究竟該如何剖析眼前的動物呢？

05-10

中文字2128,建議閱讀時間：3分鐘，英文字：1096

What are the Classifications of animals

When you see an animal, you will put it

certain categories such as mammal, fish, reptile, insects and birds. what makes

an animal get into these categories, we will look at the 9 classifications that

are needed by an

animal to see where we would class an animal. we will showyou the pandaclassification to help you understand the

terms of classification.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Ursidae

Subfamily: Aliuropndinea

Genus: Ailuropoda

Species: Aliuropandamelanoleua

Common name: Giant panda

Scientific name: Aliuropodamelanoleuca

Just looking at the classification of

the giant panda it looks very confusing, but I help to help you understand what

each section is and how

they work.

Kingdom

The highest rank that breaks every living

thing on the planet into 5 categories as we see the panda is classed as

Animalia, which means that the panda is an animal. The other four categories

are

· Plantae: plant

· Fungi: fungus

· Protista: protozoa and

eukaryotic algae

· Monera; bacteria and blue-

green algae.

As you can see this covers every living

thing on the planet earth and Animalia would correctly be the right classifications

for the giant panda, and this article will not go into depth of the other four

kingdoms as we are focusing on Animalia.

Phylum

This is the category of animals who have

the same body plan, such as Arthropoda which contains the animal』s insects,

crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods. As you can these animals have an exoskeleton

(outside skeleton) but the panda is classed as a Chordata which classes an

animal that has the body spinal cord, nervous system, post anal tail and

follows the bilaterian symmetry body, this is if you draw a line down the

centre of your face, the left side looks the same as the right side of your

face.

Class

The most common and the easiest to

understand

· Mammalia: mammals over 4785 differentspecies

· Aves: Birds over 9721 differentspecies

· Osteichthyes: Fish over 25777 differentspecies

· Amphibia: Amphibians over 5400

different species

· Insecta: Insects over 13000000

different species

· Reptilia: Reptile over 8163

different species

As you can see these are the classes of all

animal and that it helps keep count of how many different animals there is on

the planet, since new animals are found daily these number will always be

changing.

Order

The order goes more in depth of what type

of class, as you may notice that the panda is a mammal but so is a mouse and a

mouse and a panda are not on the same level. This is when the order comes in

handy, in total there is 19 Orders of the mammals. Each of the classes have

different amount of orders but we will go in-depth with the mammals order only

to show you how the difference would affect how an animal is classed.

Order Artiodactyla

This is name giving to even-toed hoofed

animals, this includes animals that are ruminate (have four stomachs and chews

cuds) and non-ruminate. Some of the animals in this list are Girrafdae

(giraffes), Cervidae (deer, moose, reindeer, elk) Antilocapridae (pronghorn,

antelope) and bovidea (cattle, bison, yaks, waterbucks, wildebeest. gazelles,

springboks, sheep, musk, oxen, goats)

Order Carnivora

There is two suborders to this Order, which

is animals with long snouts and unretractable claws such as bear, wolfs and dogs and the other is

and with retractable claws such as cats, tigers lions.

Order Cetaccea

Two suborders of Order Cetacea are the

toothed whales, which have regular conical teeth, and the baleen, or whalebone,

whales, which have irregular whalebone surfaces instead of teeth. Toothed

whales include the families Physeteridae (sperm whales), Monodontidae

(narwhals, belugas), Phocoenidae (porpoises), and Delphinidae (dolphins, killer

whales). Baleens are in the family Eschrichtiidae (gray whales), Balaenidae

(right whales), or Balaenoptridae (fin-backed whales, hump-backed whales)

Order Chiroptera

There are two suborders of bats, the only

mammals that can fly. Suborder Megachiroptera contains one family, the

Pteropodidae (flying foxes, Old Worm fruit bats). Suborder Microchiroptera

contains 17 families, including: Rhinopomatidae (mouse-tailed bats),

Emballonuridae (sheath tailed bats), Craseonycteridae (hog-nosed or butterfly

bats), Noctilionidae (bulldog or fisherman bats), Nycteridae (slit-faced bats),

Megadermatidae (false vampire bats), and Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats). 19

families, 178 genera, 926 species (the second largest mammalian order)

Order Dermoptera

These gliding tree mammals from Asia do not

fly and are not lemurs, but they are known as flying lemurs, or Family

Cynocephalidae

Order Edentata

Three families of mammals get by without

teeth: Dasypodidae (armadillos), Bradypodidae (sloths), and Myrmecophagidae

(hairy anteaters).

