精讀新科學家:原來我們一直用於尋找暗物質的方法是錯的!

WHAT if we』ve been hunting for dark matter in the wrong place? If the particles are small and interact even slightly with normal matter, we may be able to spot them above ground.

Dark matter detectors are usually placed deep in mine shafts so the rock above will deflect unwanted background radiation while allowing the passage of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) – our best guess at the nature of dark matter.

注釋:

暗物質(Dark Matter)是一種因存在現有理論無法解釋的現象而假想出的物質,比電子和光子還要小的物質,不帶電荷,不與電子發生干擾,能夠穿越電磁波和引力場,是宇宙的重要組成部分。

word & expression

1. hunt

  • 英 [h?nt] 美 [h?nt]
  • vi. 打獵;搜尋

As a child I learned to hunt and fish.

我孩提時代就學會了打獵和捕魚。

search , nose about

hunt for 搜尋,尋找

hunt down 窮追直至抓獲

  • vt. 打獵;搜索

Detectives have been hunting him for seven months.

7個月來警探們一直在追捕他。

seek , beat for

  • n. 狩獵;搜尋

Despite a nationwide hunt for the kidnap gang, not a trace of them was found.

儘管已對這幫綁架團伙實行了全國範圍的大搜捕,但絲毫沒有發現他們的蛛絲馬跡。

search , shoot

in the hunt [美國俚語]有機會

easter egg hunt 尋找復活節彩蛋活動

treasure hunt 尋寶遊戲;尋找珍寶

2. particle

  • 英 [pɑ?t?k(?)l] 美 [pɑrt?kl]
  • n. 顆粒;[物] 質點;極小量;小品詞

...the sub-atomic particles that make up matter.

…構成物質的次原子微粒。

grain , granule

particle size 粒度;顆粒大小

particle size distribution 粒度分布

particle diameter 粒徑;顆粒直徑,粒子直徑

3. interact

  • 英 [?nt?r?kt] 美 [,?nt??kt]
  • v. 互相影響;互相作用

...new, simplified ways of interacting with a computer.

…與計算機互動的簡化新方法。

interact with 與……相互作用

interact on 作用;影響;制約

  • n. 幕間劇;幕間休息

entracte

4. slightly

  • 英 [sla?tl?] 美 [sla?tli]
  • adv. 些微地,輕微地;纖細地

Each person learns in a slightly different way.

每個人學習的方式都略有不同。

5. spot

  • 英 [sp?t] 美 [spɑt]
  • vt. 認出;弄髒;用燈光照射

Vicenzo failed to spot the error.

維森佐沒能發現這個錯誤。

recognize , soil , mud , dirty

  • vi. 沾上污漬;滿是斑點
  • n. 地點;斑點

The leaves have yellow areas on the top and underneath are powdery orange spots.

葉子上端有黃色斑塊,下方有粉狀橙色斑點。

location , site , where

scenic spot 風景區;景點

spot welding n. 點焊

bright spot 光點;輝點;高興的事

  • adj. 現場的;現貨買賣的

on-the-spot , on-site

  • adv. 準確地;恰好

accurately , just , true

6. detector

  • 英 [d?tekt?] 美 [d?t?kt?]
  • n. 探測器;檢測器;發現者;偵察器

In other words, does the detector need to remember what it sees at the method, class, hierarchy, or whole program level?

換句話說,檢測器是否需要記住它在方法、類、層次結構或者整個程序級別上看到了什麼?

finder , discoverer

metal detector 金屬探測器

gas detector 氣體檢測器;瓦斯檢查器;檢氣管

infrared detector 紅外檢測器

7. mine shaft

  • [ma?n / ?ɑ?ft]
  • 礦井

Our damp clothes dried. We spread the picnic cloth on the floor of the mine shaft, away from the edge of darkness.

我們的濕衣服幹了,就在礦井裡在遠離黑暗邊緣的地面上攤開了野餐布。

8. background radiation

  • [b?kgra?nd / re?d?e??(?)n]
  • [物] 背景輻射;[天][核] 本底輻射

However, measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature suggest that its structure may have some systematic order.

然而,對宇宙微波背景輻射溫度的測量顯示宇宙的結構也許有某種系統的規律。

9. passage

  • 英 [p?s?d?] 美 [p?s?d?]
  • n. 一段(文章);走廊;通路

Germany had not requested Francos consent for the passage of troops through Spain.

德國未曾請求弗朗哥同意他們的軍隊通過西班牙。

hall , opening , access , corridor

passage of time 時光流逝(專輯)

air passage 氣道;通風槽

flow passage 流道;通流部分;液流通道

10. nature

  • 英 [ne?t??] 美 [net??]
  • n. 自然;性質;本性;種類

The rise of a major power is both economic and military in nature.

