Northern Fights 北極戰事 | Earthjustice

By land and by sea, America』s Arctic is under attack. Earthjustice is fighting on multiple fronts to protect this irreplaceable region and keep the Arctic』s fossil fuels in the ground.

經由陸地和海洋，美國的北極領土正在遭受著攻擊。Earthjustice正在多條戰線上據理力爭，保護這個無可替代的地區並使其免受化石燃料開採帶來的破壞。

BY REBECCA COHEN

Source: Northern Fights | Earthjustice

MAR. 18, 2018 | UPDATED MAR. 19

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When the Trump administration came into office, substantial protections, gained through decades of work by Earthjustice and our allies, guarded many of the most sensitive Arctic lands and waters from industrial exploitation.

在特朗普政權上任之際，經過Earthjustice和我們的盟友經過數十年的工作，確立了大量的保護措施來保衛易受傷害的北極陸地和海洋免收工業開採的污染。

In the Western Arctic, key areas had been protected by the Obama administration.

• 在西北極地區，關鍵地區已經被奧巴馬政權保護了起來。

↑Caribou in the Western Arctic near Teshekpuk Lake.

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge was proposed to be closed to drilling for good.

• 北極國家野生動物保護區的大門將對鑽探活動永久關閉。

↑Each summer, the Arctic Refuge shelters migratory birds from all 50 states and six continents.

And at the end of 2016, we won a huge victory: the vast majority of the Arctic Ocean was permanently withdrawn from future oil and gas leasing.

• 在2016年末，我們打贏了一場打勝仗：北冰洋的絕大部分海域將永遠不再出租石油和天然氣的開採權。

↑A bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) and calf surface in the Arctic Ocean.

But since then, the Trump administration has steadily sought to unravel those safeguards:

但是自上任以來，特朗普政權就開始按部就班地力圖把這些保護措施改回去：

A record amount of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska in the Western Arctic has been offered up for leasing in 2017 by the Bureau of Land Management.

• 在2017年，土地管理局已經呈遞了一份記錄著西北極地區阿拉斯加國家石油儲備區數目的報告用以出租開採權。

For the first time ever, Congress voted in Dec. 2017 to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for oil leasing.

• 有史以來的第一次，在2017年十二月，國會通過投票放開了出租北極國家野生動物保護區的石油開採權。

And, President Trump has purported to undo the permanent Arctic Ocean drilling ban. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke has proposed a five-year plan1 for offshore drilling that would irreversibly harm coastal communities and wildlife.

• 此外，特朗普總統聲稱要撤銷北冰洋鑽探開採的永久禁令。內政部長Ryan Zinke提議了一項用于海底鑽探的五年計劃，這項計劃將會對沿海種群和野生動植物造成不可逆轉的傷害。

The stakes in our battle to preserve these wild places couldn』t be higher. Climate scientists[2] have found that drilling the Arctic is 「incommensurate with efforts to limit average global warming to 2°C.」

我們這場保護這些野地生境的戰鬥中的賭注實在是太高了。環境學家已經發現，在北極鑽井「會讓在限制平均全球變暖到2℃以內的努力付諸東流」。

And by the U.S. governments own telling, the chances of a major oil spill are dangerously high[3] and the ability to clean it up extremely low[4] if offshore development goes ahead.

根據美國政府自己的說法，發生大規模漏油事故的可能性將會陡然增加，而如果離岸的開發太過超前，我們對這種事故將無力回天。

Theres no place on Earth like the Arctic, with its tundra, icy seas and craggy mountains. Iconic species like polar bears and walruses cant find another home farther south—and theres no farther north to go.

地球上沒有其它地方像北極一樣擁有莽蒼的苔原、冰封的海洋和崎嶇的山巒。諸如北極熊和海象的標誌性物種並不能在更遠的南方找到他們的棲息地，而北極業已是北方的盡頭。

The Gwichin people call the coastal plain of the Arctic Refuge, where caribou migrate hundreds of miles to bear their young Izhik gwatsan gwandaii goodlit—「The sacred place where life begins.」[5]

在北極保護區里，這片北美馴鹿每年遷徙數百英里來此養育他們的後代的沿海平原被哥威迅原住民稱為「Izhik gwatsan gwandaii goodlit」——「生命起源的聖地」。

Far more than full-time northern residents rely on the Arctic for survival. Migratory birds from all 50 states and six continents nest in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and parts of the Western Arctic.

