飛行器設計學習筆記(三)

來自專欄 承諾|聯結|實現

Mon Lapin,

今天我們要學習怎麼掌控飛機啦（*/?＼*）

我也想為你設計一架獨一無二的飛機??呢，有特殊的烙印，就像疤痕的含義：無法被複制。

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既然我們已經知道四種作用在飛機上的力(重力，浮力，阻力和推力)是如何讓飛機飛行的，我們需要知道如何來控制這些力，讓我們想要飛機開往我們想去的地方。飛行員通過控制系統來進行操作，主要有四個控制系統：升降舵(Elevator)，副翼(Aileron)，方向舵(Rudder) ，節流閥(Throttle)。

?以後你想去哪裡，我們就一起飛過去。你說誰當主駕駛誰當副駕駛呢:)

升降舵讓飛機爬坡或俯衝；

副翼讓飛機進行左右翻滾；

方向舵讓飛機向左右轉彎；

節流閥讓它飛得更快或慢。

?有這麼多操作可以玩，可我怕你的眼睛承受不了壓力，我們就平緩飛行吧~你說說看要怎麼控制呢(?? 3(???c)

剩下的下周再翻譯啦~~ 這次寫得內容已經到了一小時，嚴格把控時間，每周定時輸出:)

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Mon Lapin,

今天我們遭遇氣流了好可怕T^T

可我記得你上次的操作流程，所以我有在學習你的方式喲ヾ(^▽^ヾ)快來抱抱我親親我~

（*/?＼*）

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1.升降舵(Elevator)

升降舵位於飛機後方的水平尾部，用來讓飛機爬坡或俯衝噠:)

後方的水平尾部和機翼有相似的形狀，用來產生浮力。當尾部產生更多的浮力，機頭會向下，飛機會俯衝。同樣的，如果尾部產生較少的浮力，機頭會朝上，飛機會爬坡。

升降舵通過水平尾部改變翼面，來改變產生的浮力大小。翼面通常像拱形一樣彎曲，這是機翼下方的空氣流速慢於機翼上方的空氣流速的原因之一。翼面彎曲的程度越大，產生的浮力越大。讓位於機翼末端的升降舵向下移動，翼面彎曲的程度會變大，由此產生更多的浮力。同樣，讓升降舵向上移動，翼面彎曲的程度會減小，產生的浮力會隨之減少。

?哼，你彎曲的程度太大啦，浮力太多，我們一不小心俯衝了，差點撞地，好難過(?? 3(???c)

2.副翼(Aileron)

副翼在機翼頂端，是用來控制側滾的。副翼的工作原理和升降舵是一樣噠，通過向上或向下移動來改變機翼的形狀，從而產生更多或更少的浮力。通過向上移動一側的副翼和向下移動另外一側的副翼，一側的機翼會比另外一側的機翼產生更少的浮力。產生較少的機翼會下落，產生較多浮力的機翼會上升，這樣就會讓飛機翻滾啦~(≧▽≦)/~

當一架飛機翻滾時，由機翼產生的浮力不再是豎直向下的，而是向上，並且是朝向機翼之中更低的那一側。由於這個原因，飛機會轉向較低側的機翼。因此，副翼可以用來控制飛機向左或向右翻滾。

?翻滾聽上去很有趣的樣子是不是（*/?＼*）好想嘗試一下~

3.方向舵(Rudder)

方向舵位於飛機豎直的尾部，用來控制飛機向左或向右。有一些飛行器可能有不止一個豎直尾部，像FA-18 戰鬥噴氣機，它每個每個尾部都有特有的方向舵。豎直尾部也是有翼型的，不過這個翼型並不彎曲。因此，豎直尾部通常不會產生浮力。當方向舵朝一個方向移動時，豎直尾部會被彎曲，才會產生浮力。然而，這個浮力並不是垂直的，因為豎直尾部並不是像機翼一樣水平的。

浮力通常是垂直於產生它的機翼或尾部，這樣由豎直尾部產生的浮力會作用在水平方向上。這個浮力會讓飛機向左或向右偏轉。如果方向舵向左移動，它會產生向右的浮力，這樣會讓飛機前部向左移動。方向舵在使飛機轉動時通常比副翼要慢，但它們都可以使飛機轉向而不使它翻滾；並且這對於微弱調整飛機起飛、降落和飛行很有用。

