托福培訓丨托福綜合口語Task 6滿分攻略

03-05

新托福口語第六題Task 6向來是讓考生們感到頭疼的一項任務。它的話題範圍廣、話題難度深、材料時間長、說話者語速快等這一系列因素，都是考生在第六題拿高分道路上的攔路虎。當然，我們考生自身欠缺的一些能力也是導致在第六題難拿高分的一大因素。許多考生可以在Academic Course Content這一部分，也就是Task 4和Task 6兩道題拿到」Fair」這一等級，也就是說原始分值為2.5-3分之間，轉換到最終分數大概是19-23之間。但是這個分數對許多考生來說遠遠不夠，甚至過低。如果你的目標是100+, 105+, 甚至是110+, 那麼你的目標應該是在這一部分拿到」Good」這一等級，也就是原始分值3.5-4, 換算分值27-30分。所以今天，朗閣海外考試研究中心口語組的專家就為大家來一一剖析第六題難拿高分的具體原因，以及針對各個原因給考生們奉獻最直接、最有效、最簡單的滿分攻略。

首先，讓我們來看一看導致考生在Task 6難拿高分的三大原因：

? 教授講課重點模糊

? 考生話題辭彙不足

? 考生細節記錄不足

下面我們來逐一分析一下這三個原因。

原因一：教授講課重點模糊

大部分的聽力材料中，教授講課的順序都是比較固定且有較明確的思路順序的，也就是一個主題+兩個要點+要點解釋及舉例。而且，教授在講課時會運用一些連接詞幫助我們定位和記錄要點。但是，一旦教授的講課不再按照我們已經形成的固有思維來展開，那麼考生多半會慌亂且手足無措。

我們先來看一下有明確講課重點和講課重點模糊的兩段材料的對比：

TPO 14

A lot of plants and animals live near the surface of the ocean, and that means there』s a lot of food near the surface, because there are lots of plants and animals to eat. But if you go down to the deepest parts of the ocean, it』s cold and dark, and there』s not a lot of living down there, so food is very scarce. So organisms that live down at these great depths have developed special adaptations to help them survive in this environment where food is so hard to find.

For example, many deep-sea organisms have body features that enable them to eat prey that are larger than themselves. A good example, um, there』s a species of eel that has an enormous mouth and a large stomach that』s capable of expanding. And these unusual features allow this eel to eat prey larger than itself. That』s a big advantage because if the eel eats something big, that』s a lot of food, a lot of nutrition. So the eel can go for quite a while before it has to find food again.

Another helpful adaptation in some deep-sea organisms is the ability to generate light. And some organisms use that light to help them capture food. For example, there』s a kind of fish called the angler fish. And on its head, this fish has a little structure that produces light that glows in the dark. This little structure, this little light, is positioned close to the fish』s mouth. Other fish are attracted to this light, they think it』s something small they can eat, so they swim straight toward it. And that brings them close enough for the angler fish to capture them and eat them.

很明顯，本段材料遵循典型的教授講課套路，即一個主旨「organisms that live down at these great depths have developed special adaptations to help them survive」, 兩個points分別是：「many deep-sea organisms have body features that enable them to eat prey that are larger than themselves」和「the ability to generate light」, 而且非常明顯的是兩個要點分別用了連接詞「For example」和「Another helpful adaptation」來幫助考生定位。再繼續往下聽，我們又聽到了表示舉例的連接詞「A good example」和「For example」, 這就更明確地告訴我們兩個例子要出現了，提醒考生們仔細聽、注意記錄。所以這樣的聽力材料是非常好定位，能夠讓考生清晰地get到重點的。

我們再來看一段沒有明確講課重點的材料。

TPO 17

Now let』s talk about a particular cultural process: diffusion. Since the beginning of human history, diverse cultures have taken advantage of one another』s innovations when they』ve come into contact. Diffusion is the process whereby something cultural…like a custom, a type of food or an invention is spread from one group to another, or from one society to another. One group adopts a cultural item, or, more selectively, just part of a cultural item of another group, you see?

