李彥宏登上《時代》周刊封面，周刊原文包含了哪些內容？

Baidu"s Robin Li is Helping China Win the21st Century

百度李彥宏正幫助中國贏在21世紀

When Robin Li looks back at the questionnow, he can laugh. But things were different in 1992, when the Baidu CEO was atongue-tied Chinese student applying for a computer-graphics graduate programin the U.S. The interviewing professor asked him, 「Do you have computers inChina?」 It left the young man stunned. 「I was very embarrassed,」 says Li, 49,breaking into a grin from the penthouse office of his Beijing headquarters. 「Ithought, One day I』ll demonstrate that China has a really powerful computerindustry.」

1992年，李彥宏還只是一名緊張起來說話會結巴的學生，那時在申請參加美國計算機圖形研究生項目時，面試的教授問他「你在中國有電腦嗎？」，這個問題令年輕的李彥宏十分震驚。「當時我感到非常尷尬，那時我就想總有一天我會證明中國真的有十分強大的計算機產業」如今49歲的李彥宏，作為百度的創始人，站在百度北京總部大樓里，再回想當初的問題，他可以滿意的笑了。

Eight years later, he did. In 2000, Lifounded Baidu, a search engine that today is second only to Google inpopularity, and whose 80% market share in China makes it the world』s fourthmost popular website. The company, whose name derives from a 13th centuryChinese poem, has grown into a $60 billion behemoth rivaled in China only bysocial-media-focused conglomerate Tencent and Jack Ma』s online shopping empireAlibaba. Baidu Maps directs every Chinese motorist, Baidu search resultsenlighten every student. Nobody is asking Robin Li if computers exist in Chinaanymore.

八年後，他真的做到了。2000年，李彥宏創造了百度，這款如今在世界範圍內僅次於谷歌，在中國市場上佔有率高達80%的搜索引擎，百度也成為了全球第四最受歡迎的網站。這家採用中國13世紀詩歌命名的互聯網公司已經成長為價值600億美元的巨頭企業，在中國與重視社交媒體的騰訊、馬雲創建的網購帝國阿里巴巴共同成為了中國互聯網三巨頭。旗下產品百度地圖指引著每位中國司機、百度搜索結果啟發著每位中國學生。如今，再也不會有人問李彥宏中國是否有電腦這個問題。

In fact, what was once a land of cheapknockoffs now has Silicon Valley losing sleep. China has nurtured a third ofthe world』s 262 tech 「unicorns,」 or private $1 billion startups, according to arecent report by the global consulting firm McKinsey. Alibaba』s 2014 stockfloating remains the biggest IPO in history, valued at $25 billion. China isthe world』s largest e-commerce market, accounting for almost half of all globaltransactions by value, up from less than 1% just over a decade ago. Its bigcities are verging on a cashless society, where even steamed buns or rickshawrides can be purchased with a flash of a smartphone QR code. It』s a far cryfrom when former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden scoffed that the Middle Kingdomdidn』t innovate.

事實上，曾經被視為廉價山寨品集中地的中國如今卻令矽谷輾轉反側、坐立不安。根據全球諮詢公司麥肯錫(McKinsey)最近發布的報告：全球262家科技「獨角獸（估值超過10億美元的創業企業）」中，有1/3的企業位於中國。阿里巴巴2014年首次公開募股創下250億美元的記錄，成為史上最具規模的IPO。此外，中國有全球最大的電子商務市場，如今的交易額佔全球近一半；而十年來，中國市場交易額僅佔全球1%。越來越多的中國城市步入無現金時代，人們甚至買饅頭都會通過智能手機掃描二維碼來完成支付。美國前副總統喬·拜登曾嘲笑「中國不懂創新」，事實顯然並非如此。

China has now set its sights on the nexttech frontier: artificial intelligence. On July 20, China』s State Councilissued a Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan to become the「premier global AI innovation center」 by 2030, when it predicts China』s core AIindustry will be worth $148 billion, with AI-related fields at $1.48 trillion.China already rivals the world』s leading developed nations by spending 2.1% ofits $11.2 trillion GDP on research and development. At November』s ArtificialIntelligence and Global Security Summit in Washington, Eric Schmidt, thenexecutive chairman of Google parent Alphabet, predicted China』s AI prowess willovertake the U.S. within a decade. 「By 2030, they will dominate the industriesof AI,」 he said. Russian President Vladimir Putin recently said that whoevermasters AI will become 「ruler of the world.」

