關於托福寫作的常見問題（二）

05-08

在上一篇文章中我們就考生常見的有關獨立寫作的問題進行了解答。本期推送將針對綜合寫作(Integrated Task)和兩種寫作中都會遇到的常見問題進行解答。

Integrated Task 綜合寫作

Q: 閱讀文章和聽力文章中共有幾種可能的關係?

A: Two. First, the listening passage will add information to the reading passage. Or the speaker will cast doubt on what is presented in the reading.

兩種關係。第一種，聽力中教授的觀點是閱讀文章的補充信息。第二種，聽力中教授對閱讀文章的信息進行反駁。

Q: 閱讀文章和聽力文章之間一般會有幾點相關聯?

A: "Typically the main idea will be developed with three points." [OG, P252]

通常中心觀點會由三個分論點支撐。

Q: 文章中可不可以出現自己對所談問題的看法?

A: "Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading." [OG, P253]

綜合寫作不需要發表觀點，而是解釋聽力文章中的觀點和閱讀文章中的信息的關係。

Q: 寫作的時候可不可以照搬閱讀和聽力中的原話?

A: "In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are important to learn." [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]

"Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed." [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]

總的來講，照搬原文是不可以的。在英語母語國家，照搬原文的剽竊行為是不被接受的。關鍵詞可以不變，但是整體內容必須被paraphrase出來，特別是閱讀材料裡面的內容。

Q: 5分和4分的區別在哪裡?

A: "A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately." [Workshop Manual, P45]

5分作文比4分作文更準確地表達了聽力文章中的內容。

Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的區別在哪裡?

A: "The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture." [Workbook, P7]

3分作文可能遺漏了講座中的一個關鍵信息。

"Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast." [Workbook, P11]

3分作文通常沒有提及到全部3個論點；至少需要提到兩條反駁的論點才能得到3分以上。

"Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused." [Workshop Manual, P46]

3分作文表達較高分（4、5分）不夠清晰。可能遺漏或搞錯細節，使讀者混淆。

All Writing Task

兩種寫作通用問題

Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在評分程序上有什麼區別?

A: "In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response." [OG, P267]

總的來講，高分(4和5分)的文章要符合評分標準上的所有要求才能評為高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合評分標準的某一條就可以評為低分。

Q: 拼寫錯誤和語言問題要不要緊?

A: "Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture." [OG, P253]

"If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score." [OG, P260]

關於這一點，我們要一分為二來看。一方面，我們沒必要吹毛求疵;閱卷人知道這是first draft並且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不構成理解障礙，就沒太大問題(minor flaw)。另一方面，語法和拼寫還是重要的，一旦這些小錯誤導致閱卷人覺得難以理解，就會構成重大問題(major flaw)。

把"dependence"寫成"dependency"沒太大問題;偶爾把"becomes independent"寫成了"becomes independency"是個可以看到的錯誤，但還是問題不大;偶爾寫出"They prefer to be depended on their parents."這樣的奇怪句子也會得到閱卷人的寬恕。

Q: 字數是不是很重要?

A: "Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question." [OG, P253]

"An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted." [OG, P258]

首先，字數沒有上限。

其次，目前字數會比以前更有意義，因為考試有計數器專門動態顯示字數，為的是讓考生對自己的字數做到心裡有數。而且兩篇文章都有了推薦字數。所以，我的建議是超過這個建議字數，雖然不用超過太多。(Integrated Task超過150，Independent Task超過300)

最後，關鍵是內容，而不是數量。不要為了求字數而導致文章很啰嗦。

新俊傑致力於提供最優質的留學語言考試課程，以及提升學生軟實力(soft skills)的軟技能發展課程。在新俊傑的課堂，我們將批判性思維與語言考試內容糅合。你有機會成為擁有過硬英語水平與出色個人綜合素質的明日領袖。