Now diffusion can occur through a variety of ways: military conquest or tourism or even something like the influence of satellite TV shows around the world. For example, take something like reading a modern newspaper here in the US. Have you ever thought about where the letters, the characters on the page you』re reading, where they came from? They were borrowed from another culture many centuries ago. Then, the printing of the words, well, that process was invented in Germany, and finally, the paper itself, the paper was invented in China. These innovations from all over the world were shared across cultures over time, and so today we have newspapers in the US. So the process of diffusion might take place over long distances and over long periods of time.

Now I』m not saying that diffusion happens easily, as I mentioned, sometimes it』s selective. For instance, many people in the US have accepted the practice of acupuncture. The Chinese practice of using needles to cure disease or relieve pain. So, lots of people in the US have realized that acupuncture is effective, but few of them fully understand or have committed themselves to the philosophy behind acupuncture. Cultures tend to resist ideas that seem to foreign, too different from their own beliefs and values. But the ideas which aren』t perceived as too different are often incorporated, absorbed, diffused into their culture, so the practice of acupuncture has been absorbed into US culture, but not the philosophies of Chinese medicine.

本段材料我們是以文字形式呈現的，且已經給大家分了段，所以看起來結構上比較清晰。但是，試想一下，如果我們盲聽這段材料，其實重點是非常模糊的。因為材料一開始教授就說我們來討論一下特殊的文化過程—diffusion（傳播）。但是聽了半天，我們只聽到了什麼是diffusion。根據以往的經驗，我們期待著教授能指出本次講課的重點，也一直在猜測著，是要講文化傳播的兩種途徑？還是文化傳播的兩種影響？還是文化傳播的兩種特徵？總之，教授並沒有明確說明。所以，我們只能硬著頭皮往下聽。教授說，文化傳播可以通過很多種方法，比如戰爭、旅遊、衛星電視。再往下教授居然直接舉了例子！許多同學聽到這裡內心應該是崩潰的，教授開始舉例子這件事說明我們前面既錯過了主題，也錯過了第一個要點。如果考生還在期待著聽到明確的重點，那麼很遺憾，你已經錯過了兩個得分點了。

所以，朗閣海外考試研究中心的老師在這裡誠心建議大家：

攻略一：牢記信號詞、重點都不落

何為信號詞？並不是單純的表示列舉和增補關係的連接詞，比如first, second, another, also等。而是表示教授將要講出重點的一些語助詞或標記語，比如OK, Now, Well等。這些詞被稱為Discourse Marker（語篇標語），讓我們先來看看關於它的定義吧---A discourse marker is something that either connects a sentence to what comes before or after, or indicates a speakers attitude to what he is saying. Now discourse markers are assigned functions in different levels of analysis: topic changes, reformulations, discourse planning, stressing, hedging, or backchanneling. 大家看到，語篇標語的功能是多樣的，其中兩條—topic changes（話題轉換）和stressing（強調）是聽力材料中最頻繁出現的。也就是說，當我們聽到材料中有OK, Now, Well, Then, All right, You know, I mean, Actually, Basically, So等，就需要提高警惕，因為講課重點要出現了。

所以我們再回顧一下剛才的材料，在教授講完什麼是diffusion之後，教授先說了「Now」,後來講完第一個例子，又有一個「So」做了關於第一個例子的總結。之後呢，教授又說了「Now」。這都是在提醒我們，重點來了，需要記錄了。所以我們現在再來看這篇材料的內容就很好懂了。教授講了關於diffusion的兩個知識，一個是可以通過很多種方法傳播，一個是傳播的過程有時是有選擇性的。教授分別用了報紙上的文字和紙張本身，以及針灸，這兩個例子來分別解釋了兩個要點。所以，將來在聽的過程中，不僅要對連接詞敏感，還要牢記上面補充的語篇標語，只要聽到這些信號詞，就抓緊記下後面的內容，以免錯過要點，錯失分數。