如今的中國將目光投向了下一項前沿領域：人工智慧（AI）。7月20日，中國國務院發布了《下一代人工智慧發展規劃》，中國將成為「全球首要的人工智慧創新中心」，中國的人工智慧產業的價值將在2030年達到1480億美元，人工智慧相關領域價值達到1.48萬億美元。中國這個GDP11.2萬億美元的國家將2.1％的經費用於科研領域，這項投入足以與世界領先的發達國家相比。在11月舉行的華盛頓人工智慧與全球安全峰會上，谷歌母公司執行主席埃里克·施密特曾預言：中國的人工智慧在十年內將超越美國，到2030年，中國將成為人工智慧領域的主宰。俄羅斯總統普京日前表示：掌握人工智慧的人將成為未來世界的「統治者」。

No one in China takes this challenge moreseriously than Robin Li. Some $1.2 billion of his firm』s $9 billion revenueover the first three-quarters of 2017 was put back into R&D, according topublished accounts–much of it into AI. He believes Baidu can dominate theglobal market for AI by harnessing China』s greatest advantage: scale. At abasic level, AI systems replicate human learning based on empirical data:whether driving patterns, financial behavior or the true intention behind aslurred voice command. The more data, the better trained the algorithm–giving acompany that serves the world』s most populous nation an obvious leg up. 「[Chinais] a very large and uniform market,」 Li says. 「Everyone speaks the samelanguage; they all obey the same law.」

在中國，沒有人比李彥宏更重視這個挑戰。百度在2017年前三季度的90億美元收入中，約有12億美元被重新投入研發，根據已發布的數據顯示：這其中大部分的錢投入AI。李彥宏認為：百度可以通過發揮中國最大的優勢——規模，來主導全球的人工智慧市場。中國是一個非常龐大而統一的市場，每個人說著同一種語言，遵循著同一套法律。AI系統基於經驗數據複製人類學習，無論是驅動模式、財務行為、含糊語音指令背後的真實意圖，數據越多就越能更好地訓練演算法，而中國作為這個世界上人口最多的國家具備了顯而易見的優勢。

A trip in Baidu』s self-driving car is notyet a comfortable ride. When TIME took a test drive around the Baidu campus,potential obstacles like trash cans or parked cars caused the vehicle toregularly jolt to a halt. The car is far from road-ready: there』s a clumsyspinning radar on the roof and a trunk full of whirring gadgetry. Still,Baidu』s driverless-car platform, Apollo, has been adopted by 130 independentmanufacturers, testament to what Baidu has achieved in the field. The companyhas launched voice-recognition software, DuerOS, which it says recognizesMandarin Chinese more reliably than a human being does. Its AI-drivenfacial-recognition software is so advanced, it is being used to reunite missingchildren with their parents by digitally aging and matching photographs. OnJan. 8, Baidu was ready to unveil Apollo 2.0, which enables autonomous drivingon simple urban roads, at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. Baidu』smessage at the event said it all: 「AI is changing the world, at China speed.」

百度的無人駕駛汽車目前並不能提供舒適的服務。當《時代》記者在百度園區附近試駕時，像垃圾桶或停放汽車等潛在障礙都使百度的測試車輛經常顛簸停下。這輛車遠未做好上路的準備，它的車頂上有個笨拙的旋轉雷達，車體就像裝滿旋轉裝置的箱子。儘管如此，已經有130個獨立製造商都採用了百度的阿波羅無人車駕駛平台，證明了百度在這個領域的成就。百度還在聲控軟體中取得進展，推出了語音識別軟體DuerOS，該系統比人更能清楚的識別普通話。他們的AI人臉識別系統極其先進，可以通過年齡及圖像數據的匹配使失散的孩子與父母重聚。1月8日，百度發布了Apollo2.0，它能使自動駕駛車輛在簡單的城市道路上行駛。在拉斯維加斯的消費者電子展中，百度傳達出「AI將會以中國速度來改變世界」的信號。

