2018.3.18-22做題筆記-語法

我語法最大的收穫是，語法和閱讀/邏輯的做題思路截然相反。閱讀/邏輯都是從題干出現，自己整理一個框架圖出來之後做選擇。而語法是，直接對著選項上，從選項入手，不準做題乾的預判，不準根據意思，只能找選項的差異點追根溯源回到題干中借鑒、參考。一個是題干到選項，一個是選項到題干，差距很大。

這幾道題按照上面方法重新做的時候很是能查漏補缺，扔了一大堆問題給老師。

36道錯題。

Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6 - nuke - wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs has been dated to be 3 . 47 billion years old and thus is evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth .

A has been dated to be 3 . 47 billion years old and thus is

B has been dated at 3 . 47 billion years old and thus

C have been dated to be 3 . 47billion years old and thus are

D have been dated as being 3 . 47 billion years old and thus

E have been dated at 3 . 47 billion years old and thus are

對比選項，have has不同，date片語搭配不同以及最後的謂語部分不同。

主語samples，have,CDE正確。

後面thus補充的話得用are，不知道省略是否可行。老師給了一個很模糊的回答：從時態上來說沒有錯誤。

date at old,BE正確.這裡有個記憶的技巧就是to (a)go；date to ```ago, date at old.

Until a few centuries ago , any large bones discovered in the fields or caves of Europe , now known to be large prehistoric animals , were usually assumed to be the remains of giants and were often displayed as curiosities in castles , palaces , town halls , churches , and monasteries .

A now known to be large prehistoric animals , were usually assumed to be

B presently known as from large prehistoric animals , were usually assumed as

C bones now known to be those of large prehistoric animals , were usually assumed to be

D bones known at present as of large prehistoric animals , were usually assumed as those of

E currently known as those of large prehistoric animals , were usually assumed to be those of

選項差異，presently,currently應該都是可以的;

known to be, known as from; known as of,known as; known as 後面接職業特徵之類的，作為……而出名，known to be是有點攀親帶故的誰是誰的誰

those of;這裡似乎與bones重合了。those是指bones，但those of後面的the remains指遺骸，remains of和bones of重複的，those of多餘

assume to be/ as；只有assume to be/ that,沒有assume as

Mauritius was a British colony for almost 200 years , excepting for the domains of administration and teaching , the English language was never really spoken on the island .

A excepting for

B except in

C but except in

D but excepting for

E with the exception of

選項差異，but；exception/except; 介詞；

but是需要的，因為前後是兩個句子，需要連詞，CD正確；

介詞domains需要in，所以BC正確

excepting錯誤。

There is a widespread belief in the United States and Western Europe that young people have a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents and that the source of the change lies in the collapse of the " work ethic . "

A a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents

B less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents

a smaller commitment to work and a career than that of their parents and grandparents

less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had

E a lessening of the commitment to work and a career that their parents and grandparents had

選項差異：

a small commitment這裡搭配錯誤，就是small 不可以和commitment搭配

have less of a commitment，這裡less做名詞，of a commitment介賓結構，修飾less。

lessening有同根抽象名詞，所以錯誤。

後面that of their parents 相當於 Harry has a dog smaller than mine.也是可以的，

但是老師說最好是把that of 去掉，在grandparents後面加上had，就是比較主語了。

If current trends continue , by the year 2010 carbon emissions in the United States will soar to a level more than one - third higher than were those in 1990 , according to official projections .

A will soar to a level more than one - third higher than were those

B will soar to a level more than one - third higher than that

C would soar to a level more than one - third higher than it was

D would soar to a level more than one - third higher than those

E would soar to a level more than one - third higher than they were

選項差異：would will ;句末主語加助動詞補出或者是代詞

would will：前面從句現在時態，主句will,AB正確

最後一點表比較：high是形容詞不能修飾soar只能修飾level，level不是主語，所以沒資格補出，且單數，所以that.

如果是有比較對象，先分清楚和誰比？主語賓語？

Some anthropologists regard the early hominids manner of walking as being less efficient than in modern human beings .