Order Hyyracoidae

Order Hyracoidae is one of three orders

that has only one modern family remaining. Procaviacapensis (the African rock

hyrax) is one of nine living species in the Family Procaviidae .

Order Insectivore

The three members are the families Talpidae

(moles), Soricidae (shrews), and Erinaceidae (hedgehogs).

Order Lagomorpha

Two families make up this order:

Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (hares and rabbits of all sorts).

Order Marsupialia

Included among these are the families

Caenolestidae (rat opossums), Diddeelphidae (true opossums), Dasyuridae (native

cats, native mice), Notoryctidae (marsupial moles), Myrmecobiidae (numbats),

Peramelidae (bandicoots), Phalangeridae (koalas), Vombatidae (wombats), and

Macropodidae (kangaroos and wallabies).

Order Monotremata

These more primitive mammals make up the

families Tachyglossidae (echidnas, also called spiny anteaters) and

Ornithorhynchidae (platypuses).

Order Perissodactyla

The two suborders, Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha,

include creatures that have an odd number of toes. Families in this order are

the Equidae (horses, donkeys, zebras), the Tapiridae (tapirs), and the

Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses).

Order Pholidata

Family Manidae (pangolins) is the sole

family in this order.

Order Pinnipedia

In the fin-footed order there are Otariidae

(eared seals, sea lions), Odobenidae (walruses), and Phocidae (earless seals)

Order Primate

The order to which people belong is divided

into two suborders: The Prosimii , who have longer snouts than their relatives,

and the Anthropoidae . The first group includes the families Tupalidae (tree

shrew), Lemuridae (lemurs), Daubentonlidae (aye-ayes), Lorisidae (lorises,

pottos), and Tarsiidae (tarsiers). The anthropoids include the families Callitrichidae

(marmosets), Cebidae (New World monkeys), Cercopithecidae (baboons, Old World

monkeys), Hylobatidae (gibbons), Pongidae (gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans),

and Hominidae (human beings).

Order Proboscidea

Large enough to have an order all to itself

is Family Elephantidae .

Order Rodentia

The most prolific mammals, Order Rodentia

includes three suborders. It takes in the families Aplodontidae (mountain

beavers), Sciuridae (chipmunks, squirrels, marmots), Cricetidae (field mice,

lemmings, muskrats, hamsters, gerbils), Muridae (Old World mice, rats),

Heteromyidae (New World mice), Geomyidae (gophers), and Dipodidae (jerboas).

1700 Species

Order Sirenia

The families Trichechidae (manatees) and

Dugongidae (dugongs and other sea cows) make up the Order Sirenia

Order Tubuildentata

Another mammal in an order by itself is

Family Orycteropodidae

End of Part 1

So far, we have learned what Kingdom,

Phylum, Class and Order, in the next part we will explain the Family, Genus,

Species, Common name and Scientific name.

Part 2

Welcome back to Part two of What are the

Classifications of animals?

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Ursidae

Subfamily: Aliuropndinea

Genus: Ailuropoda

Species: Aliuropandamelanoleua

Common name: Giant panda

Scientific name: Aliuropodamelanoleuca

Family

The family gives more detail of the animals

as we found out with the order that certain characteristics will place an

animal into a certain class. The panda is classed as a Carnivora because it has

a long snout and unretractable claws, and now we will discuss why it will be

placed in the Ursidea family.

Family helps locate the evolutionary path

of the animal, the giant panda shared a common ancestor with all the bears on

the planet but through evolving in different ways they have broken off into

their own little subfamily』s. the modern bear family contains eight species

that live in 3 subfamilies. The giant panda is the only species of bear in the

Aliuropndinea subfamily, there is termarctinae subfamily that contains the

spectacled bear and the rest of the bears are in the ursinae subfamily.