年復一年，在比全日制工作還要長的時間裡，北方原住民依賴北極而活。候鳥從全國五十個州和全球六個大陸遷徙到北極國家野生動物保護區和西北極地區的其它地方。

If we destroy the lands where they raise their young, the whole world will feel the loss. Learn why these regions under threat are so precious and what tools we have to fight back.

如果我們摧毀了這片他們繁衍生息的土地，整個世界都將因此蒙受損失。接下來，你將了解為什麼這些遭到威脅的地區是如此的寶貴，以及我們有哪些能用以反擊的工具。

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The Western Arctic 西北極地區

THE LATEST: Earthjustice files a lawsuit on Feb. 2 in the U.S. District Court in Anchorage challenging the illegal lease sales, on behalf of conservation groups.

For about six weeks each year, snow geese can』t fly. During this critical process of shedding and renewing feathers before their transcontinental migration begins, Teshekpuk Lake in the Western Arctic offers thousands of the birds a safe place to shelter. But if the Trump administration gets its way, oil operators will join the geese at their lakeside retreat.

雪雁每年有大概六個星期左右無法飛翔。在這項關鍵準備步驟中，它們的舊羽毛將會脫落，並被新羽毛取代。在踏上橫跨大陸的漫漫遷徙路前，西北極地區的特雪布克湖將為數千隻鳥提供安全的庇護所。但是如果特朗普政權繼續一意孤行，石油經營商將會闖入這些鵝的休憩之所。

↑Top left: Snow goose (Chen caerulescens). Clockwise from top right: In the Western Arctic, eastern yellow wagtail (Motacilla tschutschensis), Arctic loon (Gavia arctica), Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea).

EARTHJUSTICE HAS GONE TO COURT three times since 1998[6] to defend the Western Arctic, an Indiana-size tract of federally owned land.

自從1998年以來，Earthjustice已經發起了三次上朝覲見（劃掉）起訴來保衛西北極地區——一片聯邦所有的相當於印第安納州大小的遼闊地域。

Administratively known as the 「National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska,」 much of the Western Arctic is wild and undisturbed, in contrast with the industrialized oil fields of Prudhoe Bay to the east.

與東部的普拉德霍灣的工業化油田形成了鮮明的對比的是，儘管擁有「阿拉斯加國家石油儲備區」這一行政名稱，西北極地區的大部分荒野都未經開發，保留著最原始的樣貌。

Our litigation has helped win protections for Teshekpuk Lake,[7] one of the most ecologically important wetlands in the Arctic. And in 2013, the Obama administration put the Teshekpuk Lake lands and many other sensitive areas in the Western Arctic off limits to drilling.[8]

我們的訴狀數次幫我們保住了特雪布克湖——北極生態學上最重要的濕地之一。在2013年，奧巴馬政權將特雪布克湖和西北極地區的其它易受傷害的地區一起列入了鑽探禁區。

But at an oil industry conference in spring 2017, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke said that public lands in Alaska like the Western Arctic would soon be 「open for business.」[9] At the conference, Zinke ordered a rewrite[10] of the Obama-era management plan.

但是在2017年春季的一場石油工業大會中，內政部長Ryan Zinke發言說阿拉斯加的公共用地——諸如西北極地區——很快「將被開放以進行商業用途」。在大會上，Zinke的命令改寫了奧巴馬時代的管理計劃。

↑More than 10 million acres of the Western Arctic have been offered for oil and gas leasing in December 2017, an area nearly equivalent to the size of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, combined.

The Bureau of Land Management solicited comments to gauge industry interest in drilling in all of the Western Arctic』s 23 million acres and offered a record 10.3 million acres—every single acre currently open to leasing in the Reserve—to oil companies for leasing in December 2017.[11]

在2017年十二月，土地管理局徵求意見以評估業界對西北極地區全部2300萬英畝土地進行鑽探的興趣，並且為石油公司提供了其中1030萬英畝——每英畝儲備都對租賃開放——的記錄用以出租。

One oil company, ConocoPhillips, holds most of the leases in the Western Arctic, and it has plans to explore and develop ever further westward and closer to the irreplaceable Teshekpuk Lake area.

一家名為ConocoPhillips的石油公司掌握了西北極地區的絕大多數租約，並且它計劃向更西側靠近不可替代的特雪布克湖的地方進行勘探和開發。

With the many looming threats to the Arctic, it』s here in the Western Arctic that the oil industry is already making investments and proposing to drill in sensitive areas now.