原因二：考生話題辭彙不足

話題辭彙不足，這是大部分考生的弱點。托福考試的話題範圍廣，有深度，雖然考試不要求我們具備相關的背景知識，但是具備相關的背景知識能很大程度上幫助我們理解聽力內容。那麼，如果不具備背景知識，我們只能把所有賭注都壓在辭彙量上了。這確實是一個不爭的事實。但是往往考生們來不及背那麼多話題辭彙，就算背了很多，也不一定背得全、記得牢。畢竟話題廣就意味著只背高頻詞是涵蓋不了所有話題需要的辭彙的，所以我們常常聽得懵懵懂懂，真正意思全靠猜。比如我們來看下面兩則材料：

TPO 30 (part)

When we humans walk from place to place, we move on the Earth』s surface, across the Earth』s surface. Many animals of course do the same thing. Horses and dogs and cows and so on, all move on the surface, across the surface of the Earth. There are also, there are quite a few animals that have the ability to move from place to place underground, beneath the Earth』s surface. This moving around underground is called subsurface locomotion. Subsurface locomotion has a number of benefits.

TPO 10 (part)

OK, we generally assume that babies can feel only very basic emotions like happiness or anger, that is, the babies just react to things that happen directly to them. However, some new research』s suggesting that babies may be able to feel concern for others, to have empathy for others.

Now, empathy is a complex emotion. It involves a baby relating to someone else』s emotions, not just reacting to things happening directly to them. Let』s talk about an experiment that may show that babies could be capable of feeling empathy.

關於第一則材料，我們能很明確的知道主題是「Subsurface locomotion has a number of benefits」。但是重點在於，subsurface locomotion的意思是很多考生不知道的。Subsurface這個詞有個sub, 我們能知道是在…下面，surface是表面，所以應該能猜到是在…之下的意思。關鍵在於locomotion這個詞，很多考生會猜與local這個詞有關，但事實是兩詞之間並無關聯。所以單純靠猜是行不通的。

第二段材料中，我們通過判斷，得知「However, some new researches suggest that babies may be able to feel concern for others, to have empathy for others.」意思是想證明嬰兒可以對別人有concern和empathy。大部分考生都知道concern的意思，卻不知道empathy的意思。而後面的材料則對empathy進行了一番討論，說明empathy的重要性，所以我們必須要搞懂這個關鍵詞的意思。那麼我們能如何快速解決生詞的困擾呢？

攻略二：轉述必須聽得好，生詞理解沒煩惱

轉述(Paraphrase)，是指將一個詞轉換成另一種方式表達出來。托福考試中的轉述常見的形式包括同義替換和釋義兩種。同義替換，是用一個同義詞或同義短語把一個詞或短語替換出來，結構簡單，容易理解。釋義，是用一句話或幾句話把一個詞或短語解釋出來。這兩種方法都是新托福口語綜合題目的Task 4和Task 6常用的技巧。我們在材料中看到或聽到不認識的詞時，完全可以通過這個詞附近的同義詞或解釋來幫助理解。

比如，我們剛剛在第一個材料中看到了subsurface locomotion, 而這個詞的前面就正好用了釋義這個方法把這個詞的意思解釋的非常清楚。「…quite a few animals that have the ability to move from place to place underground, beneath the Earth』s surface. This moving around underground is called subsurface locomotion.」意思是說，有些動物可以在地下移動，而在地下移動這件事就叫做subsurface locomotion。再比如，第二則材料就很好地運用了同義替換和釋義兩種方法。首先教授說了嬰兒會對別人有concern, 這個詞很簡單，就是關心、擔心的意思，可以同義替換給empathy。如果不放心，我們繼續往下看。教授說「It involves a baby relating to someone else』s emotions, not just reacting to things happening directly to them.」意思是說empathy是嬰兒可以關心到別人的情緒。通過這句話，再聯繫concern的意思，我們就很容易理解本題的主旨了。所以記住，遇到生詞不用怕，與主旨相關的重要的生詞教授都會做出解釋。去仔細聽這個生詞前後的同義詞，或是聽懂對這個詞的釋義，都能很好地幫我們理解，打破生詞的障礙。

