學習詞根---Unit1.3

先來對一下昨天小練習的答案~

1. e 2. a 3. f 4. d 5. c 6. h 7. b 8. g

做錯了一半... 還是詞義沒有理解到位啊~

今天將學習 CRIM 和 PROB 兩個詞根~ 開始吧~

CMIM. 源自拉丁詞語，意為"fault or crime"或者"accusation". Its obvious where the root shows up most commonly in English. Crime指犯罪，如果你犯了罪，會被稱為criminal. Crime在犯罪程度上比tort更嚴重，a "civil wrong" for which the wronged person must himself sue if he wants to get repaid in some way.

criminology. The study of crime, criminals, law enforcement, and punishment.

例句：His growing interest in criminology led him to become a probation officer.

Criminology 即犯罪學。Criminology includes the study of all aspects of crime and law enforcement-criminal psychology, the social setting of crime, prohibition and prevention, investigation and detection, capture and punishment. 因此，諸如legislators(立法者)、social workers、probation officers、法官等都可以當做是criminologists, 儘管這個詞通常僅指scholars(學者)和研究人員。

decriminalize. To remove or reduce the criminal status of.

例句：An angry debate over decriminalizing doctor-assisted suicide raged all day in the statehouse.

conservatives和liberals建議decriminalize various "victimless crimes"—不直接導致人受傷的犯罪, 像是賭博和吸毒, 他們聲稱此舉將減輕司法系統的重擔, 減少對罪犯投入的大量資金, 還能增加個人自由度. Decriminalization與legalization不同，decriminalization may still call for a small fine(like a traffic ticket), and may apply only to use or possession of something, leaving the actual sale of goods or services illegal.

incriminate. To show evidence of involvement in a crime or a fault.

例句：The muddy tracks leading to and from the cookie jar were enough to incriminate them.

Testimony(證詞) may incriminate a suspect by placing him at the scene of a crime, and incriminating evidence is the kind that strongly links him to it. 但這個單詞不僅僅涉及到真正的犯罪。例如：

1. A virus has been incriminated as the cause of a type of cancer.
2. Video games have been incriminated in the decline in study skills among young people.

recrimination.相互指責 (1) An accusation in answer to an accusation made against oneself. (2) The making of such an accusation.

例句：Their failure to find help led to endless and pointless recriminations over responsibility for the accident.

Defending oneself from a verbal attack by means of a counterattack(反擊) is as natural as physical self-defense. So a disaster often brings recriminations among those connected with it, and divorces and child-custody battles usually involves recriminations between and wife. An actual crime isnt generally involved, but it may be; when two suspects start exchanging angry recriminations after theyve been picked up, it often leads to one of them turning against the other in court.

PROB. 源自拉丁詞語，意為"prove or proof"或者"honesty or integrity". A probe, whether its a little object for testing electrical circuits or a a spacecraft headed for Mars, is basically something thats looking for evidence or proof. And probable 起初描述的是某些不能確定但是可能"provable"的事情。

approbation. A formal or official act of approving; praise, usually given with pleasure or enthusiasm.

例句：The senate signaled its approbation of the new plan by voting for it unanimously.

Approbation是approve的一個名詞形式，但approbation通常比單單approval情感上更強。An official commendation for bravery is an example of approbation; getting reelected to office by a wide margin indicates public approbation; and the social approbation received by a star quarterback in high school usually makes all the pain worthwhile.

probate. (遺囑認證) The process of proving in court that the will of someone who has died is valid, and of administering the estate of a dead person.

例句：When her father died, she thought she would be to avoid probate, but she wasnt that lucky.

Ever since people have written wills, those wills have had to be proven genuine by a judge.沒有遺囑認證的過程，貪心的親戚可能偽造遺囑來騙取遺產。真正的遺囑需要有見證人和官方認證的章。Today we use probate more broadly to mean everything thats handled in probate court, a special court that oversees the handling of estates (the money and property left when someone dies), making sure that everyone eventually receives what is properly theirs.

probity. Absolute honesty and uprightness.

例句：Her unquestioned probity helped win her the respect of her fellow judges.

Probity是一種公眾期望被選作公務人員的一種品質。

Bankers, for example, have traditionally been careful to project an air of probity, even though banking scandals and bailouts have made this harder than ever.

An aura(An aura is a quality or feeling that seems to surround a person or place or to come from them) of probity surrounds such public figures as Warren Buffett and Bill Moyers, men to whom many Americans would entrust their children and their finances.

reprobate. A person of thoroughly bad character.

例句：His wife finally left him, claiming he was a reprobate who would disappear for weeks at a time, gambling and drinking away all his money.

The related verb of reprobate is reprove, which originally, as the opposite of approve, meant"to condemn".因此，在聖經中，reprobate是指某人被宣判進入地獄。但這麼多年來，reprobate通常被用來描述道德淪喪但是相當幽默。莎士比亞作品中偉大的角色Falstaff，是一個lazy、lying、boastful、sponging drunkard的人，他是reprobate的典範，同時也是人人喜愛的莎士比亞作品中的角色。

Quizzes

Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right:

1. utter honesty a. approbation
2. approval b. reprobate
3. rascal c. recrimination
4. legal process for wills d. criminology
5. study of illegal behavior e. probity
6. accuse f. probate
7. reduce penalty for g. decriminalize
8. counterattack h. incriminate

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