?這個就很小細節了呦，很考驗技術噠(*≧∪≦)我要好好學習一下！

4.節流閥(Throttle)

節流閥控制由引擎產生的推力，用來讓飛機飛得更快或是更慢。像客機一樣，有不止一個引擎的飛機，對每一個引擎都會有一個節流閥。節流閥的工作方式取決於引擎的種類。通常它會增加引擎消耗的燃料數量，來產生更多的熱量或讓螺旋槳轉動的更快。根據引擎位置的不同，增大節流閥可能會讓飛機爬升，翻滾或轉向。事實上，已經有寫好的計算機程序來控制多引擎的飛機僅用一個節流閥進行飛行和降落。當其他控制系統故障時，這些程序可以用來幫助飛機安全降落，並不經常使用。

?幸好我們一開始就設置好節流閥了（づ￣3￣）づ╭?～戀愛條約呀:)傻兔子

section*{2 How do pilots control planes?}

Now that we know which forces are acting on a plane to make it fly, we need to know how to control these forces in order to make a plane fly where we want it to. Pilots use a number of controls to do this, which are four main control systems: extbf{Elevators, Ailerons, Rudders and Throttles}\

Key idea:\

Elevators are used to make a plane climb or dive.\

Ailerons are used to make a plane roll left or right.\

Rudders are used to make a plane turn left or right.\

Throttles are used to make a plane go faster or slower.\

1. Elevators: Elevators are located on the back of the planes horizontal tail and are used to make the plane climb or dive.\

The horizontal tail, usually at the back, has a similar shape to a wing(an airfoil) and produces lift. When the tail produces more lift, the nose of the plane will go down and the plane will dive. Likewise, if the tail produces less lift, the nose of the plane will go up and the plane will climb.\

Elevators change the amount of lift produced by the horizontal tail by changing the shape of the airfoil. Airfoils are usually curved like an arch, and this is one of the reasons air moves slower beneath the wings than above them. The more curved an airfoil is, the more lift it will produce. By moving the elevator at the end of a wing down, the airfoil becomes more curved and produces more lift. Likewise, by moving the elevator up, the wing is effectively less curved and produces less lift.\

2.Ailerons\

Ailerons are located on the tips of the wings and are used to control roll. Ailerons work the same way that elevators do, by moving up and down to change the shape of the airfoil and produce more or less lift. By moving one aileron up and the other down, one wing will generate less lift than the other. The wing that generates less lift will drop, and the one that generates more will rise, and this will cause the plane to roll.\

When a plane rolls, the lift produced by the wings is no longer acting straight upwards, but is now acting upwards and towards the lower of the two wings. Because of this, the plane will now turn towards the low wing. Because of this, ailerons can be used to steer planes left or right.\

3.Rudder(s)\

A rudder is located on the planes vertical tail and is used to steer the plane left or right. Some aircraft have more than one vertical tail, like the FA-18 fighter jet, and each tail has its own rudder. The vertical tail on a plane is also an airfoil shape, but the airfoil is not curved. As a result, the vertical tail does not normally generate lift. When the rudder is moved in one direction, the vertical tail is effectively curved, and produces lift. However, this lift does not act vertically, as the vertical tail is not horizontal like the wing. Lift always acts perpendicular to the wing or tail that generates it, so the lift generated by the vertical tail will act horizontally. This lift will cause the plane to rotate left or right. If the rudder is moved to the left, it will generate lift to the right, which will move the nose of the plane to the left. Rudders are often slower at turning an aircraft than the ailerons, but they can turn the aircraft without rolling it and are useful for small adjustments during takeoff, landing and other flights. Sometimes a pilot uses both the rudder and the ailerons together while turning in order to produce a smoother flight.\

4.Throttle(s)\

A throttle controls the thrust produced by an engine and is used to make the plane go faster or slower. Planes with more than one engine, like passenger jets, will have one throttle for each engine. The way that the throttle works depends on the type of engine, but it will generally increase the amount of fuel being consumed by the engine, which will in turn generate more heat or spin a propeller faster. Depending on the position of the engines, increasing the throttle may also cause the plane to climb, roll or turn. In fact, computer programs have been written that allow planes with two or more engines to be flown and landed using only the throttles! These programs are to help aircraft to land safely when the other controls have failed, and are not used very often.\

參考資料來自《Model aircraft design》by Jon D