room for creativity in the way I teach English. As a 14 year old, I once wrote an essay about a sandwich I ate for lunch. Obviously, it was a very good sandwich! My teacher loved my essay so much that she read it to the whole class. This affected me a lot, and it built a respect and love for language and creativity in me. Language is such a rich, flexible subject, and each word has so many nuances and shades of meaning, I really feel lucky to have such an interesting subject to teach. Even though the Common Core tries to have stricter standards for English, there is a lot more room for experimentation in teaching English, so for now I feel safe.

幸運的是,我是一名專業老師。我只教英語,而且我只教給那些移民子女(在家裡除了英語之外說另一種語言)的學生,所以我應該關注他們的讀寫能力,辭彙,語音和語法技能。如果我需要,我也可以用我的第二語言(西班牙語)來教,所以你可以說我的工作需要語言優勢??。就我個人而言,我討厭數學,我寧願在地鐵上唱歌而不願每天教數學。對不起,雖然我是一個糟糕的歌手,但事實確實如此,所以我可能會晚上餓著睡覺!但是,我可以說,英語教學的方式仍然有很大的創造空間。14歲的時候,我曾經寫過一篇關於我的午餐三明治的文章。那是個非常美味的三明治!我的老師非常喜歡我的文章,以至於向全班讀了我的文章。這對我影響很大,造就我對??語言和創造力的尊重和熱愛。語言是一個如此豐富而靈活的主題,每個單詞都有很多細微差別和意義,我真的很幸運能教授有這樣一個有趣的科目。儘管Common Core試圖為英語制定更嚴格的標準,但在英語教學中還有更多的實驗空間,所以現在我暫時還好。

When I talk with other teachers, we often feel badly about the emphasis on standardized tests. We feel that students are being asked to perform like machines, and that their creativity is being limited. However, I can really understand that everyone wants the national math ability to rise. So, this won』t be an easy problem to solve. But I hope that I have helped you understand a little bit about the ways that, even in a country famous for its creativity, we can do things to limit our creativity.

當我和其他老師交談時,我們常常對強調標準化考試感到很不舒服。我們覺得學生被要求像機器一樣表演,而他們的創造力受到限制。但是,我真的明白,每個人都希望國家數學能力有所提高。所以,這不是一個容易解決的問題。但我希望幫助你了解,即使在一個以創造力著稱的國家,我們也可以做一些事情來限制我們的創造力。


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