Genus

This is the scientific name to show that

animals are related since the giant panda is the only one in its family we

can』t use it as an example so we will use the lion, as the lion』s scientific

name is Pantheraleo. Panthera is the genus name so when we look at another

animal that is closes related to the lion such as the tiger we find its

scientific name is Pantheratigris. So, the genus is helpful way to show that a

different animal come from the same animal』s evolution tree or you can see the

genus as the last name of your family if you meet someone with the same last

name as yourself you would be able to follow the family tree back to where you

had two parents at the same time.

Species

this is when a group of closely related animals

that are capable of breeding with each other, and given a Latin binomial name

such as Aliuropandamelanoleua which is the name for the giant panda.

Common

name

This is the name that is common in every

language since the naming of animals will be different so this is a list of the

name giant panda in different languages to show how difficult it could be, this

is a simple translation of the English name Giant Panda which most people will

so even though the translation might seem right it might not translate

correctly.

English – Giant Panda

French - Panda géant

Czech - obrovská Panda

Chinese - 大熊貓

German – Riesenpanda

Japanese - ジャイアントパンダ

Polish - Panda wielka

Spanish - Panda gigante

Scientific

name

The scientific name is the name that will

be known worldwide, when looking for a certain animal the scientific name will

help you find animal no matter what language it is in. the name is in Latin

which is a dead language but is used in the science world to label certain

things to not confuse them with the common name. the scientific name for the

panda is Aliuropodamelanoleucawhile

you can find information with just using its common name panda you will find

more scientific work if you use the scientific name, as you will be looking for

more researched work instead of fan information

Conclusion

This is all the information you need to

figure out what the classifications means, while they will rarely be used in

normally life the information is always be there to use and learn more about

your pet and future pets. here is a simple diagram to should you how the

classification helps locate a specific animal.

Thank you for reading the article if you

have any questions feel free to ask.

中文翻譯

相互獨立，完全窮盡的分類法，有助於你更全面的認識這個世界

當你看見某樣動物時，你會對它有一個基本的界定，例如是屬於哺乳動物，魚類，爬行動物，昆蟲還是鳥類。那又是如何將這些動物分類的呢，要想將一種動物定義清楚，需要9類屬性，我們會以熊貓來舉例，幫助你理解動物的分類法。

界：動物界

門：脊索動物門

綱：哺乳綱

目：食肉目

科：熊科

亞科：熊貓亞科

屬：熊貓屬

種：大熊貓

通用名：大熊貓

學名：Aliuropoda melanoleuca

光看這些等級分類，一定讓你傻傻分不清楚，沒關係，讓我來給你一一解釋清楚。

界

「界」是最高一級的分類，地球上的物種共分為5界，剛才提到的熊貓，就劃分為動物界，這一層不難理解，說明熊貓就是動物。另外4界分別是：

· 植物界：所屬有植物

· 真菌界：所屬有真菌

· 原生生物界：所屬原生動物與真核藻

· 原核生物界：所屬有細菌及藍藻

從以上的劃分，可以看出已經囊括了地球上所有的物種，大熊貓歸屬於動物界也毋庸置疑，在這裡也不多加討論其他4界。

門

「門」是指有著相同身體特徵的動物，例如節足動物門中包含昆蟲、甲殼類、多足類等。這些動物都長有外骨骼，自然狀態下是指硬殼或皮，熊貓屬於脊索動物門，這一「門」是指那些有脊髓、神經系統、肛尾以及對稱的身體。

綱

· 哺乳綱：涉及超過4785種哺乳類

· 鳥綱：涉及超過9721種鳥類

· 硬骨魚綱：涉及超過25777種魚類

· 兩棲綱：涉及超過5400多種兩棲類

· 昆蟲綱：涉及超過13000000種昆蟲

· 爬行綱：涉及超過8163種爬行類

以上就是所有動物關於不同綱類的分類，以此你可以看出地球上有多少不同種類的動物，當然每天還有可能發現新的動物，因此這個數字會一直變。

目

「目」這一級是對「綱」的進一步細分，熊貓是哺乳動物，老鼠也是哺乳動物，但是顯然它們不是一個層級的，用「目」這一級來劃分就簡潔明了，關於哺乳動物共計有19類「目」。

