關於小亞細亞南部海岸，有什麼可以一說的歷史？
比起北部的比提尼亞、本都、特拉布宗地區，小亞細亞南部海岸似乎很少被提及
東南部海岸的奇里乞亞的存在感倒是比較高，那麼中西部海岸呢？
題主圖中紅圈區域內大致包含兩個歷史分區——呂基亞（Λυκ?α, Lycia）和潘菲利亞（Παμφυλ?α, Pamphylia）：
（圖片來源：維基用戶Emok上傳於維基共享，我進行了漢化；Creative Commons；註：圖中有誤，「色雷斯」不屬於安納托利亞）
羅馬統治時期這兩個地區一度被合併為行省——呂基亞和潘菲利亞省（Provincia Lycia et Pamphylia），戴克里先改革期間將其一分為二，後又置十二政區（Dioecesis）分屬四道（Praefectura Praetorio，不曉得中文譯名為何，先沿用日文名）而治。
從長期歷史來看，這兩個地區的確戲份不多，可留給後人反覆玩味的東西也比較少，在各個大歷史舞台上的出鏡率又很低，至少與其鄰居——西邊的愛奧尼亞、多里斯和羅得島，東邊的奇里乞亞，南邊的塞普勒斯和北邊的呂底亞、加拉太相比，實在是默默無聞的可憐。但細細發掘，還是能琢磨出不少有趣的歷史片段；以下就簡單說一說呂基亞給西方世界留下的一筆精神遺產：呂基亞同盟。
首先咱要明確一個概念：所謂呂基亞同盟（Lycian League），是一個後代歷史學家在分析研究公元前2世紀呂基亞地區諸城邦互動關係時提出的概念，屬於造詞；嚴格來說，真實歷史中並不存在一個名叫「呂基亞同盟」的政治實體——它既不是一個提洛同盟式的具有中心化組織特點的聯合體，也絕不僅僅是一個架構鬆散的、各取所需的政治同盟，它更像是一群城邦在特殊情況下自發形成的具有憲政政體雛形的邦聯。
（圖片來源：維基用戶Erp上傳於維基共享，我進行了漢化；Creative Commons）
那麼，這樣的一個「邦聯」，是如何形成的呢？這還是得回到呂基亞的歷史。
呂基亞這片地方，說它地理位置好吧，它也確實是好。希波戰爭時期波斯人就把帕塔拉（Π?ταρα）等呂基亞港市用做給前線輸送士兵和軍需物資的重要中轉站，波斯人被打敗後呂基亞又成為了雅典領導的提洛同盟積極爭取的對象之一，雅典甚至曾在前429年派兵進攻呂基亞以逼迫其入盟，雖然以失敗告終，但仍可見當時希臘政治舞台上的各方勢力對呂基亞的位置相當看重。伯羅奔尼撒戰爭結束後不久，呂基亞又再次以保有地方自治權力為籌碼被兼并入了波斯帝國，直到亞歷山大東征期間，希臘人又再次控制了這裡。
亞歷山大死後，繼業者之間爭奪不休，呂基亞也經歷多次易主，輪流被托勒密王朝和塞琉古帝國統治，但也始終得以保持在日常行政事務上的自治地位。李維在《羅馬史》中記述，公元188年，羅馬共和國在與塞琉古帝國長達四年的戰爭中取得勝利，隨即與塞琉古國王安條克三世訂立了阿帕米亞和約（Treaty of Apamea）。和約中規定將塞琉古帝國在小亞細亞西南部的領土割讓予羅馬同盟一方的帕加馬與羅得島，呂基亞也經由這份和約被轉讓給了羅得島人手中。
（圖片來源：維基用戶Kryston上傳於維基共享；Creative Commons）
呂基亞被羅得島接管後受到了羅得島人的粗暴對待，按李維《羅馬史》給出的記載：
An equally pitiful embassy from the Lycians arrived, who complained of the cruelty of the Rhodians, under whose control they had been placed by Lucius Cornelius Scipio. They said that they had been under the dominion of Antiochus; this slavery to the King, when compared with their present situation, seemed glorious liberty. They were not merely as a state oppressed by their government, but private citizens were suffering downright bondage. Their wives and children, they said, were abused; cruelty was wreaked upon their bodies and their backs; their reputations —a shameful procedure —were stained and dishonoured; and openly hateful acts were done merely for the sake of displaying an abuse of power, in order to leave no doubt that there was no distinction between themselves and slaves bought with money. The senate, moved by this appeal, entrusted the Lycians with a letter for the Rhodians, stating that it was not their pleasure that the Lycians should be enslaved by the Rhodians nor any people who had been born in freedom by any other people; the Lycians had been placed under the administrative control and at the same time the protection of the Rhodians on the same conditions as the allied states enjoyed under the guardianship of the Roman people.
