二戰歐陸雄心系列之三十三—1943.8.23

The heaviest air raid in history, up to that time, began as the Royal Air Force dropped 2,000 tons of bombs on Dortmund, topping the record of 1,500 tons dropped on Duisburg on May 12.

英國皇家空軍又進行了至彼時為止最大規模的空襲，對多特蒙德投下了2000噸炸彈，超過了5月12日對杜伊斯堡投下的1500噸炸彈。

The German submarine U-414 was depth charged and sunk northwest of Ténès, Algeria by corvette HMS Vetch.

德軍潛艇414在阿爾及利亞Tenes西北被盟軍護衛艦Vetch用深水炸彈炸沉。

RAF Bomber Command sent 719 aircraft to bomb Wuppertal overnight. The raid created a firestorm that killed over 3,500 people.

皇家空軍轟炸機指揮部派遣719架飛機，連夜轟炸Wuppertal。此次空襲引起了火焰風暴，造成3500多人喪生。

The German submarine U-440 was sunk west of Cape Ortegal by a Short Sunderland aircraft of No. 201 Squadron RAF, and the U-563 was depth charged and sunk in the Bay of Biscay by British and Australian aircraft.

德軍潛艇U440在Ortegal角以西被皇家空軍201中隊的Short Sunderland飛機炸沉，U563則在比斯凱灣被英澳飛機炸沉。

In a German air raid on the British coastal town of Torquay, a church was bombed, killing 35 children and four Sunday school teachers

德軍對英國海濱小鎮Torquay進行了空襲，轟炸了一處教堂，造成35名兒童和4名主日學校教師喪生。

The German submarine U-308 was torpedoed and sunk in the Norwegian Sea by the British submarine Truculent, while U-594 was sunk west of Gibraltar by a rocket attack from a Lockheed Hudson of No. 48 Squadron RAF.

德國潛艇U308在挪威海被英軍潛艇Truculent用魚雷擊沉，而U594則在直布羅陀以西被皇家空軍48中隊的Lockheed Hudson用火箭炸沉。

The new French Committee of National Liberation made a radio broadcast from Algiers pledging to abolish the "arbitrary powers" imposed by the Vichy government and to restore "all French liberties, the laws of the Republic and the Republican regime."

新成立的法國民族解放委員會從阿爾及爾發出廣播，宣布廢除維希政府的「獨斷權力」，恢復「法國各方面的自由，共和國的法律以及共和國政權」。

The Italian island of Pantelleria was surrendered to the Allies unconditionally at 11:40 am local time, after 19 days of aerial bombardment, providing a base from which the invasion of Sicily could be staged.

在19天的空中轟炸之後，義大利潘泰萊利亞島在當地時間上午11:40向盟軍無條件投降，自此盟軍取得了進攻西西里的跳板。

Britains Royal Air Force bombed Düsseldorf and Münster in its heaviest attack up to that time, while the U.S. Air Force made a daylight raid on Wilhelmshaven and Cuxhaven.

英國皇家空軍對杜塞爾多夫和明斯特進行了截至當日最大規模的轟炸，而美國空軍對Wilhelmshaven和Cuxhaven進行了日間空襲。

Düsseldorf suffered its heaviest air raid of the war when 693 bombers dropped 2,000 tons of bombs in the space of 45 minutes.

杜塞爾多夫遭受了開戰以來規模最大的一次空襲，693架轟炸機在45分鐘內對該地投下了2000噸炸彈。

The German submarine U-97 was sunk west of Haifa by a Lockheed Hudson aircraft of No. 459 Squadron RAAF.

德軍潛艇U97在海法以西被澳大利亞皇家空軍459中隊的一架Lockheed Hudson炸沉。

The British troopship SS Yoma was torpedoed and sunk northwest of Derna, Libya by German submarine U-81. 484 of the 1,961 aboard were killed.

英國運兵船SS Yoma在利比亞德爾納以西被德軍潛艇U81擊沉。船上1961人中有484人喪生。

The Italian cruiser Bari was bombed and sunk at Livorno by aircraft of the U.S. Eighth Air Force.

義大利巡洋艦巴里號在里窩那被美國第八航空隊炸沉。

The German submarines U-126 and U-628 were both depth charged and sunk northwest of Cape Ortegal, Spain by British aircraft.

德軍潛艇U126和U628在西班牙Ortegal角西北被英軍飛機炸沉。

The British troopship City of Venice was torpedoed and sunk north of Ténès, Algeria by German submarine U-375.

英軍運兵船威尼斯城在阿爾及利亞Tenes以北被德軍潛艇U375用魚雷擊沉。

The Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in history, began when Germany launched an attack on the Soviet city of Kursk with 20 infantry divisions and 3,000 tanks. Two days later, the Soviet Union launched a counteroffensive against the Germans. By the time the battle ended on August 5, the Germans had lost 70,000 men and 2,900 of the 3,000 tanks.

庫爾斯克是歷史上最大的坦克會戰。德軍派出20個步兵師和3000輛坦克向蘇聯城市庫爾斯克發起進攻，庫爾斯克會戰爆發。2天之後，蘇軍轉入反攻。8月5日會戰結束時，德軍損失了7萬人，3000輛坦克中損失了2900輛坦克。

Throughout 10 and 11 July, the II-SS Panzer Corps continued its attack toward Prokhorovka, reaching within 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) of the settlement by the night of 11 July.