A as being less efficient than in

B as less efficient than it is in

C as less efficient than that of

D to be less efficient than that of

E to have been less efficient than it is in

regard as; regard to be：只有regard as,詳情參見前幾天聽課筆記中只與as搭配的動詞，ABC正確

介詞：前方所有格，代詞照抄，of，CD

that,it或省略：that指代核心詞，不可以省略。

Although the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically , its sales at restaurants open for more than a year have declined .

A the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically , its

B the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales increased dramatically , its

C many new restaurants have recently been opened across the country and its sales increased dramatically , the restaurant company 』 s

D having recently added many new restaurants across the country and with its sales increasing dramatically , the restaurant company 』 s

E recently adding many new restaurants across the country and having its sales increase dramatically , the restaurant company 』 s

選項差異：

increase時態，一般過去錯，現在完成對，A對

主句的所有格，its的指代都沒什麼問題。

從句省略 DE省略後主語不對。D一定不對，因為D是要有乾乾淨淨的doing或者done加在從句引導詞後面才行。

recently這裡是不是現在完成時態的標記詞呢？可以是現在完成時，也可以是其他的時態這樣的話DE省略主語+be也是徹底錯誤的。

D中的獨立主格結構，句子不完整

In the United States , while the number of foreign - born residents and their children is higher than ever , the percentage of the population they represent is not ; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population when compared to 20 percent in 2000 .

A population when compared to 20 percent in 2000

B population as compared to 2000 , when it was 20 percent

C population , comparing it with 20 percent in 2000

D population , unlike 2000 , with 20 percent

E population , compared with 20 percent in 2000

選項差異：考比較，狀語從句省略

ABwhen，as狀語從句的省略，主語一定是主句主語group，不對

compare的不同形式;C中不能這樣加逗號做定語，也無法做伴隨狀語，一邊比一邊佔有

unlike，比較主語不對。

最後的比較in2000一定要加上。

這裡number就是higher，不是more或less修飾。

Unlike the steam locomotive , which required an hour or two of firing up before it was possible to move under its own power , nearly full power could be summoned almost instantly from the cold engine of a diesel locomotive .

A it was possible to move under its own power , nearly full power could be summoned almost instantly from the cold engine of a diesel locomotive

B it was possible to move under its own power , the diesel locomotives engine , when cold , could produce nearly full power almost instantly

C it could move under its own power , the diesel locomotive could summon nearly full power from a cold engine almost instantly

D moving under its own power , the cold engine of the diesel locomotive could produce nearly full power almost instantly

E moving under its own power , almost instantly a diesel locomotive could summon nearly full power from a cold engine

選項差異：could,possible和doing; 主語不同；副詞位置不同

gmat中碰到could,have to 這種情態動詞不要省略

it指代主句主語，並且有unlike，所以一定是locomotive CE正確

almost instantly 在gmat中不要把副詞提前表達強調。

有could,possible,情態動詞和助動詞的就不要省略了

副詞修飾越靠近越好。 另外省略和不省略，需要明確時態和代詞，如果有錯誤選省略的，沒有錯誤，就一定要選擇含有could，have等時態變化的從句。

老師，我還是沒有太理解您說的意義損失，好像說的是具體的判斷，可是又沒有評判的標準……這可怎麼辦好？ 另外，我能不能將您的第二句理解成從句開頭的句子，主句如果不是倒裝就不要把副詞放在句首，比如instead？

老師回復:就是涉及到這種可以表達出具體意義的詞語的時候不要省略掉，像那種完全的助動詞或者說系動詞可以省，例如is什麼的。對，沒倒裝不要放句首，不然就是副詞位置改變導致修飾歧義了。

Although producer prices rose at an unexpectedly steep rate in September , analysts said that the increase resulted mostly from temporary factors and not necessarily foreshadowing that there would be a resurgence of inflation .

A factors and not necessarily foreshadowing that there would be

B factors and not necessarily that it foreshadowed

C factors and did not necessarily foreshadow

D factors , while not necessarily a foreshadowing of

E factors , while it did not necessarily foreshadow that there would be

選項差異：foreshadow形式不一樣；有的並列有的主從；there would be

there be不可以加抽象名詞，所以AE錯誤

B中和上一個題一樣的錯誤，擅自把副詞提前到句首

AB並列錯誤

D最主要的問題是a foreshadowing of能用簡單詞表達就不要用這麼長的片語。以前應該有說過一個遞進原則的：Verb > Adjective(adverb)> Noun就是為了簡潔

It is the powerful compound capsaicin that makes a chili pepper hot ; a single drop that has no taste and odor is capable of detection by humans at one part per million .

