最古老的國際書麵條約--卡迭石合約(赫梯版本阿卡德語英語雙語對照)

埃及赫梯和約（卡迭石合約）是一條由古埃及法老拉美西斯二世和赫梯國王哈圖西里三世之間所簽定的古代和平條約, 大部分的埃及學家認為它簽於公元前1259年.

條約簽署的目的在於建立及維持埃及赫梯雙方的和平關係, 被視為西亞已知最早的外交協議, 同時也是現存最古老的書麵條約.

埃及版本的條約刻於拉美西斯二世底比斯神廟的牆上。牆上的文字翻譯顯示它們由交給拉美西斯二世的銀板文字所譯, 但銀板卻被當代歷史學者所遺失. 赫梯版本的條約，則現存於土耳其的古代東方博物館.

此圖是卡迭石合約的赫梯版本, 損壞略微嚴重. 下方文獻部分"[]"符號內的內容代表該文獻已被損壞, 但損壞內容已從埃及版本的卡迭石合約修補(參考)回來.

Q: 為什麼用阿卡德語書寫而不是赫梯語？

A: 阿卡德語是當時的通用語言, 類似上上世紀的法語或本世紀的英語, 政治外交場合都少不了它.

注: 第一行為阿卡德語, 第二行(有引用符號部分)為英語

另部分單詞注釋:

Riamasesa=拉美西斯二世

Hattusili=哈圖西里三世

Mi-is-ri-i(Mizri)=赫梯人對埃及的稱呼

§ 1. PREAMBLE OF THE ACTUAL TREATY

條約序言

1. [UM-MA Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i] A-ma-na ?arru rabu ?ar [Mi-is-ri-i karradu]?

[And so be it. Riamasesa-mai-] Amana, the great king, king [of Egypt, strong],

2. [ka-du Ha-at-tu-?i-li ?arru rab]i ?ar Ha-at-ti ahi-?u a-na na-ta-ni sa-la-[ma damka

[with Hattusili, the great king],? king of the land Hatti, his brother,in order ?to give good peace,

3. [ahutam damikta u a-na sa-ba-ti ?arru-] ut-ti rabiti i-na be-ri-su-nu a-di ni-[i-nu-u-ma a]-di d[a ?-a-ri-ti]

[good brotherhood and ?to obtain] a mighty [king]dom between them as long as we

[live] (and) [forever]

4. [rik-za ir-]ku-us [Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i] A-ma-na ?arru rabu ?ar Mi-is-ri-i karradu i-na gab-bi matati mar-[?u ?a]

[a treaty] has made Riamasesa-mai-Amana, the great king, king of Egypt, the strong in all lands, son [of]

5. [Mi-in-] mu-a-ri-a ?arri rabi ?ar Mi-is-ri-i karradi-i mar mari-?u ?a Mi-in-pa-hi-ri-ta-ri-a ?arri rabi

Minmuaria, the great king, king of Egypt, the strong, son of the son of Minpahiritaria, the great king,

6. [sar matMi-is-ri-i] karradi a-na Ha-at-tu-si-li ?arri rab?ar matHa-at-ti karradi mar Mtur-si-li sarri rabm

[king of Egypt], the strong, to Hattzlili, the great king, king of the land Hatti, the strong, the son of Mursili, the great king,

7. [?ar Ha-at-ti] karradi mar mari-?u ?a ?u-ub-bi-lu-li-u-ma ?arri rabi ?ar Ha-at-ti karradi a-mur a-nu-ma at-ta-din

king of the land Hatti, the strong, son of the son of Subbiluliuma, the great king, king of the land Hatti, the strong, behold now I give

8. [ahu-ut-ta damik]ta sa-la-ma damka i-na be-ri-in-ni a-di da-ri-ti a-na na-da-ni sa-la- ma damka ah-hu-ta damikta

[good] brotherhood, good peace between us forever, in order to

give good peace, good brotherhood

9. [i-na rik-si] Mi-is-ri-i ka-du Ha-at-ti a-di da-a-ri-ti ki-a-am

by means of [a treaty (?)] of Egypt with Hatti-Egyptian Text. forever. So it is.