在北極已經籠罩著如此之多的威脅時，石油工業業已對西北極地區進行了投資，並正打算著在這些易受傷害的地區進行鑽探。

BUT THERE』S REASON FOR HOPE: We』ve persuaded courts to keep this land wild before, and now we are back in court fighting to preserve the Western Arctic.

但是我們還有保持希望的理由：我們之前不止一次說服過法庭讓這塊土地保持原貌，現在我們再次回到法庭來保衛西北極地區。

↑Black Brant geese (Branta bernicla nigricans) congregate to molt their flight feathers in the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area.

ON BEHALF OF Natural Resources Defense Council, Greenpeace, Center for Biological Diversity and Friends of the Earth, Earthjustice filed suit on Feb. 2, 2018,[12] in the U.S. District Court in Anchorage challenging federal lease sales[13] that pave the way for expanded oil and gas drilling in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska.

2018年二月，Earthjustice代表自然資源保護協會、綠色和平組織、生物多樣性中心和地球之友組織在美國安克拉奇州地方法院發起訴訟，質疑聯邦政府銷售行為是在為以後擴大阿拉斯加國家石油儲備區的石油及天然氣採掘規模鋪平道路。

Among other flaws, the Bureau of Land Management completely ignored the effects of greenhouse gas emissions that will accumulate if Reserve fossil fuels are extracted and burned, even though the National Environmental Policy Act[14] requires the agency to analyze these foreseeable climate impacts and their serious implications for future generations.

儘管還有其它缺陷，土地管理局完全無視了提取並燃燒儲備區的化石燃料時累積的溫室氣體排放量所帶來的後果——即使國家環境政策法案要求該部門分析這些開採行為會對氣候造成哪些可預知的影響，並預測它們是否會連累我們的後代。

YOU CAN HELP DEFEND THE WESTERN ARCTIC. Tell Sec. Zinke not to sacrifice our public lands to the fossil fuel industry

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The Arctic Refuge 北極國家野生動物保護區

THE LATEST: On Mar. 8, the Interior Dept. announces their intent to begin the regulatory process of offering oil leases in the coastal plain of the Arctic Refuge.

Generations of American leaders have protected the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from development. The unspoiled 19 million acres of tundra, rivers and mountains shelter migratory birds from all 50 states and six continents each summer. Grizzlies, wolverines, musk ox, and tens of thousands of caribou also call the Refuge home. To the Gwich』in people of northeast Alaska, this is sacred ground.

幾代美國領導核心都保護著北極國家野生動物保護區買免受開發。每個夏天裡，1900萬英畝的苔原、河流和山巒庇護著從全國五十個州和全球留個大陸飛來的候鳥。灰熊、狼獾、麝牛和數以萬計的馴鹿同樣以保護區為家。對於居住在阿拉斯加州東北部哥威迅原住民來說，這裡是他們的聖地。

IN DECEMBER 2017, Trump signed a tax bill that used backdoor budgetary tactics to open the Refuge』s coastal plain to oil and gas drilling.[15] The measure requires the Interior Department to hold an oil and gas lease sale in the coastal plain within four years, and the administration is already moving forward.

在2017年十二月，特朗普簽署了一項稅收法案，利用後門預算策略來開放保護區的沿海平原給石油和天然氣鑽探領域。這項措施要求內政部在四年內對沿海平原的石油和天然氣進行招租，並且特朗普政權已經準備好向前更進一步了。

At a Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing on Nov. 2, Gwich』in tribal member Sam Alexander described[16] how drilling in the Refuge would destroy his people』s way of life.

十一月2日，在美國參議院能源與自然資源委員會舉行的一場聽證會中，哥威迅原住民部落的成員Sam Alexander向人們描述了在保護區鑽探將會如何毀掉他的族人世世代代的生活方式。

「Money can』t buy our wealth. But the reckless pursuit of money can take it away. And for that we will never stop fighting to protect the Porcupine caribou herd and our way of life.」[17]

「金錢不能買來我們的健康，但是魯莽追求經濟發展卻能輕易地將它從我們身邊奪走。正因如此，我們將永遠為保護當地的野生馴鹿群落和我們的生活方式而戰鬥。」

「The Gwich』in are the caribou people,」 Alexander continued. 「The Gwich』in have lived in this area and relied on the Porcupine Caribou Herd since time immemorial. Caribou are how we survive and are integral to who we are and how we define ourselves.」

「馴鹿逐水草而居，」Alexander補充說，「一如哥威迅人，自太古以來就以狩獵馴鹿群落為生。馴鹿幫助我們在惡劣的自然條件中生存下去，是我們民族傳統中不可分割的一部分。它們定義了我們的生活方式。」

「Caribou are our stories, our soul, the food on our table, our clothes, and our tools.」[18]

「馴鹿既是我們的故事、我們的靈魂，也是我們餐桌上的食物、我們的衣服和工具。」

https://www.zhihu.com/video/961031889776214016

↑An AJ+ short film on Alaska Natives from the Gwichin Nation, who have been fighting oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for decades.