偶蹄目

之所以叫偶蹄目是因為有蹄類動物的腳趾是雙數，依動物的消化方式和胃的結構，可分為2個亞目，反芻亞目（有四個胃，咀嚼反芻食物）以及不反芻亞目。這裡的反芻是指倒嚼，通俗講就是已經吃進去的食物吐出來，再次咀嚼。反芻動物有長頸鹿科（長勁鹿），鹿科（鹿、駝鹿、馴鹿、麋鹿），叉角羚科（叉角羚、羚羊）以及牛科（家牛、北美野牛、氂牛、非洲大羚羊、牛羚、瞪羚、跳羚、綿羊、麝香鹿、公牛、山羊）。

食肉目

「食肉目」下有兩個亞目，這類動物有著長長的嘴，爪子也分為可伸縮與不可伸縮型。

鯨目

鯨目有兩個亞目。一類為齒鯨，它們有較為常見的圓錐形的牙齒，另一類為鬚鯨，這類鯨有形狀不一的鯨鬚來代替牙齒。齒鯨家族成員有抹香鯨科（巨頭鯨），一角鯨科（獨角鯨，白鯨），鼠海豚科以及海豚科（海豚，虎鯨）。鬚鯨家族成員有灰鯨科（灰鯨），露脊鯨科（露脊鯨），鬚鯨科（長鬚鯨，座頭鯨）。

翼手目

翼手目也就是俗稱的蝙蝠。它們也是唯一會飛的哺乳動物。該目下有兩個亞目，大蝙蝠亞目下只有一類成員，狐蝠科（狐蝠，老蟲果蝠）。小蝙蝠亞目下有17類家庭成員，包括鼠尾蝠科（鼠尾蝠），鞘尾蝠科（鞘尾隨蝙蝠），凹臉蝠科（彩蝶蝠），兔唇蝠科（鬥牛狗蝠），裂顏蝠科（夜凹臉蝠科），假吸血蝠科（假吸血蝠），菊頭蝠科（菊頭蝠）

皮翼目

這些能夠在樹木間滑翔的哺乳動物來自亞洲。它們不會飛，也不是狐猴，但是卻被稱作會飛的狐猴，或鼯猴。

貧齒目

從名字上可以看出該分類下的哺乳動物都沒有牙齒。旗下有三科：犰狳科（犰狳），樹懶科（樹懶）和食蟻獸科（毛食蟻獸）。

蹄兔目

現今在所有目下，共計只有4個目類，旗下只有唯一的一科，蹄兔目就是其中的一類。蹄兔科（非洲岩蹄）是該目下唯一的一科。

食蟲目

旗下有三科鼴科（鼴鼠），鼩鼱科（鼩鼱），蝟科（刺蝟）。

兔形目

旗下有兩科：鼠兔科（鼠兔）和兔科（野兔以及所有種類的兔子）

有袋目

有袋目下有鼩科（新袋鼠），負鼠科（負鼠），袋鼬科（袋貓、袋獾），袋鼴科（袋鼴），袋食蟻獸科（袋食蟻獸），袋狸科（袋狸），袋鼦科（樹袋熊），袋熊科（袋熊）以及袋鼠科（袋鼠、小袋鼠）

單孔目

單孔目屬於較為原始的哺乳動物，總共有兩科：針鼴科（針鼴也被稱作刺食蟻獸），鴨嘴獸科（鴨嘴獸）。

奇蹄目

奇蹄目下有兩個亞目，馬型亞目與角型亞目，包含了所有奇數腳趾的生物。旗下包含馬科（馬、驢子、斑馬）；貘科（貘）；犀科（犀牛）。

鱗甲目

鱗甲目下只有唯一的一科：穿山甲科（穿山甲）。

鰭腳目

在這個鰭腳目下有海獅科（海狗，海獅），海象科（海象）以及海豹科（海豹）

靈長目

人類就劃分在靈長目下，該目又可劃分為兩個亞目：原猴亞目與類人猿亞目，原猴亞目下動物的鼻子比它們的近親類人猿亞目要長，包括狐猴科（狐猴），指猴科(指狐猴)，懶猴科（懶猴，樹熊猴）以及眼鏡猴科（眼鏡猴）。類人猿亞目下包括狨科（狨猴），卷尾猴科（闊鼻猴），獼猴科（狒狒，舊域猴），長臂猿科（長臂猿，黑猩猩，猩猩）以及人科（人類）。

