同義替換全解第四彈：閱讀（5）

來自專欄 雷哥考雅與留學

同義替換是雅思考試的核心技能，能夠熟練運用同義替換的同學往往能拿到高分。在聽力和閱讀中，我們通過同義替換來提高解題效率，在口語和寫作中，我們通過同義替換展示表達的多樣化和辭彙的豐富度。為幫助大家培養這項技能，Tracy將長期為大家解讀如何運用同義替換去解雅思聽力和閱讀題。

由於講解主要是通過解劍橋雅思真題進行的，所以建議同學們可以先做一下每次會講解到的文章，再來看本文的解析。

牢記：三種主要的同義替換形式：同義詞替換、概括型替換（題干為細節，原文為概括總結）和解釋型替換（題干為概括總結，原文為細節）。

IELTS 11 Test 1 Reading Paragraph 3

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

方法點撥：本題為亂序的匹配題，因此需要「回頭看」，每讀完一段，掃一眼題干定位詞。

27. mention of a geo-engineering project based on an earlier natural phenomenon

定位：geo-engineering project，earlier natural phenomenon

原文：

C The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out - which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae - have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth. But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic. The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere.

D The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 °C. Scientists have also scrutinised whether its possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the regions native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow. Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.

分析：geo-engineering project定位在C段，但沒有出現earlier natural phenomenon相對應的內容，因此，再往後讀一段。由引言可知：Mark Rowe reports on the increasingly ambitious geo-engineering projects being explored by scientists，全文都在講述使用geo-engineering減少氣候變化的影響，所以，從The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions可知，其中一個geo-engineering project是基於歷史性的火山爆發；另外，也可使用關鍵詞匹配法，D段出現了geo-engineering plans和historic volcanic explosions兩組關鍵詞，因而答案為D段。

要點：同義詞替換 based on→modelled on；project→plan

解釋型替換 earlier natural phenomenon→historic volcanic explosions

28. an example of a successful use of geo-engineering

定位：a successful use of geo-engineering

原文：

B Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale. For decades, May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet. The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona. His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.

分析：本題定位的關鍵在於successful use，從題干可知原文一定是解釋型替換。B段第一句即表明Geo-engineering已經付諸實踐，並且舉了莫斯科的例子，因此答案為B段。

要點：解釋型替換 an example of a successful use of geo-engineering→For decades, May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds.

29. a common definition of geo-engineering

定位：definition of geo-engineering

原文：

A Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable. They believe that the best we can do is keep it at a reasonable level, and at present the only serious option for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions. But while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it. Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering - a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment. According to its proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator: if Plan A - reducing our dependency on fossil fuels – fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.

分析：A段即出現了geo-engineering定義，且generally refers to表明這是通常的概念，所以本題答案為A。

要點：解釋型替換 a common definition of geo-engineering→a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment

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