「Our vision is that humans can interact with all devices using humanlanguage,」 says Li. 「The difference between humans and animals is that humanscan use tools. Over the past 100,000 years, whatever tools you invent you haveto learn how to use. In the future, you won』t need to do that–tools will learnhow to understand human language, human intentions. That』s the future.」

我們的構想是，人類可以使用人類語言與所有設備互動，」李彥宏說，「人類和動物的區別在於人類懂得使用工具。在過去的10萬年里，無論你發明什麼工具，你都必須學會如何去使用它。在未來，你不必再這樣做了，因為工具會去學習如何理解人類的語言和人類的意圖。這就是未來。」

It』s a future that Li could hardly haveimagined growing up in Yangquan, a city of about 1 million people in China』shardscrabble central province of Shanxi, known for farming and mining. Li』shigh school had only five Apple II computers for 1,800 pupils, so the teachersprioritized their usage for the dozen kids with the best math scores. Lienjoyed math but 「immediately fell in love with computers,」 he says. 「I thoughtthey were magical.」

如今的這一切是出身在山西陽泉的李彥宏不曾想過的未來。山西陽泉是一個擁有大約100萬人口以農業和採礦業著稱的城市。李的高中只有五台蘋果二代電腦，可供一千八百名學生使用，所以老師們決定數學成績好的孩子才能優先使用這些電腦。李喜歡數學，但他更快的愛上了電腦，他說：我認為電腦非常神奇」。

After studying information management atPeking University, Li obtained a computer-science degree at the StateUniversity of New York at Buffalo. He initially worked for the Wall StreetJournal as a software engineer, before joining search-engine pioneer Infoseek.Then Li made the decision to return to China to found his own company, in ahotel room opposite the Peking University campus. 「I hired a professor and fivestudents about to graduate to work on the first version of the Baidu searchengine,」 he says.

李彥宏從北京大學信息管理專業後在美國布法羅紐約州立大學完成計算機科學碩士學位，先後擔任道·瓊斯公司高級顧問、《華爾街日報》網路版實時金融信息系統設計者，以及國際知名互聯網企業——Infoseek公司資深工程師。隨後，李彥宏決定回到中國，在北京大學對面的資源賓館裡開始創建百度公司。李彥宏說：當時我聘請了一名教授、5名即將畢業的技術人員一起創造了最初版本的百度搜索。

Baidu went from strength to strength,unperturbed even by the entry of Google to the Chinese market in 2005. Baiduhad over 40% of Chinese search traffic at that time, compared with its rival』s30%. By the time Google withdrew from China in 2010, citing what it believedwas government hacking of Gmail, Baidu had 75% of Chinese search traffic, whileGoogle had shrunk to just in the teens.

百度不斷發展壯大，2005年谷歌進入中國市場的時候，百度也沒有因此受到影響。百度當時在中國的搜索流量已經超過了40％，而競爭對手只有30％。當2010年谷歌因為政治原因要退出中國市場時，百度在中國的搜索份額已經達到了75％，而谷歌則縮水至百分之十幾。

Li says the company used governmentmeddling as an excuse. 「Google left because Baidu was gaining market share,」 hesays. 「The China market is very competitive and things can change very quickly,so you really need to make decisions very quickly, and the problem is that U.S.companies』 decision making is not made here in China.」 Lee Kai-Fu, head ofGoogle in China at the time, says the decision to retreat was 「difficult.」 「Youreally have to make the decision to fork your product into two differentproducts. That』s very painful–especially for Silicon Valley entrepreneurs.」

李彥宏認為企業總會把政府干預當作一項借口，「谷歌離開中國是因為百度獲得了越來越多的市場份額。中國市場充滿了競爭與變化，事情會很快發生改變，因此需要非常快速地做出決定。谷歌發現在美國市場的一些決定不適用與中國因此離開了這個市場」。據谷歌當時的大中華區總裁李開復所言：許多矽谷企業必須做決定把產品改變成兩種模式才能適應中國市場，谷歌離開中國是一項艱難的決定。

China』s 1.4 billion people are atantalizing prospect for American business minds, but the obstacles aresignificant. Chief among them is compliance with local regulations, includingcensorship. Skype, for example, was removed from Chinese app stores inmid-November for failing to abide by new regulations. Last year, China rolledout a controversial new cybersecurity law that, among many stipulations,requires foreign companies doing business in the country to store related datalocally. This means, say critics, courts beholden to the Communist Party caneasily subpoena it. Even so, that hasn』t dissuaded every U.S. company; on Jan.10, Apple agreed to outsource local iCloud services to a Chinese firm.

