OSU建築史（3）：古希臘建築

題圖 衛城 柯布西耶《走向新建築》

愛琴海早期文明

米諾斯文明（Minoan civilization） 島嶼 青銅時代（始自前3000年）

以希臘神話中的克里特島國王米諾斯而得名（Arthur Evans）

克諾索斯宮（Knossos, Palace of Minos）> 據說是神話中的建築師、工匠、設計師 代達羅斯（Daedalus）所建

no sighs of fortification, defensive strategy, an agrarian kingdom

一個農業、商業文明

fried egg scheme: a clearly defined center and a kind of hodgepodge of elements that accrete at the perimeter, kind of like a fried egg.

Like a labyrinth

工藝美術、室內裝飾方面， a predilection for formal organizations, favoring the curvilinear, favoring the organic

邁錫尼文明（Mycenaean Greece） 半島/本土

在米諾斯文明末期（前1600年）興起 古希臘青銅時代最後階段

軍事文明 > City of Mycenae(cyclopean masonry 磚石建築) > Lions Gate (figural arhitectural element) > lintel/post&beam + corbelling

Treasury of Atreus(tomb) > corbelled dome

Lions Gate > Treasury of Atreus

plane cobelled archway > 3-dimensional cobelled dome

basic dwelling type of Mycenae: Megaron 中央大廳

古希臘文明（Hellenic Greece）

ancient Greece artifact

1.Pottery

Archaic: geometric style (amphora, 800-750 BC)

Later: figral void (red figure pottery, 500 BC-) VS figural solid (black figure pottery, 500 BC-)

Figure/Ground > M.C.Eschers monochrome

much more attetive to the specificity of the human figure than what we saw in ancient Egypt

人物的刻畫比古埃及風格更細膩

2.Sculpture

Kouros = archaic statue of young man, 615-590 BC

witnessing a clear cultural connection between the Egyptians and the Greeks 海上民族的入侵

Kritios Boy = paradigm of classical Hellenic Statue, 480 BC

contraposto (contrary posture) emerged

the contraposto begins to enforce a sort of turning in space, to spatialize the field around the figure, render the figure fully plastic

term "plastic" = 3-dimensional, can be viewed obliquely <-> frontal

a plastic entity: something that you can experience as an object in space in a complex way

a study of geometry distinguished from Egyptian canon

Egyptian canon: modular, a series of repeated units,

Greek proportional system: geometric progressions unfold over/organize space, hierachical range of difference

希臘的幾何美學：幾何級數、分層、遞歸結構、黃金分割

"Man is the measure of all things" by Protagoras 普羅泰戈拉

"Beauty consists of many numbers" by Polycleitus 波利克里托斯> ratios, geometric progression, the Polycleitus canon

golden rectangle: an objective truth thats noble and verifiable to all people

數學是古希臘人的認知/審美工具

認識論: information apprehended through the senses VS information apprehended through reason

Doryphous (450 BC): fully liberated contraposto, the period of Pericles/the high Hellenic period, repose, ideality, timeless and eternal mask that disguises the psuchological difficulties of the individual and universalize the condition

Kouros ( 615-590 BC) > Doryphous (450 BC)

Kore ( 675-530 BC) > Knidian Venu (300 BC)

3.architecture

希臘人留下的建築理論很少，最多不過是 Polycleitus canon

但羅馬建築師 維特魯威（Vitruvius）進行了部分總結

myth about the origin of architecture: Primitive Hut

The Orders/the fomalization of The Orders:

describing the system of columns and horizontal spanning elements called entablatures or architraves

e.g. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

多立克、愛奧尼克等希臘柱式不單純是一種裝飾樣式，還是一種建築規範（The Orders）

the origin of Doric friez with triglyphs :petrified carpentry of the Primitive Hut

擬人的柱式 擬人（anthropomorphize） 人類學（anthropology）

capital/caput(Latin) > head

shaft > body

base > foot

Doric > masculine 男性化的 Zeus

Ionic > matronly 女性化的 Hera

Corinthian > maidenly 少女化的 Artemis

by Vitruvius

柱式風格存在地區差異（regional preference）

colum with entasis > optical correction of Greek architecture

希臘柱身的微妙母線，給人一種肌肉承載隆起的感覺（bulging），屬於一種視覺矯正手法（optical correction）

Temple type

Greece temple is the type that has endured, and its form begins to symbolize things that we associate with the grandeur of Greece :

the birth place of the democracy, the birth place of the high cultural institutions, a place for art, architecture and theater came into their own, a place where philosophy flourished

希臘建築形式成為一種高雅文化的象徵活躍在現代社會之中

Samos Temple: the germ of idea the has been identified, but the design has not yet taken form

Parthenon: the refinement—the proportion, the detailing, the systemization of all these ideas to a lagre over-arching idea—take place,

optical corrections in Greek temples:

1.entasis

2.bowing of the stylobate (platform)

3.irregular intercolumniation

Genius loci/Genius locus = the protective spirit of a place

a guiding principle in organizing sites: to make visible and to house the sacrality (genius loci), already there within the site

Greek space/site planning in Delphi: all the buildings arrange themselves in such a way as to be viewed obliquely, as fully plastic objects, and also to help us see and understand the landscape beyond

Theater type

theater in Epidaurus, Delphi

Like the temples, they find a place in the landscape that needs to be clarified in its power and made visible in its power and in its geometry

古希臘劇院建築善用低洼的地形(locks into the natural geometry of the site)

the origin of theater ("The Birth of Tragedy", Nietzsche) :the battle between rival cults

chthonic deities VS Olympian gods

Dionysius VS Apollo

給我一根柱子，我可以還原整個（希臘）廟宇 by 18世紀的考古學家

雖然這樣的說法比較誇張，但說明希臘建築非常具有章法邏輯

暗合了18世紀歐洲人對啟蒙、理性的追求

genius low site: every site is already loaded with spiritual meanings and architecture simply makes them visible

Acropolis 衛城 ：Temples = Figural Object

Pompell 龐貝： Forum = Figural Void

Acropolis 衛城 前5世紀 the alike scared site planning as Delphi

Acropolis Erechtheon, Mnesikles, 421-05 BC, a hybrid temple

Caryatid Porch 女神像柱門廊

Early Modernist & Ancient Greece

柯布西耶《東方遊記》 （Voyage dOrient Carnet）:

Principles of proportion

Principles of simple volumes bathed in light

Principles of clear geometry

Principles of locking into a landscape and making the architcture cause the lanscape to spring to life

米斯 Crown Hall, Barcelona Pavilion

Pavilions cella become open to the world > democratization

巴塞隆納展館對希臘神廟的效仿，並加入了新的時代精神： read it really critically and transform it into something different

Urban site planning/organization: Figural Obeject (sacral) > Figural Obeject (urban)

世俗建築

stoa (as a type)柱廊 倉庫+社交

古希臘第一位城市規劃師：Hippodamos 希波達摩斯 亞歷山大大帝時代（前4世紀） 使用柵格（grid）對希臘殖民地進行規劃

代表作 Miletus