Chapter 4 視頻信號(1)——總論
視頻信號根據其不同的特性可以有不同的分類,模擬與數字,隔行與逐行,480、576、720、1080(掃描線行數)等等,但是有一種很重要的分類方式是根據傳輸方式分類。
整個Chapter 4就是根據上圖展開的。
首先,將視頻分為複合視頻(Composite Video)和分量視頻(Component Video)。
Composite video (one channel) is an analog video transmission (without audio) that carries standard definition video typically at 480i or 576i resolution. Video information is encoded on one channel, unlike the higher-quality S-video (two channels) and the even higher-quality component video (three or more channels).
複合視頻只用一個通道(這也是為什麼叫複合信號)進行視頻傳輸,只傳輸模擬信號,傳輸的是480i或720i標清(480p或720p)的視頻。複合視頻不能攜帶音頻信號,複合視頻信號主要在Chapter 8討論。
Digital component video is defined by ITU-R BT.601 (formerly CCIR 601) standard and uses the YCbCr color space. Like Analog Component Video it gets its name from the fact that the video signal has been split into two or more components, that are then carried on multiple conductors between devices. Digital component video is slowly becoming popular in both computer and home-theatre applications. Component video is capable of carrying signals such as 480i, 480p, 576i, 576p, 720p, 1080i and 1080p, although many TVs do not support 1080p through component video.
數字分量視頻使用YCbCr顏色空間(或RGB),它將視頻信號分為多個分量進行傳輸(數字信號),當用於廣播和錄製時,將其調製為複合NTSC、PAL、SECAM信號。
Component video is a video signal that has been split into two or more component channels. In popular use, it refers to a type of component analog video (CAV) information that is transmitted or stored as three separate signals. Component video can be contrasted with composite video (NTSC, PAL or SECAM) in which all the video information is combined into a single line level signal that is used in analog television. Like composite, component-video cables do not carry audio and are often paired with audio cables.
When used without any other qualifications the term component video usually refers to analog YPbPr component video with sync on luma.
模擬分量分頻一般使用YPbPr顏色空間,它將視頻信號分為多個分量進行傳輸(模擬信號),並且不攜帶音頻信號。
視頻又根據逐行/隔行,解析度(掃描線數量)分成480p,480i,720p等等。
我們重點關注數字分量視頻,主要關注它的編碼範圍和採樣率。
編碼範圍
由於是數字分量,那麼存儲在計算機中就用bit來表示,一般來說,消費類分量視頻YCbCr分別用8bits表示,專業類分量視頻YCbCr分別用10bits表示(8位整數,兩位小數)。也就是說,專業類分量視頻比消費類分量視頻量化更精確。
ITU制定的8位YCbCr範圍分別是,Y∈[16,235],Cb(Cr)∈[16,240],這和我們討論的YCbCr和RGB轉換的公式相適應(可以參看YUV、YCbCr)。並且,允許偶爾漂移到其他量化等級,但是0和255是不允許的,因此0x00和0xFF存儲時序信息。
ITU制定的10位YCbCr前八位和8bits YCbCr相同,後兩位表示小數。對於10位的系統0x000~0x003和0x3FC~0x3FF用於保存時序信息。
採樣率
SDTV:13.5MHz(4:3 480i,576i),18MHz(16:9 480i,576i)
EDTV:27MHz(4:3 480p,576p),36MHz(16:9 480p,576p)
HDTV:與幀率有關,每幀的有效線數目和每線的有效採樣點數量是恆定的。
SDTV為什麼要選擇13.5MHz,可以參考文章:為什麼選擇13.5MHz。(比Video Demystified講的清楚)
480i(576i),4:3視頻每行720個像素點,480i(576i),16:9視頻每行960個像素點,因此採樣率應為13.5×960/720=18MHz。
EDTV是逐行掃描,因此,採樣的點數要比SDTV多一倍,採樣率自然增大一倍。
HDTV採樣率和幀率有關,在講到HDTV視頻時會詳細講。
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