A a single drop that has no taste and odor is capable of detection

B a single drop is detectable , though without taste and odor ,

a single tasteless and odorless drop can be detected

D single tasteless and odorless drops are capable of detection

E single drops that have no taste or odor can be detectable

選項差異：名詞單複數，detect形式。

後面有by，傾向於使用被動語態C

single只接單數ABC

不知道這裡B中的算不算though的位置錯誤，算

single往往修飾單一名詞。 be capable of doing而不是be capable of noun B中有一個問題though 的位置，though只能放在三個位置，句首、句末，還有就是主語謂語之間，B不屬於這三種情況，所以位置很尷尬的錯了。

Were it not for the fusion - powered heat and radiation that rush from its core , instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse .

A instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse

B instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight

C a star would have to be collapsing under its own weight

D a star would collapse under its own weight

E its own weight would have caused a star 』 s collapse

選項差異：instead的位置；時態

虛擬語氣從句一般過去，主句would.should+v，AD

虛擬語氣從句倒裝，主句開頭必須是主語CDE

if虛擬語氣，had done,主句would have done。過去對現在造成的影響，並且主從句同時虛擬，所以從句是過去的過去，主句是現在完成時態的過去。 另外，副詞和連詞不可以放在從句開頭之後的主句的句首。句首應該直接是主句主語。

The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nations air - traffic control system , to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports , and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised .

A to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports , and prompts

B leading to 55 percent more delay at airports and prompting

C to lead to a 55 percent increase in delay at airports and prompt

D to lead to an increase of 55 percent in delays at airports , and prompted

E leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting

選項差異：more的修飾問題；increase的用法；lead形式；lead 用法；prompt；delay的形式

逗號加to do一定錯誤，BE

lead，prompt都做結果狀語，ing正確，BE

lead to導致的結果一定是抽象名詞，increase對，delay錯

more在這裡修飾delay是不是在修飾可數名詞導致與more原來的屬性不合錯誤

delay可數名詞，用複數ADE

an increase in 為標準名詞用法，其餘情況下increase為動詞

In 1713 , Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad , a work that , taking him seven years until completion , and that literary critic Samuel Johnson - Popes contemporary , pronounced the greatest translation in any language .

A his translation of the Iliad , a work that , taking him seven years until completion , and that literary critic Samuel Johnson , Popes contemporary , pronounced

B his translation of the Iliad , a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson , Popes contemporary , pronounced

C his translation of the Iliad , a work that had taken seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson , Popes contemporary , pronounced it as

D translating the Iliad , a work that took seven years until completion and that literary critic Samuel Johnson , Popes contemporary , pronounced it as

E translating the Iliad , a work that had taken seven years to complete and literary critic Samuel Johnson , Popes contemporary , pronounced it

選項差異：that是否省略；translate的形式；以及pronounce的用法

that:A不是從句,其他第一個都在定語從句做主語，第二個從句跟在work具體名詞後面也必須是定語從句，做賓語，所以有it錯誤；B正確

pronounce 後面跟賓補的，輪不到介賓結構，所以AB正確

後面有work前面必須有指代的同義詞對象，如果是translating的話，work指代Iliad錯誤。所以ABC正確

Despite its covering the entire planet , Earth has a crust that is not seamless or stationary , rather it is fragmented into mobile semirigid plates .

A Despite its covering the entire planet , Earth has a crust that is not seamless or stationary , rather it is

B Despite the fact that it covers the entire planet , Earth 』 s crust is neither seamless nor is it stationary , but is

C Despite covering the entire planet , Earth 』 s crust is neither seamless nor is it stationary , but rather

Although it covers the entire planet , Earth 』 s crust is neither seamless nor stationary , but rather

E Although covering the entire planet , Earth has a crust that is not seamless or stationary , but

選項差異：although和despite; 主句主語；neither nor 的用法;but rather is

neither nor是要求嚴格的並列，所以BC錯誤。

狀語從句的省略要求主語一致，因此省略的句子E中得是Earth 』 s crust做主語，E錯誤

前面not 修飾謂語動詞，後面but連詞一定得補出完整的謂語，所以E沒有補出錯誤

A run-on句型，沒有but做連詞錯誤。

所有格之後只能接名詞，這裡並沒有當名詞來使用，在A選項中。

A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population , which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches , closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season , and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits .

