雅思閱讀：最難的同義替換是化整為零

同義替換可以說是雅思考試的核心技能，在聽力和閱讀中，我們通過同義替換來解題，在口語和寫作中，我們通過同義替換展示表達的多樣化和辭彙的豐富度。

總的來說，同義替換一般有三種形式，同義詞替換、表達方式替換以及化整為零。

前兩種替換非常簡單，舉個栗子就清楚了：

smell is probably the most undervalued sense → sense of smell is not appreciated

同義詞：undervalued、not appreciated

many fundamental questions have yet to be answered → Future studies into smell

表達方式替換，即換了種說法：很多問題還沒解決→未來繼續研究這些問題。同學們還需注意，表達方式的替換比較靈活，一定要多讀幾句，多核實幾個細節。

最後一種替換最難掌握，我們常常需要在文章中找出各種細節才能與題幹完成同義替換，稍不留神遺漏了某個細節，解題就無望了，還是來看看栗子吧。

首先來道標題對應題自虐一下：

原文：To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.

標題：Setting altitude zones

首先，根據位置學原理，我們很容易發現段首第二句就是主旨句，它具有概括性特徵，後面的內容沒有信號詞，全是細節的羅列。

但是，這個主旨句說得很抽象，空中交通管制（ATC）覆蓋了整個美國，似乎與所有標題都不能同義替換，就是這麼雞賊。我們接著往後看，會發現一些很搶眼的數字，356米，215米，這些數字描述的是高度。這個時候再回頭看標題，有沒有眼前一亮的感覺，因為altitude就是高度的意思啊，這就是化整為零的替換。

再來一道是非題自殘一下：

原文：E ... In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface...In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.

G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E...

題干：Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.

原文信息是從兩個段落里摘出來的，什麼？一個段落解決不了？是的，考雅不能太天真啊。來，大腦準備信息整合和推理。題干里的Class F來自段落G，below 356m和not near airports來自段落E。你沒看錯，中間還跳了一段，就是這麼任性。

第一個信息：Class F is uncontrolled airspace（G段）

第二個信息：uncontrolled airspace is below 356m（E段）

第三個信息：controlled airspace is mainly near airports（E段）

（反之，uncontrolled airspace不靠近機場）

其中E段有一個迷惑信息：In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace（一般來說，356米以上是控制空域），但是，緊接著文章指出，In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground（在一些特定的區域，主要靠近機場，控制空域可以下降至215米的高度）。

通過整合以上信息，才能推理出Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports，腦子轉過來了么？還是想洗洗睡了？

這道題可以說把化整為零的替換方式發揮到了極致，但還好，這種難度的題目並不多，烤鴨們可以安心睡

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