原因三：考生細節記錄不足

很多人在記錄第六題的聽力內容時，只關注整段材料的主體框架，即一個主旨，兩個要點，和兩個例子。他們往往忽略一些細節，這些細節包括對於兩個要點的解釋，對於例子的解釋，還包括有時教授講述的實驗過程中的細節。下面我們通過兩個例子來看看我們考生常忽略的一些細節。

TPO 33

OK, so last time we were talking about the processes of starting up a business on your own. And how new business owners often encounter a lot of obstacles. But one way to get an easier start is through franchising. Thats when theres already a well-known, established company and you open up a new branch of that company in a new location. Your new business will be a part of the larger established company with the same name and itll be run just like the other branches of that company. Lets discuss some advantages of franchising. (topic)

Now, one great advantage of franchising is that the company provides training to you and all of your employees (point 1).They teach you about all the aspects of the business and youre given a plan to follow for success (detail). So, you dont have to do the training yourself or come up with your own business plan. For example, if youre opening up a new division of a restaurant that sells pizza, say. Somebody from the company will come to the restaurant that youre opening and theyll train you and your employees in how to prepare the pizzas, how to take food orders, plus everything about how to operate the restaurant so itll be run exactly like all the other restaurants in the company (detail).

Another advantage of franchising is the established customer base (point 2) because your business will have the same name as the company thats already well-known. Itll already have loyal customers』 following. So when you open a new division, people will want to come because theyll be confident of its quality (detail). So, again, lets say youre opening a new restaurant, a pizza place. The restaurant is already well-known because it has such good pizza. So when you open your own restaurant with the same name in a new location, people know your pizzas going to be really good, too. Theyll go to your restaurant because they already trust theyll have a good experience there (detail).

首先我們把材料中的主體框架用紅色字體加下劃線標示出來了，這也是大部分同學能夠聽得出來並記錄下來的。我們來梳理一下這些要點：

Topic: advantages of franchising

Point 1: the company provides training to you and all of your employees

Example: if you open a new division selling pizza, somebody from the company will come and train you and your employees.

Point 2: the established customer base

Example: The restaurant is already well-known because it has such good pizza. When you open your own restaurant with the same name in a new location, people know your pizzas going to be really good, too.

如果你能夠掌握這些主要信息點，那麼你的整體分數大概在原始分值3分左右。但是我們追求的是高分，甚至滿分。所以僅僅靠複述這些要點，是遠遠不夠的。那麼我們應該如何做呢？

這個時候我們就需要牢記：

攻略三：細節聽得全，高分不再遠

考生們需要意識到的一點是，複述第六題並不能只靠要點拿分。我們不要忘了第六題的問題--Using the professor』s example of the pizza restaurant, explain two advantages of franchising. 所有的第六題基本上都是要求我們利用要點和細節來解釋教授講課的主題。所謂「解釋」，是指分析說明事物的含義、意義、事物變化的原因、事物之間的聯繫等等。意思就是說，當我們需要解釋two advantages of franchising的時候，需要分析說明它本身的含義；需要用例子來分析證明franchising的優點，兩者之間的關係；需要讓聽者聽你在複述的時候詳細了解到底這兩個優點是什麼。所以，我們不僅需要把教授所講的要點記下來，同時也要把對每個要點的解釋，以及對例子的細節記下來，這樣才能更有效地解釋清楚主旨。