中國14億的人口對美國商人極具誘惑力，但障礙是巨大的。其中最主要的是要遵守中國市場的規定其中就包括審查。例如，Skype在11月中旬從中國的應用程序商店被移除，正是因為它沒有遵守新的規定。去年，中國推出了一項頗具爭議的新型網路安全法，其中的很多規定都要求外國公司在中國開展業務必須在當地存儲相關數據。批評家認為：這意味著共產黨的法院可以輕易傳喚。即便如此，這也阻止不了美國企業進入中國市場的決心。1月10日，蘋果也正式同意了將本地iCloud服務外包給一家中國公司。

But the technology brings awesome risks as well as rewards. Tesla boss Elon Musksays uncontrollable AI represents a 「fundamental」 threat to humanity, whilerenowned physicist Stephen Hawking fears it could 「spell the end of the humanrace.」

特斯拉電動汽車公司首席執行官伊隆·馬斯克（Elon Musk）認為：這項技術帶來巨大回報的同時也蘊含著風險，無法控制的AI代表了對人類的「根本性」威脅，而著名物理學家斯蒂芬·霍金（Stephen Hawking）擔心這可能「意味著人類的末日」。

Li disagrees, saying, 「Humans will alwayshave the capabilities to make the world a safe place. Think about nuclearweapons: they can kill a lot of people, they killed a lot of people, but we canactually control this type of weaponry. And the real function of nuclearweapons was to end the Second World War. They did not start the Third WorldWar.」 Not yet, at least.

李彥宏不同意這種說法，他認為:「人類總是有能力讓世界變成安全的地方。想想核武器：核武器可以殺死很多人，也的確殺死了很多人，但事實上我們是可以控制這種武器的。核武器的真正功能是幫助結束了第二次世界大戰，並且它也沒有引發第三次世界大戰。」至少，現在還沒有。

But fears over AI are not all about adystopian future. The technology is already automating tasks that providedincomes to people. Driverless technology will most quickly be adopted forlong-distance haulage, potentially putting up to 16 million Chinese truckersout of work. For Li, the problem is unavoidable. 「When technology changes theworld, then a lot of jobs are lost,」 he says, comparing it to the advent of thesteam engine. 「You cannot change that. What you can do is continue to innovateand create more new jobs for people.」

對AI的擔憂並非是反對烏托邦式的未來。技術已經將許多能為人們提供收入的工作自動化了。無人駕駛技術將很快被用於長途運輸，這可能會讓1600萬中國卡車司機失業。對於李彥宏來說，這個問題是不可避免的，他以蒸汽機的出現為例說到：「當技術改變世界的時候，大量的工作崗位也會隨之消失；你不能改變這一點，你能做的就是繼續創新，為人們創造更多的就業機會。」

That will require the Chinese government toremain open to the world, he suggests, and not withdraw as the U.S. appears tohave done under President Trump. The White House』s proposals to limitimmigration 「damage the innovation environment of the U.S.,」 Li says, urging Chinato take a different tack. 「We should create a better environment for foreignersto open up here, to innovate here, to set up companies.」

李彥宏建議：這需要中國政府堅持開放政策，而不是像特朗普政府那樣選擇退縮。李彥宏認為：白宮限制移民的政策「破壞了美國的創新環境」，因此他希望中國能採取不同的策略，「我們應該為外國人創造更好的創業、創新的環境，讓他們在中國的土地上創新、建立新公司。

But for that to happen, and for Baidu totruly dominate AI, Li may have to confront China』s own ideological tightening.For now, however, Li is focused on his mission: 「to make the complex worldsimpler.」 Or, perhaps, to pull down barriers faster than others can throw themup.

但是為了實現這個目標，也為了能讓百度成為AI領域的真正主宰，李彥宏正專註於他的使命：「用科技讓複雜的世界更簡單」。

This appears in the January 29, 2018 issueof TIME.

時代周刊2018年1月29日版