（懶，有空再碼翻譯）
來源：Livy, Evan T. Sage, and Alfred C. Schlesinger. Livy: in Thirteen Volumes. London: Heinemann, 1938.
羅馬元老院對羅得島人的行為很不滿意，但迫於雙方已結為同盟，不便為了在棋盤上相對無足輕重的呂基亞人而驚動大局。這樣的境況在第三次馬其頓戰爭期間迎來了改變；前169年，面對態度正悄然發生轉變的羅得島人，元老院在經過一番算計後覺得有必要對其施壓以示權威，解放呂基亞於是成了一個再好不過的議題。按波利比烏斯在《歷史》中的記載：
At the same time the senate issued a consultum setting free all the parts of Caria and Lycia which they had assigned to Rhodes at the time of the war with Antiochus.
與此同時，元老院頒布了一紙決議，恢復（在與安條克三世交戰時曾分配給羅得島的）卡里亞和呂基亞全境的自由。
來源：Polybius, William Roger Paton, Frank William Walbank, and Christian Habicht. The Histories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
大約在這個節點上，新近獲得解放的23個呂基亞城邦的精英們聚集在一起開了一個會。經過討論，他們拋棄了自古風時代沿襲至今的君主世襲制，轉而建立了一套以各城邦人口為權重標準的代議制。這套制度具體是如何運行的，個中又有哪些值得玩味的細節，今天多已不得而知；我們僅大概知曉，呂基亞人將參會城邦按人口規模分為三等：大規模城邦享有三票代表權，中等規模城邦擁有兩票代表權，小規模城邦僅有一票代表權。與其他擁有類似結構的政治秩序不同的是，呂基亞的這套制度乃是建立在羅馬人的強大軍事實力基礎上的——也就是說，呂基亞同盟本身既不必為軍事與外交事務操心，但同時對戰爭等重大事宜也並無發言權。這是一個非常重要的前提條件，我們在討論與研究呂基亞人的政治制度時，一定不能忘記其背後始終有著名為羅馬的最終暴力機器在無形中維持秩序。
這裡摘取斯特拉波《地理學》（Γεωγραφικ?）中的相關一段：
There are twenty-three cities that share in the vote. They come together from each city to a general congress, after choosing whatever city they approve of. The largest of the cities control three votes each, the medium-sized two, and the rest one. In the same proportion, also, they make contributions and discharge other liturgies. Artemidorus said that the six largest were Xanthus, Patara, Pinara, Olympus, Myra, and Tlos, the last-named being situated near the pass that leads over into Cibyra. At the congress they first choose a "Lyciarch," and then other officials of the League; and general courts of justice are designated. In earlier times they would deliberate about war and peace and alliances, but now they naturally do not do so, since these matters necessarily lie in the power of the Romans, except, perhaps when the Romans should give them permission or it should be for their benefit. Likewise, judges and magistrates are elected from the several cities in the same proportion. And since they lived under such a good government, they remained ever free under the Romans, thus retaining their ancestral usages; and they saw the pirates utterly wiped out, first by Servilius Isauricus, at the time that he demolished Isaura, and later by Pompey the Great, when he set fire to more than thirteen hundred boats and laid waste their settlements. Of the pirates who survived the fights, he brought some down to Soli, which he named Pompe?opolis, and the others to Dymê, where there was a dearth of population; it is now occupied by a colony of Romans. The poets, however, and especially the tragic poets, confuse the tribes, as, for example, the Trojans and the Mysians and the Lydians, whom they call Phrygians; and likewise the Lycians, whom they call Carians.
（有空碼上翻譯，先劃重點）
來源：Strabo, and Horace Leonard Jones. The Geography of Strabo. London: Heinemann, 1928.