AND IT WON』T just be the wilderness and wildlife of the Refuge that will suffer if drilling proceeds there.

如果鑽井真的開始隆隆作響，並不只有保護區的荒原景觀和野生動植物會遭受損害。

The emissions from oil and gas development would exacerbate global warming and raise global sea levels, increasing the climate threat to low-lying coastal cities around the world.

石油和天然氣排放的溫室氣體將會加劇全球變暖，最終導致海平面升高，對全世界的沿海城市造成氣候威脅。

In addition, melting permafrost could release large amounts of methane, which is roughly 30 times more potent at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide.19 Toxic pollutants emitted from oil and gas development are already having an adverse health impact on frontline communities.[20]

此外，融化的凍土將會釋放大量的甲烷。比起二氧化碳，這些甲烷中儲存的熱量幾乎是二氧化碳的三十倍。發展石油和天然氣工業產生的有毒的污染物也將會對當地社區造成健康影響。

Political leaders have repeatedly determined that drilling in the Refuge is a terrible idea.

另一方面，政治領袖們也再三強調，在保護區鑽探不是個好主意。

President Dwight Eisenhower set aside the territory as a federally protected area in 1960, for the purpose of preserving unique wildlife, wilderness and recreational values.[21] President Bill Clinton vetoed a 1995 budget bill[22] that would have opened the Arctic Refuge for oil and gas leasing.

早在1960年，德懷特·艾森豪威爾總統為了保護當地獨特的野生動植物、荒原景觀和娛樂價值，在這片領土上設立了聯邦保護區。1995年，比爾·柯林頓總統否決了一項開放北極保護區以出租石油及天然氣開採權的預算提案。

And in 2005, about two dozen House Republicans convinced their leadership to strip a similar provision from a budget bill by threatening to vote 『no』 if the budget included refuge drilling.[23]

到了2005年，二十多位共和黨黨員以否決預算案為威脅，說服了他們的領導從預算案中剔除了類似的出租開採權的條款。

↑American tree sparrows (Spizelloides arborea) in the Arctic Refuge.

EARTHJUSTICE IS WORKING with a broad coalition of partners to oppose this latest reckless attempt to hand over the publicly owned wilderness of the Arctic Refuge to the oil and gas industry.

Earthjustice正和我們廣泛的合作夥伴們合作，致力於反對這項最新的魯莽企圖——將人們共有的北極保護區的荒原景觀移交給石油和天然氣工業。

Trump has signed a law opening the Refuge to oil leasing, but before anything can happen on the ground, the Trump administration will have to comply with many federal laws designed to protect the values of the Refuge. We will take action to enforce those laws.

特朗普已經簽署了開放保護區石油開採權租賃的法案，但是在它落到實處之前，特朗普政權需要依從許多保護著保護區的聯邦發法案。我們將提起訴訟來使這些保護法案得到實施。

The fight to keep oil drilling out of the Refuge is just beginning, and we will be there every step of the way.

將石油鑽探拒之於保護區門外的戰鬥才剛剛打響，戰場的每一個角落都將出現我們的身影。

YOU CAN HELP DEFEND THE ARCTIC REFUGE.

Join us in pledging to defend the Refuge

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BEAUFORT & CHUKCHI SEAS 波弗特海&楚科奇海

The Arctic Ocean 北冰洋

THE LATEST: On Mar. 19, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska issued a ruling allowing conservation and Alaska Native groups to challenge Trump』s reversal of Arctic and Atlantic drilling ban. The court is now set to determine whether the administration broke the law in trying to undo permanent safeguards.

There is currently no offshore oil and gas development in the American Arctic Ocean, thanks in part to vigilant advocacy. The region』s two seas, the Beaufort and the Chukchi, are home to seals, walruses and bowhead whales. Polar bears live on the seas』 drifting ice. Trump wants to erase the protections already in place for these vibrant but sensitive waters.