一個大國的崛起本質上既是經濟上的,也是軍事上的。

property , category , variety , manner , kind

human nature 人性;人類本性

by nature 天生地;生性

nature reserve n. 自然保護區

參考譯文

如果我們在錯誤的地方搜尋暗物質怎麼辦?如果粒子很小,並且與普通物質有輕微的相互作用,我們也許能在地面上發現它們。

暗物質探測器通常放在深礦井,所以上層的岩石會反射不需要的背景輻射並使弱作用重粒子(WIMPs)通行——我們關於暗物質的性質最好的猜想。


It is possible dark matter may be less massive and able to crash into or bounce off regular matter. If so, Timon Emken and Chris Kouvaris at the University of Southern Denmark say that burying our detectors may be a mistake.

They simulated how light dark matter – particles with masses about the same as a proton or lower – would deflect and scatter as they pass through Earth and found that it might not reach far underground. They reckon there should be more of the dark stuff closer to Earth』s surface, particularly on one side of the planet.

word & expression

1. massive

  • 英 [m?s?v] 美 [m?s?v]
  • adj. 大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁偉的

There was evidence of massive fraud.

有證據表明是巨額欺詐。

huge , extensive , macro , substantial , tremendous , enormous

massive retaliation 大規模報復

2. crash

  • 英 [kr??] 美 [kr??]
  • vi. 摔碎;墜落;發出隆隆聲;(金融企業等)破產

My words were lost as the walls above us crashed down, filling the cellar with brick dust.

隨著上面的牆體轟隆一聲倒塌下來,地窖里充滿磚灰,我嚇得說不出話來。

hit , impact on

crash into v. 闖入;撞到…上

  • n. 撞碎;墜毀;破產;轟隆聲;睡覺

Two people recalled hearing a loud crash about 1:30 a.m.

兩人回憶說大約凌晨1:30時聽到一聲巨響。

collision , precipitation , impact

car crash 車禍;汽車碰撞

air crash 飛機失事

stock market crash 股市崩盤;股市行情暴跌

  • vt. 打碎;使墜毀、撞壞;擅自闖入

fall of , fall to pieces

3. bury

  • 英 [ber?] 美 [b?ri]
  • vt. 埋葬;隱藏

I was horrified that people would think I was dead and bury me alive.

人們會以為我死了而將我活埋的想法讓我極度恐懼。

lock , pocket

4. simulate

  • 英 [s?mj?le?t] 美 [s?mjulet]
  • vt. 模仿;假裝;冒充

The scientist developed one model to simulate a full year of the globes climate.

這位科學家研製出一個模型,能模擬全年地球的氣候。

pattern , come , imitate

  • adj. 模仿的;假裝的

affected , assumed

5. mass

  • 英 [m?s] 美 [m?s]
  • n. 塊,團;群眾,民眾;大量,眾多;質量

Astronomers know that Pluto and Triton have nearly the same size, mass, and density.

天文學家們知道冥王星和海王衛一擁有幾乎相同的體積、質量和密度。

piece , block , lots of , wealth , ocean , sea

rock mass 岩體;岩塊,岩塊體;岩石層

mass transfer 質量傳遞,傳質;質量轉移

mass production 大量生產

  • adj. 群眾的,民眾的;大規模的,集中的

All the lights went off, and mass hysteria broke out.

所有的燈都熄滅了,大家變得歇斯底里起來了。

concentrated , intensive , wholesale

  • vi. 聚集起來,聚集

Shortly after the workers went on strike, police began to mass at the shipyard.

工人罷工後不久,警察開始在造船廠集結。

concentrate , collect , crowd

  • vt. 使集合

6. proton

  • 英 [pr??t?n] 美 [protɑn]
  • n. [物] 質子

So we get at the number of neutrons indirectly because we know the proton number here.

所以,我們可以間接得到中子數,因為我們知道質子數了。

merron , uron

proton pump 質子泵

7. scatter

  • 英 [sk?t?] 美 [sk?t?]
  • vi. 分散,散開;散射

After dinner, everyone scattered.

吃完飯,每個人都散開了。

spread around , spread about

  • vt. 使散射;使散開,使分散;使散播,使撒播

She tore the rose apart and scattered the petals over the grave.

她掰開玫瑰花,把花瓣撒在墳墓上。

disject , disperse

  • n. 分散;散播,撒播

dissemination , decentralization

8. reckon

  • 英 [rek(?)n] 美 [r?k?n]
  • vt. 測算,估計;認為;計算

Toni reckoned that it must be about three oclock.

托尼想一定是3點鐘左右了。

expect , feel , find , cast , make

  • vi. 估計;計算;猜想,料想

estimate , believe , imagine , cast

reckon on 指望;依賴

reckon in 把…計算在內

reckon up 計算;合計

9. stuff

  • 英 [st?f] 美 [st?f]
  • n. 東西;材料;填充物;素材資料

Id like some coffee, and I dont object to the powdered stuff if its all youve got.

我想要點咖啡,如果你們只有粉狀的東西,我也不反對。

thing , packing

  • vt. 塞滿;填塞;讓吃飽

He grabbed my purse, opened it and stuffed it full, then gave it back to me.