拋去有羅馬做軍事後盾這一背景，呂基亞人的這次政治制度創新依舊是有著極高價值的——僅僅是以人口為代表席位（票數）基準這一條，就為後代無數西方政治精英提供了絕佳的學習樣本。就拿研究美國憲法的那套著名的《聯邦論》（The Federalist Papers，又譯《聯邦黨人文集》或《聯邦主義議文集》）來說，我們先看看身居美國開國元老，曾任美國第一任財政部長，同時也是美國憲法起草人的亞歷山大·漢密爾頓（Alexander Hamilton）是如何評價呂基亞同盟的：
In the Lycian confederacy, which consisted of twenty-three CITIES or republics, the largest were entitled to THREE votes in the COMMON COUNCIL, those of the middle class to TWO, and the smallest to ONE. The COMMON COUNCIL had the appointment of all the judges and magistrates of the respective CITIES. This was certainly the most, delicate species of interference in their internal administration; for if there be any thing that seems exclusively appropriated to the local jurisdictions, it is the appointment of their own officers. Yet Montesquieu, speaking of this association, says: "Were I to give a model of an excellent Confederate Republic, it would be that of Lycia. Thus we perceive that the distinctions insisted upon were not within the contemplation of this enlightened civilian; and we shall be led to conclude, that they are the novel refinements of an erroneous theory. （出自第九篇，大寫詞皆為作者原跡；漢密爾頓引孟德斯鳩的這句話出自後者《論法的精神》）
THE tendency of the principle of legislation for States, or communities, in their political capacities, as it has been exemplified by the experiment we have made of it, is equally attested by the events which have befallen all other governments of the confederate kind, of which we have any account, in exact proportion to its prevalence in those systems. The confirmations of this fact will be worthy of a distinct and particular examination. I shall content myself with barely observing here, that of all the confederacies of antiquity, which history has handed down to us, the Lycian and Achaean leagues, as far as there remain vestiges of them, appear to have been most free from the fetters of that mistaken principle, and were accordingly those which have best deserved, and have most liberally received, the applauding suffrages of political writers. （出自第十六篇）
再看看同樣聲名顯赫的美國第四任總統詹姆斯·麥迪遜（James Madison）是怎麼說的：
In the Achaean league it is probable that the federal head had a degree and species of power, which gave it a considerable likeness to the government framed by the convention. The Lycian Confederacy, as far as its principles and form are transmitted, must have borne a still greater analogy to it. Yet history does not inform us that either of them ever degenerated, or tended to degenerate, into one consolidated government. On the contrary, we know that the ruin of one of them proceeded from the incapacity of the federal authority to prevent the dissensions, and finally the disunion, of the subordinate authorities. These cases are the more worthy of our attention, as the external causes by which the component parts were pressed together were much more numerous and powerful than in our case; and consequently less powerful ligaments within would be sufficient to bind the members to the head, and to each other. （出自第四十五篇）
大概十年多前的2007年，《紐約時報》還曾經刊載過一篇抒情意味遠大過參考價值的文章，讚頌呂基亞同盟及其給美國建國一輩精英帶來的深刻影響。帕塔拉城的考古工作開始後，似乎還有個美國國會議員攜家帶口搬到了距考古點不遠的小鎮上居住，並建議美國政府出資在當地興建紀念館。
先寫到這裡，有空再更。
公元前75年，今天土耳其南部的奇里乞亞當時還是一個很小的水灣，那裡是海盜的天堂，他們統治地中海東部長達兩個多世紀。
有一天，這群海盜們逮到了一個奇怪的傢伙，海盜們本想勒索20個塔蘭特（貨幣單位）了事，結果那個奇怪的傢伙居然聲稱自己的身價至少值50個塔蘭特，20個絕對不行，完全不符合自己的身份與地位。
還有這種事兒？海盜們頭一次見到嫌開價低，主動給自己提高贖金的人質，高興的不得了，稱他為羅馬大傻瓜。行，就50個塔蘭特，傻瓜的隨行人員被放走了一個，去傳達贖金條件的消息，錢到放人。在等待贖金的38天里，這個傻瓜每天鍛煉身體，寫詩，時不時還威脅海盜們說如果他回去了，就要把他們都抓起來釘死，海盜們也不以為意，就當是一個傻瓜吹牛，繼續嘲笑他。大傻瓜獲釋後第二天，前往米力都島招募人手及租借船隻，然後帶來了艦隊與精兵，一口氣端了海盜的老巢，海盜們全軍覆沒，30個頭目被割斷喉嚨後釘死在木架上。這個傻瓜名叫蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒。
然後它在東羅馬帝國丟失埃及後作為糧倉。
9-10世紀亞美尼亞人遷移建立了奇里乞亞亞美尼亞王國王國。
其他就不清楚了。
伊蘇利亞啊。
中世紀到近代南岸確實戲劇性歷史較少，遠不如克里米亞和巴爾幹精彩
哈里卡那蘇斯，阿特密斯神廟。十四年前玩羅馬全戰知道的。
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