7月10日、11日間，德黨坦2軍繼續向普羅霍夫卡進攻，至11日夜距離該地不到3公里（1.9英里）。

The Allied invasion of Sicily began as U.S., British and Canadian forces landed on the large Italian island.

美軍、英軍、加拿大軍登陸西西里大島，展開盟軍對西西里的進攻。

The British Army captured the ancient port of Syracuse (Siracusa) in the invasion of Sicily, while nine other major ports were captured by the Allies on the second day of the invasion.

英軍奪取了古老的敘拉古港口，盟軍在進攻西西里的第二天奪取了其它9個重要港口。

In the main engagement of the Battle of Prokhorovka, the German SS Panzer-Regiment 1 and the Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army fought a prolonged tank battle that saw the loss of hundreds of tanks in a single day.

在普羅霍夫卡大戰中，德軍黨坦1團與蘇近5坦進行了長時間的坦克大戰，一日之內雙方共損失了數百輛坦克。

General Harold Alexander of the British Army became the first Allied Military Governor of Sicily, as conquest of the Italian island was nearly completed.

隨著義大利西西里島基本被盟軍佔領，英軍亞歷山大將軍成為西西里首位盟軍軍事總督。

Operation Kutuzov was the first of the two counteroffensives launched by the Red Army as part of the Kursk Strategic Offensive Operation. It commenced on 12 July 1943, in the Central Russian Upland, against Army Group Center of the German Wehrmacht.

紅軍在庫爾斯克戰略攻勢中組織了兩場反攻，其中一場就是庫圖佐夫行動。該行動始於1943年7月12日的俄羅斯中央高地，紅軍中央方面軍對陣德國國防軍。

Allied airplanes dropped bombs on the ancient city of Rome, three days after the ultimatum had been made to Italy.

向義大利發出最後通牒後三天，盟軍飛機轟炸羅馬古城（7.19）。

George S. Pattons Seventh United States Army entered Palermo.

巴頓的美7集進入巴勒莫。

The Battle of Belgorod began on the Eastern Front.

東線爆發別爾哥羅德之戰。

Operation Gomorrah, the destruction of the German port of Hamburg began. British and Canadian airplanes bombed the city by night, and American planes followed during the day.

Gomorrah作戰，即毀滅德國漢堡港作戰開始。夜間，英軍和加拿大軍飛機轟炸漢堡，接著白天美國飛機再轟炸漢堡。

Benito Mussolini resigned as Prime Minister of Italy and got arrested.

墨索里尼從義大利首相職位上辭職，本人被捕。

The Greek towns of Karditsa, Grevena, Trikkala, Metsovon and others were liberated by July. The Axis forces and their collaborators remained in control only of the main towns and the connecting roads

至七月，希臘Karditsa、Grevena、Trikkala、Metsovon和其它城鎮宣告解放。軸心國及其走狗只能控制主要城鎮和交通線。

More than 30,000 residents of the German port city of Hamburg were killed when British bombers carried out Operation Gomorrha during the night of July 27 and 28th.

27、28日夜間，英軍轟炸機執行了Gomorrha作戰，造成漢堡30000多名居民喪生。

Soviet red army launched several other offensives in the south front but only with limited gains.

蘇聯紅軍在南部戰線進行了其它數次攻勢，但成果有限。

The Battle of Troina began on Sicily.

西西里爆發Troina戰役。

Operation Tidal Wave began as a group of 177 American B-24 Liberator bombers, with 1,726 total crew, departed from Libya to make the first bombing of the oil refineries at Ploie?ti, Romania, the major supplier of fuel to Germany.

Tidal Wave行動開始，177架美國B24解放者轟炸機（及機上全部人員1726人）從利比亞起飛，首次轟炸德國燃料的主要供應方羅馬尼亞普羅耶什蒂煉油廠。

Soviet partisan fighters began using a new weapon, land mines made of plastic, to fight the German occupiers. Reportedly, the partisans placed 8,422 of the mines along railway tracks in the Belarusian SSR.

蘇聯游擊隊員開始使用新式武器，即塑料作成的地雷，來抵抗德國佔領者。據說游擊隊員沿著白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國的鐵路埋放了8442顆此類地雷。

The German submarine U-106 was depth charged and sunk northwest of Cape Ortegal, Spain by Short Sunderland aircraft of No. 228 Squadron RAF.

德軍潛艇U106在西班牙Ortegal角西北被皇家空軍228中隊的Short Sunderland飛機用深水炸彈炸沉。

Soviet troops recaptured the city of Orel and Belgorod from German forces after a 23-day battle.

蘇軍在激戰23日之後，從德軍手中解放了奧廖爾和別爾哥羅德。

The Second Battle of Smolensk began on the Eastern Front.

東線爆發第二次斯摩棱斯克戰役。

U.S. troops landed at St. Agata, Sicily.

美軍又在西西里聖Agata登陸。

The US 7th Army, commanded by General George S. Patton, met the British 8th Army led by General Bernard Montgomery in Messina, completing the Allied invasion of Sicily.

巴頓指揮的美7集和蒙哥馬利指揮的英8集在墨西拿會師，完成盟軍對西西里的攻打行動。

Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union announced that the recapture of Kharkov from German occupiers ended the Battle of Kursk with a serious strategic defeat for the German forces.

斯大林宣布，蘇聯從德國佔領者手中收復哈爾科夫，庫爾斯克戰役以德軍戰略嚴重失敗告終。