截至目前，北冰洋的美國領海中並沒有石油和天然氣鑽井——這要部分歸功於警惕性的宣傳。這一地區有兩片海域，波弗特海和楚科奇海，它們是海豹、海象和弓頭鯨的家園，北極熊也在這片海域的浮冰上生活。而現在，特朗普想要刪除的，正是那些守護著這些充滿活力卻易受傷害的海域的保護措施。

↑A pod of Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean.

BEGINNING IN THE George W. Bush administration, Earthjustice represented a coalition of Alaska Native and conservation groups in legal action to oppose new leasing and then exploration drilling.[24]

自喬治·W·布希政權開始，Earthjustice就在法律訴訟中代表阿拉斯加原住民和保護組織來反對新的租賃和鑽探計劃。

In several critical cases, we won injunctions that stopped drilling and forced reconsideration of the federal government』s plan to turn the Arctic Ocean into an oil field.

在幾個關鍵的時刻，當聯邦政府計劃將北冰洋變成油田的時候，我們都贏得了禁止鑽探與強制進入複議程序的禁令。

We』ve had a preview of how disastrous Arctic Ocean drilling could be.

我們能預見到在北冰洋鑽井會造成何種災難性的後果。

Though our work helped stop most of the industry』s efforts to drill, in 2012, oil giant Royal Dutch Shell did receive federal approval to do some limited exploratory drilling in the Arctic』s seas.[25] The company immediately ran into safety problems.[26]

儘管我們的工作阻止了絕大多數石油工業在北冰洋鑽井的嘗試，在2012年，石油巨頭荷蘭皇家殼牌得到了聯邦政府的批准在北冰洋海域進行一些有限的鑽探。這家公司立即遭遇了安全問題。

One of its oil rigs, the Kulluk, ran aground in southern Alaska during a storm, wrecking so badly it had to be scrapped.[27] Following this misadventure, and another failed attempt to drill in the Chukchi Sea in 2015,[28] Shell abandoned its Arctic Ocean exploration and, along with almost every other company, eventually relinquished its leases.[29]

它的一個石油鑽塔，Kulluk號，在一場暴風雨中擱淺在了南阿拉斯加。由於損壞過於嚴重，它不得不徹底報廢。災難接踵而至，在2015年的另一次對楚科奇海進行鑽探的失敗嘗試中，殼牌放棄了它的北冰洋勘探計劃，連同其他幾乎所有公司一起，最終放棄了它們的租約。

↑The drillship Kulluk is towed out of Alaska on March 26, 2013, after the towing line to the icebreaking anchor-handling tug Aiviq parted in heavy weather, and the unit ran aground on Sitkalidak Island.

BUILDING ON OUR successful legal efforts, we undertook a campaign with our partners at the close of the Obama administration to put in place permanent protections for the Arctic Ocean.

以我們對法律方面做出的成功努力為基礎，我們和我們的夥伴們在奧巴馬政權的任期末發起了一項運動來落實對北冰洋的永久保護措施。

The administration responded with two important steps to preserve the Arctic Ocean in 2016. Under a law called the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act,[30] Obama permanently withdrew almost 120 million acres in the Arctic Ocean from drilling, leaving just 2 percent of the region open for development.[31]

在2016年末，奧巴馬政權以採用兩項保護重要步驟保護北冰洋來作為回應。在一項名為外大陸架土地法案的新法律下，奧巴馬永久地撤銷了包括幾乎一億兩千萬英畝土地的開採權，僅僅留下了2%的開放地區用以開發。

In its five-year leasing plan, Obamas Department of the Interior also took that remaining 2 percent off the table for new leasing until at least 2022, citing, among other things, the severe difficulty of containing and cleaning up a large oil spill in the Arctic, which it acknowledged would be 「reasonably foreseeable and assumed」 if development were allowed.[32]

在這個為期五年的租賃期限中，奧巴馬政府內務部將其應拿的2%回扣也放下來為新租賃方案讓步，直到最早2022年。引用原文：同其他事情一道，「能夠客觀預測和假設的是」， 如果任憑其發展下去，隔離和清理北極地區的大型原油泄漏的難度將是相當巨大的。

According to the government』s analysis, there is a 75 percent chance of an oil spill if even one oil lease is fully developed.[33]

根據政府的分析，即使一座租賃開採的油井完全建成，也仍然有75%的幾率發生石油泄漏事故。

↑A seal and pup covered with oil, during the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in 1989.

THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION now wants to undo these protections. In April 2017, Trump issued an executive order purporting to undo Obama』s permanent protection of the Arctic and parts of the Atlantic Oceans from offshore drilling.[34]

特朗普政權現在想要逆行倒施。在2017年四月，特朗普發布了一項行政命令（總統令），撤銷了奧巴馬對北極和大西洋的一部分離岸鑽探的禁令。

We』re representing a coalition of conservation and Alaska Native groups in a legal challenge to Trump』s executive order, which exceeded his authority under the statute and Constitution. In the most recent development in the lawsuit, the U.S. District Court for the District Alaska on Mar. 19 rejected arguments by the Trump administration and the American Petroleum Institute to dismiss the lawsuit.[35]

我們代表著保護組織和阿拉斯加原住民的聯盟，利用法律武器向特朗普的總統令發起挑戰。這項行政命令越過了美國法規和憲F♂A賦予他的權利。3月19日，在最近的訴訟進展中，美國阿拉斯加行政區的地方州法院駁回了特朗普政權和美國石油組織的反駁論點。

「President Trump tried to shut the courthouse door,」 said Earthjustice Attorney Erik Grafe. 「But the court』s order keeps the door open and affirms that we are a country of laws; the President gets no exception. We now look forward to demonstrating to the court that President Trump violated the law and the constitution in attempting to undo the Arctic and Atlantic drilling ban.」

「特朗普總統試圖關上法院的門，」Earthjustice的律師Erik Grafe說，「但是法庭的命令讓這道門保持通暢，並且申明了我們是一個F♂A治國家；即使是總統也不例外。我們現在期望向法庭展示特朗普總統在撤銷北冰洋和大西洋的鑽探禁令時違反了法律和憲法。」

Trump also wants to rip up the five-year leasing plan enacted in 2016 and replace it with one that favors industry.

特朗普同時也想撕毀2016年制定的五年租賃計劃，並將其替換為一個令石油工業受益的新計劃。

On Jan. 4, 2018, Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke rolled out a proposal for a new plan that would revoke existing protections, opening the door to drilling in about 90 percent of federal waters, including the entire Arctic Ocean, and scheduling the largest number of leases ever.[36]

在2018年1月4日，內政部長Ryan Zinke鋪開了一項提議來制定新的計劃並撤銷現存的保護措施，藉此為石油公司打開通向90%的聯邦海域——包括北冰洋在內——的大門，同時將制定有史以來最大的開採權租賃計劃提上日程。

↑An in situ burn of oil from the Deepwater Horizon disaster sends towers of fire hundreds of feet into the air over the Gulf of Mexico on June 9, 2010.

MEANWHILE, THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION is also trying to weaken offshore drilling safety rules[37] enacted in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster.

與此同時，特朗普政權同樣在試圖削弱針對Deepwater Horizon號石油泄漏災難制定的一系列離岸鑽探安全規則。

Coast Guard Admiral Paul Zukunft, who led the federal response after the Deepwater Horizon spill, told a Washington symposium in July of 2017 that there is no hope of cleaning up a similar spill in the Arctic.

海岸警衛隊上將Paul Zukunft是聯邦在處理Deepwater Horizon號燃油泄漏事故的代表，他2017年七月的一次華盛頓州的討論會上表示，在北極清理乾淨一次相似的泄漏是毫無希望的。

「I can assure you that if there is an oil spill, we』re not going to recover all that oil,」 Zukunft said.[38]

「我能夠向你保證的是，如果一次石油泄漏發生，我們永遠無法完全回收泄漏的石油。」Zukunft說道。

「And in fact, in the best of days, during Deepwater Horizon, we maybe recovered 15 percent of that oil … We had a fleet of over 6,000 ships out there doing recovery operations—and we had the infrastructure to support all of that.

「並且事實上，在處理Deepwater Horizon號事故期間，即使是在效率最高的時期，我們最多也只能回收15%的漏油。這還是在我們有多達6000條船在執行回收作業——並且也有足夠的基礎設施來支持這些船的情況下。」

「Now, you put that many people up in Barrow, Alaska? They better be carrying polar bear spray, because they』re going to be camped out with the mosquitos—because we don』t have the infrastructure up there.」

「現在，你能把如此之多的人塞進阿拉斯加州的巴羅鎮嗎？他們需要帶著防北極熊噴霧劑，因為他們要在鳥不拉屎的地方紮營——那裡沒有任何基礎設施。」

↑A bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) surfaces in the Arctic Ocean.

