批判性思考者具備哪些非批判性思考者不具備的?
在西方國家,批判性思維(critical thinking)已經成為高等教育的重要目標之一,已形成完整的教學體系,如美國SAT考試批判性思維閱讀和寫作是重要的考試部分。
我國的傳統教育根本沒有涉及到批判性思維。
如今出現越來越多的國際高中課程(IB/A-level等)則將它列為重點發展的核心技能之一。
批判性思維不僅在學術環境中重要,在日新月異的信息社會裡,批判性思維能力的獲得也具有重要的現實意義。新俊傑將持續更新推送批判性思維相關的原創乾貨文章。
What Critical Thinkers Have And What Non-critical Thinkers Dont
Critical thinking includes a complex combination of skills. Among the main characteristics are the following:
批判性思維是多項複雜思考技能的組合,它最重要的特點為以下幾點:
Rationality 理性
We are thinking critically when we
批判地思考時,我們
rely on reason rather than emotion
依賴於原因而不是情感
require evidence, ignore no known evidence, and follow evidence where it leads, and are concerned more with finding the best explanation than being right analyzing apparent confusion and asking questions
需要證據,並且不忽視任何證據,我們緊緊追尋證據的指引;我們更加關心的是找到合理的解釋,而不是抓出某個疑點來分析以證明自己是「對的」,或者總是提出問題
Self-awareness自省
We are thinking critically when we
批判地思考時,我們
weigh the influences of motives and bias, and
權衡動機和偏見對思考結果的影響,並且
recognize our own assumptions, prejudices, biases, or point of view
能夠意識到自己的主觀推斷、偏見和帶有個人傾向的觀點
Honesty 誠實
We are thinking critically when we recognize emotional impulses, selfish motives, nefarious purposes, or other modes of self-deception.
當我們意識到自己的情感衝動、自私動機、邪惡目的或是其他的自我欺騙的行為時,我們就是在進行著批判性思考。
Open-mindedness 開放
We are thinking critically when we
當我們批判地思考時,我們
evaluate all reasonable inferences
評估任何合理的推論
consider a variety of possible viewpoints or perspectives
考慮多種可能的觀點和視角
remain open to alternative interpretation
對其他解釋持開放態度
accept a new explanation, model, or paradigm because it explains the evidence better, is simpler, or has fewer inconsistencies or covers more data
接受一種新的解釋、模型或範例,如果它更好地解釋了問題,或者更加簡明,更加系統,抑或提供了更多的數據
accept new priorities in response to are evaluation of the evidence or reassessment of our real interests
在進行對證據的重新評估或對我們的興趣相關點重新評定時,調整考慮的優先順序
do not reject unpopular views out of hand
不將冷門觀點拒之門外
Discipline自律
We are thinking critically when we
當我們批判地思考時,我們
are precise, meticulous, comprehensive, and exhaustive
精確、一絲不苟、考慮全面且徹底
resist manipulation and irrational appeals
拒絕對思維的操控和非理性的情感呼籲
avoid snap judgments
避免草率的判斷
Judgment 判斷
We are thinking critically when we
當我們批判地思考時,我們
recognize the relevance and/or merit of alternative assumptions and perspectives
能意識到替代觀點的相關性以及/或者它的優點
recognize the extent and weight of evidence
能正確認識證據涉及的範圍及其重要性
Critical thinkers are by nature skeptical. They approach texts with the same skepticism and suspicion as they approach spoken remarks.
批判思考者天生就是持懷疑態度的。它們在接觸文本和言論時都持有相同的懷疑和猜測。
In contrast, non-critical thinkers see things in black and white, as either-or, rather than recognizing a variety of possible understanding.
與之相反,不具備批判性思維的人,他們看待事物採用非黑即白的態度,沒有認識到還存在諸多其他可能的情況。
They see questions as yes or no with no subtleties.
他們對待問題只有粗糙的對錯兩種答案。
Critical thinkers are active, not passive. They ask questions and analyze. They consciously apply tactics and strategies to uncover meaning or assure their understanding.
批判思考者是主動的而不是被動的。他們提出並分析問題。他們自覺地想辦法揭開含義、弄清楚疑點。
Non-critical thinker fail to see linkages and complexities.
非批判性思維者則無法認識到不同事物之間會互相影響、交錯而變得複雜。
They fail to recognize related elements.
他們無法認識到不同事物之間的相關性。
Critical thinkers do not take an egotistical view of the world. They are open to new ideas and perspectives. They are willing to challenge their beliefs and investigate competing evidence.
批判思考者不會自持以自我為中心的自大心態看待世界,而是樂意接受不同的新觀點,願意挑戰自己的信仰並研究與之相矛盾的證據。
Critical thinking enables us to recognize a wide range of subjective analyses of otherwise objective data, and to evaluate how well each analysis might meet our needs. Facts may be facts, but how we interpret them may vary.
批判性思維使我們認識到關於客觀數據會有各種不同的主觀分析,並使我們能夠評估不同的分析對滿足我們自身需求的價值。客觀事實是無法改變的,但我們解釋的客觀事實的方式卻可以是多種多樣的。
Non-critical thinker非批判性思維者——
They take their facts as the only relevant ones.
他們只考慮自己知道的那部分客觀事實。
They take their own perspective as the only sensible one.
他們認為只有自己的觀點才是合理的。
They take their goal as the only valid one.
他們認為只有自己的目標是可行的。
The ways of critical thinking are many, but one concept seems to be common to all of them: Truth.
批判性思考的方式有很多種,不管哪種方式,它們都離不開一個共通概念,即事實。
We need to put things in relation with the concept of Truth. And how do we get to Truth, you ask (a very complex concept for philosophers,but the intention right now is to highlight the importance of critical thinking in our lives, not to approach these concepts in an extended manner) – Well, one of the shortest ways we know to Truth is Proof.
我們需要將一切事物和事實相關聯。那麼你會問,怎樣得到事實呢(這對於哲學家來說是一個很複雜的概念,但是這裡需要強調的是批判性思維在我們的生活中的重要性,而不是去深入地討論這些概念),其實我們知道的得到事實最簡單的方法就是尋找證據。
Question aspects of your life in a way that you will not end up believing things that have no rational background. Irrationality builds a fake, mock-up reality, it』s a make-believe realm in which your authentic self is not able to emerge and guide itself in an efficient manner.
你可以以一種理性的方式來質疑生活中的一切方面,一直到沒有合理證據支持你就不會相信這件事的地步。喪失理性,便會營造出一個虛假的具有欺騙性的現實,它是一個偽裝的王國,在這個國度里,真正內在的自己無法呈現,亦無法有效地引導自己得到任何觀點。
We need to live our lives in the closest kind of contact that we can achieve with the reality our scientific context provides. It is only then that we will actually be the kind of part of this Universe that manifests articulated awareness about its own existence and that of the world around it. We get to be entities with authentic relations with our environment, thus truly inserted in our own lives.
我們應該儘可能地接近科學呈現出的現實,只有此時,我們才能真正成為宇宙中唯一具有清晰的自我存在意識,並對周圍世界的存在具有認知的物種。我們才能成為與環境相互聯繫,並融入我們的生活中的實體。
新俊傑致力於提供最優質的留學語言考試課程,以及提升學生軟實力(soft skills)的軟技能發展課程。在新俊傑的課堂,我們將批判性思維與語言考試內容糅合。你有機會成為擁有過硬英語水平與出色個人綜合素質的明日領袖。
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