§ 2. RESUMPTION OF OLD PEACEFUL RELATIONS

回顧舊時和平關係

9. a-mur te-ma ?a ?arri rabi ?ar Mi-is-ri-i

Behold,the policy of the great king, king of Egypt,

10. [U ?a ?arri rabi] ?ar Ha-at-ti ul-du ta-ri-ti ilim] u-ul i-na-an-din a-na e-bi-?i nakruta i-na be-ri-?u-nu?

[and of the great king], king of Hatti since eternity-god did not permit2 the making of hostility between them

11. [i-na rik-si a-]di da-a-ri-ti./ a-ntur Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i A-ma-na ?arru rabu ?ar Mi-is-ri-i a-na e-bi-?i te-ma

[by means of a treaty] forever./ Behold,Riamasesa-mai-Amana,the?king, king of Egypt, in order to make the policy

?12. [?a ?ama? u] Te?ub i-pu-?u a-na Mi-is-ri-i ka-du Ha-at-ti i-na te-mi-?u ?a ul-tu da-ri-ti?

[which ?ama? and] Te?ub made for Egypt with the land Hatti because of his

policy which is from eternity,

13. lim-nis (?) [ul i-na-ki-]ir a-na e-bi-?i nukurta i-na be-[ri-?u-nu a-]na sa-a-di U a-du-ku-ul

wickedly(?) [will not become hostile] to make hostility between them unto everlasting and to all great time

§ 3.? DECLARATION OF THE NEW TREATY

新條約宣言

14. Ri[a-ma-?e-?a] ma-a-i A-ma-na ?arru rabi ?ar Mi-is-ri i-te-pu-u? i-na ri-ki-il-til eli tup-pi ?a kaspi?

Riamasesa-mai-Amana, the great king, king of Egypt, has made himself in a treaty upon a silver tablet

15. ka-dua [Ha-at-tu-?i-]li ?arri rabi ?ar Ha-at-ti ahi-[?u a-di U-]mi an-ni-i a-na na-da-ni zu-lum-ma-a damnkaah-hu-ta damikta?

with Hattusili, the great king, king of the land Hatti, his brother,from this day to give good peace and good brotherhood

16. i-na [be-ri-ni a-na] da-ri-ti U ah-hu-U it-[ti-ia sa-lim it-ti-]ia U ah-a-ku it-ti-?u U sal-ma-a-ku it-ti-?u

between us forever; and he is a brother to me and at peace with me, and I am a brother to him and at peace with him.

17. a-di da-[a-ri-ti U ni-]i-nu ni-in-ip-pu-us ahu-[ut-ta-ni sa-la-]ma-a-ni u damikta eli ahu-ti U sa-la-mi ?a pa-na nu

forever. And we have made brotherhood, peace and goodwill more than the brotherhood and peace of former times,

18. sa [Mi-is-ri-i U] Ha-at-ti a-mur Ri-i-a-ma-?e-?a ?arru rabu ?ar Mi-is-ri-i i-na sa-la-mi damki i-na ahu-ti damikti

which was between [Egypt and] Hatti.

Behold, Riamasesa-mai-Amana, the great king, king of Egypt, is in good peace and good brotherhood

19. it-ti [Ha-at-tu-?i-li] ?arri rabi ?ar Ha-at-ti a-mur mare Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i A-ma-na ?ar Mi-is-ri-i

with Hattusili,the great king, king of the land Hatti.

Behold, the sons of Riamasesa-mai-Amana, the king of Egypt,

20. sal-mu ah-[hu-u it-ti] mare ?a Ha-at-tu-?i-li ?arri rabi ?ar Ha-at-ti a-di da-ri-ti U ?u-nu a-ki-i te-mi-ni

are at peace (and) are [brothers with] the sons of Hattusili, the great king, king of the land Hatti, forever; and they are according to our policy

21. ?a ahu-ut-[ti-ni U sa-]la-am-ni U Mi-[is-ri-i] ka-du Ha-at-ti U sa-al-mu ahhu ki-i ni-i-nu a-di da-ri-ti.

of [our] brotherhood [and] our peace.