THE PUBLIC HAS already spoken out against what the Trump administration is proposing, and opposition is steadily growing as the new offshore leasing proposal moves forward.[39] During the development of the Obama-era plan President Trump is now trying to replace, 1.4 million people submitted comments that called for no new offshore drilling.

對於特朗普政權的所作所為，公眾已經開始大聲說「不」了。在特朗普政權的離岸開採權租賃提案繼續發展時，反對派的數量也在穩步增長。特朗普總統正計劃著移除奧巴馬時代的保護計劃的同時，已有140萬人提交了反對離岸鑽探計劃的評論。

As of March of 2018, more than 1.35 million Americans had already registered their opposition to an early draft of the five-year plan, adding to the wave of opposition from local, state and national leaders.[40]

在2018年三月，已有135多萬美國人登記了他們對這項五年計劃的草案的反對意見，加入了涵蓋地區、州乃至國家領導人的這場反對浪潮中。

THE ARCTIC HAS WARMED more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the United States over the past 60 years, leading to impacts such as thawing permafrost and vanishing sea ice—and the trend is only expected to continue.

在過去的60年里，北極變暖的速度迅速增加，比美國其餘各州氣候變暖的速度快了兩倍還多，並導致了一系列包括凍土融化、浮冰消失在內的影響。在可以預見的未來，這個趨勢將有增無減。

To reverse course and avoid the worst impacts of climate change, the world must aggressively reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but the Trump administration is moving us in the opposite direction. Rather than permanently alter unique wilderness landscapes and jeopardize biologically rich Arctic Ocean waters with the risk of a catastrophic oil spill, the wisest course for America』s Arctic and the rest of the globe is to keep it in the ground.

為了掉轉方向避免對氣候變化產生最惡劣的影響，整個世界必須激進地降低溫室氣體的排放量，但是特朗普政權正帶領我們背道而馳。永久地破壞獨一無二的荒原景觀並摧毀北冰洋海域原本富含的生物多樣性並非明智之舉，對美國的北極領土和整個地球來說，將化石燃料原地封存才是最好的選擇。

Learn more about indigenous-led movements and environmentalists』 ongoing efforts to protect the Arctic through The Last Oil, a symposium hosted by the University of New Mexico in February 2018.

如果想對原住民發起的運動或是環保主義者付出的努力進行更多了解，可以在線觀看新墨西哥大學在2018年二月主持的座談會The Last Oil。

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Translator: @澪狼

Proofreader: @warthog

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SOURCES:

1. "TrumpAdministration』s New Leasing Plan Would Expand Offshore DrillingEverywhere." Earthjustice, Jan. 4, 2018.

2019–2024 National Outer

Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing: Draft Proposed Program. Bureau of Ocean

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3. Langlois,Krista. "Drilling the Arctic comes with a 75 percent chance of a large oilspill." High Country News, Dec. 10, 2014.

4. U.S. Coast GuardCommandant Adm. Paul Zukunft, speaking at the 7th Symposium on theImpacts of an Ice-Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Maritime Operations onJul. 18, 2017.

5. Mr.Samuel Alexander, Tribal Member, Gwichyaa Zhee Gwich』in Tribal Government,speaking before the Full Committee Hearing to Receive Testimony on thePotential for Oil and Gas Exploration in the 1002 Area at the 366Dirksen Senate Office Building on Nov. 2, 2017. Audio excerpt begins at1:08:38.

6. Readlegal documents and news releases on the lawsuits.

7. "FederalCourt Decision Protects Alaskan Lake, Wetlands From Oil Drilling."Earthjustice, Sept. 25, 2006.

8. "SecretarySalazar Finalizes Plan for Additional Development, Wildlife Protections in 23Million Acre National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska." U.S. Department of theInterior, Feb. 21, 2013.

9. "With new actions,Zinke says Alaska is open for business." E&E News, Jun.1, 2017.

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11. "Callfor Nominations and Comments for the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska Oiland Gas Lease Sale." Federal Register, 82 FR 36827, Aug. 7, 2017.

12. "Conservationgroups challenge illegal Western Arctic lease sales in court."Earthjustice, Feb. 2, 2018.

13. SabrinaShankman, 「Trump』s Arctic Oil, Gas Lease Sale Violated Environmental Rules,Lawsuits Claim.」 Inside Climate News, February 2018.

14. "What You ShouldKnow About the National Environmental Policy Act." Earthjustice.

Summaryof the National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.C. §4321 et seq. (1969).U.S. EnviromentalProtection Agency.