A which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches , closing

which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught , closing

C which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches , the closing of

including establishing size limits for shark catches , closing

E including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught , the closing of

選項差異：which include（s）和including介詞短語；limits for和limits to;closing

closing後面是and requiring並列，所以必須是closing，ABD正確

which和including都是修飾remedies複數，所以includes錯誤，保留CDE

limit for是某一行動名詞，limits to具體名詞，都是 使用正確的，兩者差異不大

the doing屬於抽象名詞，其他情況下，具體名詞、抽象名詞、doing sth天各一方，各自為敵。

Vivien Thomas , who had no formal medical training , in struggling against overwhelming odds , he became a cardiac surgeon and eventually to receive an honorary doctorate from Johns Hopkins University .

A who had no formal medical training , in struggling against overwhelming odds , he became

B having had no formal medical training , in struggling against overwhelming odds to become

C who , having no formal medical training , he struggled against overwhelming odds in becoming

D who , having had no formal medical training and struggled against overwhelming odds , became

E who had no formal medical training , struggled against overwhelming odds to become

選項差異：who和having，instruggling和struggled；he；become形式不同

who having從句結構不完整，CD錯誤。

in struggling是第二個修飾語，會有修飾前後句的歧義錯誤，AB錯誤

he 不可以做Vivien thomas的同位語，換句話說，人稱代詞在沒有從句修飾的情況下都不能成為同位語對象C錯誤

struggle in becoming,或者 to become表示目的都是可以正確的。

夾心修飾，是指doing sth,或者介詞短語，如with in，放在句子中。既可修飾前句主語賓語，也可以修飾後句；帶來的修飾歧義。 通常表現為修飾語+修飾語+主句。

having不可以做限定性修飾，但是本題這種非限定性修飾沒問題，注意一下

Scientists say that each of the photographs taken of the Ares Vallis plain by the Mars Pathfinder indicate the overwhelming extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago .

A indicate

indicates

這裡是each做名詞，和one用法一致，在主句中就是名詞的替身，主句謂語用單數，而如果是定語從句，那麼就是在修飾photographs從句謂語用複數

A primate jawbone unearthed in Burma is estimated at 40 to 44 million years old .

A at

Bto be

estimate to be只有這個用法是正確的

Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence , the Neanderthals appear as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path .

appear as equipped to face

appear to have been equipped to face

選項差異：appear to正確，沒有appear as

have been現在完成時與一般過去時中，現在完成時才是屬於現在時態的那個

equipped to標準用法

Refiners are paying about $ 5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were last year .

they were?

B they did

這裡是否是前面有be,後面補充就是有be?這種進行時態都是按照are來補

助動詞如果是主語有賓語存在的話一定是要補出的。分比較的三種情況：不是主語，是主語有賓語，是主語沒有賓語。

Employment costs rose 2 . 8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September , slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter .

they

it

看清楚，這裡指的不是employment而是employment costs，costs為名詞

Many population studies have linked a high - salt diet to high rates of hypertension and shown that in societies where little salt is consumed , blood pressure typically does not rise with age .

where little salt is consumed ,

B where they consume little salt , their

選項差異：主動語態，被動語態；注意主語指代問題即可。

這裡they無所指代

Although the candidate promised both to cut taxes and to improve services , he failed to keep either of them after the election .

promised

made promises

選項差異：名詞和動詞

注意觀察未劃線部分代詞，培養對未劃線部分代詞的敏感度，them指代的不可以是複合名詞，只能是promises. them不能指代兩件不一樣的事情，這裡both指代一件事，and指代一件事。

Rising inventories , if they were unaccompanied by corresponding sales increases , can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth .

A if they were unaccompanied by corresponding sales increases

if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales

選項差異：increase標準用法；not accompanied和were unaccompanied；從句主語省略

increase in

not accompanied比unaccompanied簡潔

主語+be省略和不省略取決於主語一致，和時態，can現在時態，因此錯誤

if和can搭配而不是when和can搭配。if和when的區別是可以發生可以不發生用if

Though subject to the same wild - animal control efforts that killed off almost all the wolves in North America over the past century , coyote 』 s amazing ability to adapt to the presence of humans has enabled it to expend its range into Alaska and Central America .

A coyote 』 s amazing ability to adapt to the presence of humans has enabled it to expend its

B coyote , because of its amazing ability to adapt to the presence of humans , has been able to expand its

選項差異：主語和ability的差異，it指代

ability enables這個搭配沒有毛病

has the ability to enable這個搭配有毛病嗎？ability(s) enables(V)是沒問題的，當ability做主語時，它表示某種能力，這種能力能讓人怎麼樣，這是可以的。但是ability to enable是有問題的，因為ability to do表示「有能力做某事」，而enable sb to do也表示讓某人有能力做某事，這就重複了。

it如果指代他自己，一定要用反身代詞itself。所以這裡也是錯的。

subject to 容易遭受

Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested , but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to an allergy to some food , the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions .

in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior

if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed

選項差異：attribute用法，介賓結構和從句

attribute永遠是結果在原因之前

介賓結構的主語就是主句主語，而這裡perpetrators犯罪者是沒有這個功能的，發出者應該是attorneys

If any people at InterCom Financial Advisers had anticipated the impending sale of the Koniko kelp processing plant , they would have advised owners of Koniko stock to unload all shares immediately .

Ahad anticipated

B anticipated

主句would have done,虛擬語氣的從句had anticipated

對於過去進行虛擬，應該是過去的過去，即過去完成時

SEC regulations require that a public company disclose to its potential investors any legal , technological , or financial complications that could endanger their investments .

A a public company disclose to its

B a public company discloses to its

require後面要求虛擬語氣，強行省略should

The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small , previously unseen moons circling Uranus , which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit the distant planet .

A which doubles

B doubling

結果/伴隨狀語與定語從句的區別。

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo , Brazil , their descendants , popularly known as killer bees , had migrated as far north as southern Texas .

A Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo , Brazil ,

B In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo , Brazil ,

C In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo , Brazil ,

D It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo , Brazil , when

E It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo , Brazil , and then

選項差異：In，形容詞和it took的區別；since after from的區別，時態的區別；最後連接詞，when,and then的區別

It took 時間 to do/ that後面when after都是狀語不可以充當it主語，因此it無所指代錯誤。DE錯誤

時態過去的過去的過去，不再用過去完成時了，直接使用一般過去時。C錯誤

形容詞和In一個是形容詞做狀語，一個是介賓結構做狀語，目前不知道修飾成分的區別。可以不要介詞，直接less than35 years作狀語。

To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood , suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as their natural growth rate , cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on special diets .

A their natural growth rate , cutting their feed allotment

B their natural growth rate , their feed allotment cut

C growing them naturally , cutting their feed allotment

D they grow naturally , cutting their feed allotment

E they grow naturally , with their feed allotment cut

選項差異：rate與ing與句子的區別；cutting

cutting是肯定cutting的，因為後文並列，保留ACD

這裡的rate說是無從比較，其實不太能理解的就是前方說的也是rate這裡無從比較，因為rate要和rate比

growing在這裡以為是平行的超級大坑。因為前方growing已經平行了，這裡是否平行根據意思判斷已經無所謂了，況且這裡suppliers grow them naturally，其實就是犯了邏輯錯誤，他們自然地人工養殖他。

Every thirty - two pupils now has one microcomputer .

A has

have

every 是形容詞

Farmers and ranchers have clear - cut and burned all the trees , but such work has not addressed logging , which removes only selected trees .

A which removes

B removing

選項區別就是伴隨狀語/結果狀語，和定語從句的區別

伴隨狀語-兩件事情，1.主語發出，2.伴隨

has not addressed logging這句話理解一下，不能表示伴隨，是因為address的意思相當於，稱為

還攢了一篇姊妹篇做題筆記-閱讀，那一篇也特別有收穫。

今天下午被老師拖去模考，好擔心

突然覺得現在的備考日記和直播差不多哈哈哈，希望能有鼓勵到你們