And Egypt with the land Hatti they are at peace, they are brothers like us forever.

§ 4. ?MUTUAL ASSURANCES WITH REGARD TO INVASION

應對入侵的共同擔保

22. U Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i A-ma-na ?arru rabu ?ar Mi-is-ri-i la-a u-kar-ra ?Ha-at-ti a-na la-ki-e mi-im-ma ?

And Riamasesa-mai-Amana,the great king, king of Egypt, shall not trespass into the land Hatti to take aught

23. ina libbi-?u [a-na da-ra-]a-ti u Ha-at-tu-?i-li ?arru rabu ?ar Ha-at-ti la-a u-kar-ra a-na Mi-is-ri-i ?

and Hattusili, the great king of the land Hatti, shall not trespass into Egypt

24. a-na la-ki-i mi-im-ma i-na libbi-?u [a-na da-ra-a-ti].

to take aught from therein from it forever.

§ 5.? FORMAL RENEWAL OF THE FORMER TREATY

對先前條約的正式更新

24. [a]-mur par-su ?a da-a-ri-ti ?a ?am?u U Te?ub i-pu-?u ?

Behold,the decree of eternity which ?am?u and Te?ub havemade

25. a-na Mi-is-ri-i ka-du Ha-at-ti [a-na e-bi-?i sa-la-ma] U ahu-ut-ta a-na la-a na-da-a-ni nakruta i-na be-ri-?u-nu ?

or Egypt and the land Hatti [to make peace] and brotherhood in order not to give hostility between them.

26. u a-mur Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i A-[ma-na ?arru rabu] ?ar Mi-is-ri-i is-sa-bat-?u a-na e-bi-?i ?u-ul-mi a-di U-mi an-ni-i ?

And behold,Riamaseesa-mai-A[mana, the great king], king of Egypt, takes hold of it to make peace from this day

27. a-mur Mi-is-[ri-i]ka-du Ha-at-ti[sa-al-mu U ah-]hu-u a-di da-ri-ti

Behold, Egypt and Hatti [are at peace, and] they are brothers forever.

§ 6. ?UNDERTAKINGOF A DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE

有關防禦同盟

27. U ?um-ma nakru ?a-nu-u ?

And if another enemy

28. il-la-ka [a-na] Ha-at-ti U Ha-at-tu-?i-li [?arru rabu ?ar Ha-at-]ti i-?ap-par a-na a-ia-?i um-ma-a al-ka a-na a-ia-?i

come [against] the land Hatti and Hattusili [the great king of the land Hatti], send to me saying, "come to me

29. a-na ri-zu-ti-[ia] a-na ?a-a-su; U Ri-[a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i A-ma-]na ?arru rabu ?ar Mi-is-ri-i

for my help against him"; then Ri[amasesa-mai-Ama]na, the great king, king of Egypt

30. i-?ap-par sabe-?u narkabati-?u U i-da-ak-ku [nakra-?u U ti-]il-la-[ta] u-ta-ar a-na Ha-at-ti

shall send his troops and his chariots and shall [slay his enemy and] he shall restore [con]fidence to the land Hatti.

§ 7.? ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN AGAINST REBELLIOUS SUBJECT

有關附庸國反叛

31. U ?um-ma Ha-at-tu-?i-li ?arru rabu ?ar Ha-at-ti [ir-da-ub ana] eli arde-?u at-tu-?u [U ?u-nu ih-]ta-tu-U a-na eli-?u?