所以，上述聽力材料中標藍色的字體部分就是本題中大家需要記下來的細節。我們來仔細分析一下。首先第一個優點是「公司會給你和你的員工培訓」，但是並沒有說明培訓的內容，所以我們必須記下來公司培訓的內容是「所有與這個生意有關的方面」。這是非常重要的，因為教授在拿pizza店舉例的時候說了公司來的人會給你培訓的內容有「怎樣做披薩，怎樣點單，怎樣做所有的事情從而讓你的店看起來跟公司所有的店都一樣。」這兩個細節是相輔相成的，兩者詳細恰當地解釋了關於公司提供培訓這項優點。其次，第二個優點是「已有的顧客基礎」。只記這一點的話我們並不能讓人清楚地知道為什麼會有顧客基礎的原因。所以我們需要解釋出來，「你的店名將會與公司的店名一樣，所以顧客會來。而且他們來還有一個原因是他們對產品比較放心」。這就對應了例子中，教授說「顧客知道你的披薩會很好是因為他們之前在別的店有過很好的經驗了」。這樣我們才能精確地把這個主旨解釋地非常清楚。

除了常規的解釋一個點，第六題還會通過教授講的一個完整的實驗來證明一個理論或發現。而在複述實驗的時候，很大一部分考生不知道到底哪些要記哪些不用。所以我們再通過一個例子來看看如何記錄實驗的細節。

TPO 10

OK, for the first part of the experiment, well, um, we』ve always known that babies start to cry when they hear other babies crying, right? One baby in a room starts crying and all the rest join in. We』ve always assumed that the other babies cry because they were reacting to the noise of crying, that the noise itself was distressing. So, in the experiment researchers play tape recording, a tape of baby』s crying, to another baby. And sure enough, the baby started crying when he heard the sound of other baby』s crying. This was no surprise, of course. And the researchers assumed that the baby cried because of the noise.

But the next part of the experiment was surprising. The researchers played the baby a tape of his own crying. Now it was just as noisy, so the researchers expected him to cry. However, this time the baby did not cry. He wasn』t upset by the sound of his own crying. Why not? Well, maybe it wasn』t the noise that made him cry before when he heard other baby』s crying.

In fact, maybe noise has nothing to do with it. It could be that the baby felt empathy for the other babies. And that was why he got upset when he heard them crying. Researchers concluded that it is indeed possible that babies feel empathy, concern for others.

前面提到過，這個題目的主旨是教授要證明一個新發現--babies may be able to feel concern for others, to have empathy for others。意思是嬰兒可以對別人關心，可以與別人共感。好，重點在下面。我們說，如果教授講的是一個實驗，那我們需要知道的是，對於一個實驗的表述通常遵循如下結構：

1) 實驗目的

2) 實驗對象

3) 實驗第一步—實驗結果—對所得結果的原因猜測

4) 實驗第二步（對照）—實驗結果—結果分析

也就是說，我們所需要記錄的內容也必須按照這個結構記錄，並且把每一步的具體內容記下來。所以，我們在這個題目里所需要記錄的就是：

1) 實驗目的：an experiment that may show that babies could be capable of feeling empathy

2) 實驗對象：babies

3) 實驗第一步：researchers play tape recording, a tape of baby』s crying, to another baby.

實驗結果：the baby started crying when he heard the sound of other baby』s crying.

原因猜測：researchers assumed that the baby cried because of the noise.

4) 實驗第二步：the researchers played the baby a tape of his own crying.

實驗結果：this time the baby did not cry.

結果分析：in fact, maybe noise has nothing to do with it. It could be that the baby felt empathy for the other babies.

考生們注意，一般來說，教授會清楚地使用連接詞來提醒我們他講課的進度。比如，本題中，教授說「OK, for the first part of the experiment」, 「But the next part of the experiment was surprising」, 很明顯，這些語句都是能幫助我們「on track」的輔助工具。所以，接下來我們按照剛剛講到的順序，就能完整詳細地把要點和細節都記下來了。

總的來說，我們第六題拿分不難，難的是如何拿高分。因為並不是所有題都按照常理出牌，也不是所有的話題辭彙都能提前準備到，所以我們必須提前接觸各類題目，不斷磨礪自己的能力，按照老師講的技巧去練習，持之以恆。相信在不斷的堅持之下，考生們定能攻破弱點，奪取高分！