長鼻目

該目錄下的象科似乎因身材巨大獨佔了一個長鼻目。

嚙齒目

嚙齒目是多產的哺乳動物，包含三個亞目。成員有山河狸科（山狸），松鼠科（花栗鼠、松鼠、土撥鼠），倉鼠科（田鼠、旅鼠、麝鼠、倉鼠），鼠科（耗子），異鼠科（異鼠），囊鼠科（囊地鼠）以及跳鼠科（跳鼠）。共計約莫1700多種。

海牛目

海牛目下共計有海牛科（各類海牛）以及儒艮科（儒艮）2類。

管齒目

管齒目也是只有一科（土豚科）的哺乳動物。

截止到現在呢，我們學完了「界、門、綱、目」，下一期我們將繼續解釋「科、屬、種、通用名以及學名」。

Part 2

上期我們學完了「界、門、綱、目」，這一期我們將繼續解釋「科、屬、種、通用名以及學名」。

界：動物界

門：脊索動物門

綱：哺乳綱

目：食肉目

科：熊科

亞科：熊貓亞科

屬：熊貓屬

種:大熊貓

通用名：大熊貓

學名：Aliuropoda melanoleuca

科

「科」這一層分類會對動物有更細節的定位。因為「目」這一層僅僅將有共性的動物都分在一組。熊貓之所以被分類為食肉目，是因為它的口鼻部分較為突出，並且有不可伸縮的爪子，現在我們來談談為什麼被分類為熊科。

「科」這一層級的分類能夠讓我們更好得定位動物的進化歷程，大熊貓與其他熊類擁有一個共同的祖先，但由於進化的方向不同，他們變成了兩類亞科。近代熊科有三個亞科共計8種。

如圖所示，4000萬年前，從一個共同祖先進化出8個不同種。

屬

屬這一層級通過動物的學名能夠有效進行分類。由於大熊貓是該科里的唯一一屬，不能很好的解釋「屬」這一層級的分類，因此我們拿獅子來舉例。獅子的學名為Panthera leo（豹屬獅子），Panthera（豹屬）就是獅子所在屬的名字，當我們選一個獅子的近親來看如老虎，它的學名就是Panthera tigris（豹屬老虎）。所以「屬」這一層級的分類能夠很好的辨別出進化的上一級即共同的祖先或者你已可以將「屬」定義為人類家族中的姓，如果你發現有人和你為同一個姓氏，你從進化的反向尋找，就能追溯到同一對父母，因此你們就屬於同一個「屬」。

種

這一層級的分類，可以說血緣關係很近，同一種之間可以養育下一代，並且「種名」都會被賦予拉丁化的雙名法名稱，例如Aliuropanda melanoleua就是大熊貓的「種名」。

通用名

所謂通用名就是指在每種語言里的通俗叫法，我們就還是拿大熊貓來舉例，不同語言下用「通用名」來定位大熊貓你會發現，很難找到它真正的學名，而且易混淆，「通用名」一旦被翻譯後，人們往往就不清楚這個物種真正的名字與意義了。

英語——Giant Panda

法語 ——Panda géan

捷克語——obrovská Panda

中文——大熊貓

德語——Riesenpanda

日語——ジャイアントパンダ

波蘭語——Panda wielka

西班牙語——Panda gigante

學名

學名通用於全世界，如果你想準確找到一種動物，學名就能幫助你無論在什麼語言環境下，精準定位。因為學名採用的是拉丁語，雖然這門語言已經失傳，但是人們依舊習慣用拉丁語命名科學事物，這樣的名字不致於讓人與通用名混淆（畢竟通用語會被翻譯成不同的語言）。當你用「大熊貓」這個通用名作為關鍵字搜素時，你能發現大熊貓的學名為Aliuropoda melanoleuca ，當你再用它的學名Aliuropoda melanoleuca作為關鍵詞搜索時，你就能找到更多科學方面的研究報道而不僅僅是娛樂信息。

總結

以上就是所有為你搭建的關於動物分類體系的基礎框架，可能在日常生活中實用性不是很強，但是如果參觀動物園或者觀看動物世界又或者為了更好得了解你的寵物，搞清楚七大姑八大姨還是能讓你有點眉目。如下的一張圖譜就能幫助你較為直觀的定位美國黑熊這個種，如何從domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species(域—動物界—門—綱—目—科—屬—種)一步步地定位。