And if Hattusili, the great king, king of the land Hatti, [become incensed] against servants of his [and they]sin against him,

32. U ta-?ap-par a-na Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ?arri rabi ?ar [M-is-ri-i] eli-?a a-[di] Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i A-ma-na?

and thou send to Riamasesa, the great king, king of [Egypt] concerning it; straight [way] Riamases-a-mai-Amana

33. sabe-?u narkabdti-?u i-?ap-par [U] U-hal-la-ku gab-bi-i-?u-nu ?a] a-na eli-?u-nu [tar-da-bu]

his troops (and) his chariots shall send, and they shall destroy all [of them] against whom [thou become incensed].

§ 8. RECIPROCAL CLAUSE CORRESPONDING TO § 6

與第六條相應的互惠條約(1)

33. [U ?um-ma] nakru ?a-nu-u il-la-ka

[And if] another enemy come

34. a-na Mi-is-ri-i U Ri-a-ma-?e-?a ma-a-i A -ma-na [?ar] Mi-is-ri-i ahu-k[a i-?ap-par]a-na Ha-at-tt-?i-li

against Egypt, and Riamasesa-mai-Amana,?the king of Egypt, thy brother,[send] to Hattusili,

35. ?ar Ha-at-ti ahu-?u um-[ma-a al-]ka a-na ri-zu-ti-ia a-na e-li-?u a-di Ha-[at-tu-?i-li] ?ar Ha-at-ti ?

king of the land Hatti, his brother saying, "[Come] for my help against him"; ?straightway then shall [Hattuzili], king of the land Hatti

36. i-?ap-par sabe-?u[narkabati-]?u U-[da-a-]ak nakri-ia ?

send his troops (and) his [chariots]; he [shall slay] my enemy

§ 9. ?RECIPROCAL CLAUSE CORRESPONDING TO § 6

與第六條相應的互惠條約(2)

36. U ?um-ma Ri-a-ma-?e-?a [?arru rabu ?ar] Mi-is-ri-i ?

And if Riamasesa, [the great king, king] of Egypt,

37. ir-da-ub a-na eli arde at-tu-?u U ?u-nu i-te-ip-?u he-ta a-na eli-[?u U a-?ap-par] ?

become incensed against servants of his, and they commit sin against [him, and I send]

38. a-na Ha-at-tu-?i-li ?ar Ha-at-ti ahi-ia eli-[?u] U Ha-at-tu-?i-li [?arru rabu ?ar Mi-is-ri-i] ?

to Hattusili, king of the land Hatti, my brother,concerning [it];

then Hattusili, the great king, king of Egypt,

39. i-?ap-par ?abe-?u narkabdti-?u U U-hal-la-ku gab-bi-[i-?u-nu] U (?) ana-ku a-ra………

shall send his troops (and) his chariots and they shall destroy all [of them]; and I will......

§ 10. ?A CLAUSE RELATING TO SUCCESSION

有關繼承

40.U a-mur mar-?u [?a] Ha-at-tu-?i-li ?ar Ha-at-ti [ri-ki-il-ta ?a ni-]ip-pu-?u......

And behold the son of Hattusili, king of the land Hatti, [the treaty which] we(?) have made.......

41. [i-]na a?-ri Ha-at-tu-?i-li a-bi-?u ar-ki ?anati...................................................?

in the place of Hattusili, his father, after years..................................................

42 ......................?a Ha-at-ti i-te-ip-?u he-ta (?) .............................................?

.........of the land Hatti have committed sin..................................................

43 ........................... narkabadti a-na u-ta-a-ar di......

............................chariots where (?) shall I return...

44 ...............................................................

到此為止, 文獻已經完全損壞, 無法修復; 條約的其他部分只能從埃及版本中獲得信息

感謝閱讀,

暫時先不翻譯漢語版本, 若有需要請留言.

完整埃及版本與赫梯版本: Peace Treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III

參考:

The Treaty of Alliance between ?attu?ili, King of the Hittites, and the Pharaoh Ramesses II of Egypt, S. Langdon and Alan H. Gardiner

James B. Pritchard-Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament， Princeton University Press (1969)

Harry A. Hoffner Jr.-Letters from the Hittite Kingdom

Peace Treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III

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