是什麼引起了下腰痛?(三)

今天接著聊下一部分

椎骨終板骨折

身體上椎骨並不只是一個堅硬的骨頭,如果從椎體的橫切面你實際上可以看到一種像海綿一樣非常複雜的樹枝狀結構叫做骨松質,複雜的排列造就了一種結實的架構來支持骨骼,使得骨頭有能力支持重量並且抵抗外部衝擊防止骨折。

像海綿一樣的骨松質

就像肌肉一樣,骨頭可以應對那些你在力量訓練中出現的主動或者被動的負荷以及負荷的頻率。例如,在正確的訓練周期下進行力量訓練會讓脊柱慢慢適應,並且椎骨中的骨小梁會隨著時間慢慢變粗,這就是為什麼與普通人相比精英運動員擁有更高的骨密度的原因。

在這種適應性的過程中,記住也會慢慢適應一些微骨折,Dr. Stuart McGill 就說過幾乎所有的精英運動員都有或多或少的微骨折。

這些微骨折通常從由椎骨體表面和軟骨構成的分開椎骨和椎間盤的終板上開始的,終板有兩個功能。首先能承受施加在椎骨上的負荷,並且阻止椎間盤裡的髓核滲漏進上面的骨頭,第二,它又足夠的柔軟且疏鬆多孔能夠使營養物質和血液滲進出下方的椎間盤。

A椎體、終板、椎間盤、纖維環、髓核(從上至下)

當椎體上有壓力時,終板會伸展到他所覆蓋的骨頭上(就像用塑料袋包裹著碗一樣),當壓力過大最終會導致終板破裂。

如果在過度負重之後給予時間適應這個過程,那麼身體會適應並用更結實的骨頭代替微骨折。這就像你手上的老繭使手保持更結實,更能適應握緊杠鈴一樣。但是如果恢復的時間不夠(例如在沒有進行低強度的訓練周,就進行更高強度的背部練習)持續施加在脊柱上的壓力會不斷累積導致越過極限點,導致微骨折變成更嚴重的問題。

小關節損傷

另一個會導致腰痛的問題是脊柱兩側叫做關節突關節的小關節受損,已經有研究表明15%-40%的長期腰痛是由小關節受損導致的。

上關節突,下關節突,關節突關節

那麼這裡是怎麼受傷的呢?

這更像是一個套在手上非常緊的手套,每一個關節突關節都被結實的關節囊所包繞,關節囊被高度神經支配,也就是說關節囊周圍有很多的神經穿過,幫助感受脊柱的位置、活動和疼痛。和椎間盤膨出相比,關節突關節損傷並不是由一次特殊的損傷那個引起的,而是由長期重複的壓力和微小的損傷引起。

關節突關節囊

有趣的是,在脊柱的不同水平位置,關節突關節的形狀是不一樣的,有一些可以限制過度的旋轉幅度,而有一些卻是用來限制屈曲和伸展的。

脊柱的屈伸和旋轉

這樣的話,關節突關節就可能會在不同的運動中受到損傷。比如,在脊柱過度伸展的時候大量的壓力會施加在下腰部的小關節突上關節上,這樣就會牽拉到周圍的關節囊,如果身體長期處於這個這種姿勢,就會導致小關節受刺激,以及周圍的關節囊出現疼痛,最終導致關節炎。

研究表明,小關節突關節炎既可以由屈曲,也可以由伸展引起。比如一個舉重運動員的臀部靈活性不均衡,當他準備舉起較大重量,並且在大重量負荷下身體呈現屈曲時,臀部不均衡的靈活性會導致骨盆輕微的旋轉,使下腰部關節突關節受到過度的牽拉,如果這種問題不解決,長時間之後技術上的問題就會引起關節突關節囊的刺激,並有可能導致疼痛。

不對稱的臀部靈活性

References

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原文鏈接:What Causes Low Back Pain?


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