15. TripVan Noppen, 「Selling this Cherished Arctic Landscape to the Highest Bidder is aGrievous Mistake.」 The Guardian, Dec. 5 2017.

16. Mr.Samuel Alexander, Tribal Member, Gwichyaa Zhee Gwich』in Tribal Government,speaking before the Full Committee Hearing to Receive Testimony on thePotential for Oil and Gas Exploration in the 1002 Area at the 366Dirksen Senate Office Building on Nov. 2, 2017.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. PrincetonUniversity. "A more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, methaneemissions will leap as Earth warms." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 March2014.

20. "Arctic Oil DrillingPlans Raise Environmental Health Concerns." Environmental HealthPerspectives, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Mar. 1,2011.

"HealthRisks in US States from Oil and Gas Air Pollution." Clean Air Task Force,Feb. 2017.

21. Establishingthe Arctic National Wildlife Range. Public Land Order

2214, FR Doc. 60-11510, Dec. 6, 1960

22. "AsLong Promised, President Vetoes The G.O.P. Budget." The

New York Times, Dec. 7, 1995.

23. "GOPScraps ANWR Drilling, But Budget Battle Persists." NPR, Nov.

10, 2005.

24. Readlegal documents and news releases on the lawsuits.

25. "GovernmentGives Go Ahead to Shell to Top Drill in Arctic." Earthjustice,

Aug. 30, 2012.

26. Birdseye,Kari. "Shells Happy Mood Smashed By Ice." Earthjustice, Sept. 14,2012.

27. Funk,McKenzie. "The Wreck of the Kulluk." The New York Times, Dec.30, 2014.

28. "ShellEnds Risky Oil Drilling in the Arctic』s Chukchi Sea." Earthjustice, Sept.28, 2015.

29. "EarthjusticeStatement on Shell, ConocoPhillips Abandoning Leases for Oil Drilling in ArcticOcean." Earthjustice, May 10, 2016.

30. >43USC Chapter 29, Subchapter III: Outer Continental Shelf Lands. Bureau of OceanEnergy Management.

31. PresidentialMemorandum -- Withdrawal of Certain Portions of the United States Arctic OuterContinental Shelf from Mineral Leasing. Dec. 20, 2016.

KevinLamarque, 「Obama Bans New Oil and Gas Drilling Off Alaska.」 Reuters,Dec. 20 2016.

32. "FACTSHEET: President Obama Protects 125 Million Acres of the Arctic Ocean."U.S. Department of the Interior, 2016.

33. Final SupplementalEnvironmental Impact Statement for Oil and Gas Lease Sale 193. Bureau of Ocean

Energy Management, Feb. 12, 2015.

"AnalysisConfirms Major Risks from Oil Drilling in the Remote and Fragile ArcticOcean." Earthjustice, Feb. 12, 2015.

34. ExecutiveOrder 13795: Implementing An America-First Offshore Energy Strategy. Office ofthe Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Apr. 28,2017.

BradyDennis, 「Environmental Groups Sue Trump Administration over OffshoreDrilling.」 Washington Post, May 3 2017.

35. "LawsuitChallenges Trump Reversal of Arctic and Atlantic Drilling Ban."Earthjustice, May 3, 2017.

"CourtAllows Conservation and Alaska Native Groups to Challenge Trump』s Reversal ofArctic and Atlantic Drilling Ban." Earthjustice, March 20, 2018.

Seelegal documents related to the lawsuit.

36. "TrumpAdministration』s New Leasing Plan Would Expand Offshore DrillingEverywhere." Earthjustice, Jan. 4, 2018.

"SecretaryZinke Announces Plan For Unleashing Americas Offshore Oil and GasPotential." U.S. Department of the Interior, Jan. 4, 2018.

LedyardKing, 「Trump Administration Proposes Massive Increase in OffshoreDrilling." USA Today, Jan. 4 2018.

37. EricLipton, 「Trump Rollbacks Target Offshore Rules 『Written With HumanBlood.』」 The New York Times, Mar. 10, 2018.

38. 7th Symposium on theImpacts of an Ice-Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Maritime Operations, Jul. 18,2017.

39. Bowe,Rebecca. "Trump Administration Mutes Your Feedback on Offshore DrillingPlan." Feb. 20, 2018

Videoof Anchorage rally organized by Defend the Sacred Alaska, Feb. 21, 2018.

40. Geiling.Natasha. 「The Number of People Who Hate Trump』s Offshore Drilling ProposalKeeps Growing.」 ThinkProgress, Mar. 12, 2018)

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