他搶走我的錢包,打開並把它裝得滿滿的,然後還給了我。

be crammed with , be packed with

stuff with 用…把…堵住;用…裝/填/塞

  • vi. 吃得過多

glut , overeat

10. surface

  • 英 [s??f?s] 美 [s?f?s]
  • n. 表面;表層;外觀

Ozone forms a protective layer between 12 and 30 miles above the Earths surface.

臭氧在距地球表面12至30英里的地方形成一個保護層。

face , outside , garment

on the surface 在表面上,外表上

surface treatment 表面處理

surface area 表面面積;曲面面積

  • adj. 表面的,膚淺的

external , facial , shallow , superficial

  • vi. 浮出水面

He surfaced, gasping for air.

他浮出了水面,大口喘著氣。

Head Above Water

  • vt. 使浮出水面;使成平面

tabulate

參考譯文

暗物質可能沒有那麼大,能夠撞擊或反彈正常物質。如果是這樣的話,丹麥南部大學的Timon Emken和Chris Kouvaris說,埋置我們的探測器可能是一個錯誤。

他們模擬了光暗物質——粒子的質量與質子相同或更低——是如何在它們在穿越地球時偏轉和散射,由此發現它可能離地下不遠。他們認為應該有更多靠近地球表面的暗物質,特別是在地球的一側。


「If you put your hand outside of the car window, there are more molecules hitting your hand from the front than from the back, simply because you are moving against the molecules.」 Kouvaris says. 「It』s the same thing with dark matter as Earth moves through space.」 As the planet rotates, the 「front」 changes. This should cause a daily bump in the amount of light dark matter that we see at any particular detector.

Kouvaris says this daily variation should be highest in the southern hemisphere, and that a few detectors there could help either find light dark matter or rule it out as a major component of the universe.

Tongyan Lin at the University of California, San Diego, says it』s not that simple. Even if we don』t find it, tiny amounts could still exist. 「It could always be 0.00001 per cent of dark matter and we may never be able to rule that out,」 she says.

word & expression

1. molecule

  • 英 [m?l?kju?l] 美 [mɑl?kjul]
  • n. [化學] 分子;微小顆粒,微粒

So there are three possibilities in which the molecule could have this energy, and only one this.

所以這有三個概率,對應於分子的這個能量,而這隻有一個。

numerator of a fraction , microne

molecule weight 分子量

molecule biology 分子生物學;分子學

high molecule 高分子

2. against

  • 英 [?genst; ?ge?nst] 美 [??ɡ?nst;??ɡenst]
  • prep. 反對,違反;靠;倚;防備

On a table pushed against a wall there were bottles of beer and wine.

在靠著牆的一張桌子上有數瓶啤酒和葡萄酒。

in opposition to , in contravention of

up against 面臨

go against 不利於;違反;反對

over against 在…對面;正對著;與…相反;與…形成對照

  • adj. 不利的;對立的

adverse , contrary , opposite , disadvantageous

3. rotate

  • 英 [r?(?)te?t] 美 [rotet]
  • vi. 旋轉;循環

The earth rotates around the sun.

地球圍繞太陽旋轉。

wheel , circle , spin

  • vt. 使旋轉;使轉動;使輪流

turn , spin , swing

4. bump

  • 英 [b?mp] 美 [b?mp]
  • n. 腫塊,隆起物;撞擊

Small children often cry after a minor bump.

小孩子們在輕微的碰撞後常常會哭。

tumor , knub

with a bump 意外地,突然

  • vi. 碰撞,撞擊;顛簸而行

We left the road, and again bumped over the mountainside.

我們離開公路,又一次在山坡上顛簸行駛。

hit , impact on , crash

bump against 撞;碰

bump up 突然增加;提升

bump off 幹掉

  • vt. 碰,撞;顛簸

to run into , to hit

  • adv. 突然地,猛烈地

suddenly , heavily , strong , sharp , hard

5. variation

  • 英 [ve?r?e??(?)n] 美 [,v?r?e??n]
  • n. 變化;[生物] 變異,變種

This delicious variation on an omelette is quick and easy to prepare.

這種略有變化的美味煎蛋餅做起來又快又容易。

shift , change , differentiation , diversification , turn

coefficient of variation 變異係數;變動係數;變更係數

variation coefficient 變異係數,變差係數

seasonal variation 季節性波動,季節性變動

6. southern hemisphere

  • [s?e(?)n / hem?sf??]
  • 南半球

In the Southern Hemisphere, 2009 was the warmest year on record.

在南半球,2009年則是其記錄上最溫暖的一年了。

7. component

  • 英 [k?mp??n?nt] 美 [k?mpon?nt]
  • n. 成分;組件;[電子] 元件

The management plan has four main components.

該管理計劃有4個主要組成部分。

module , element , constituent

principal component 主成分;[化]知組分

principal component analysis 主成分分析

key component 主要組成部份;關鍵組分

  • adj. 組成的,構成的

Gorbachev failed to keep the component parts of the Soviet Union together.

戈爾巴喬夫沒能使蘇聯各組成部分保持在一起。

constituent

8. rule out

  • [ru?l / a?t]
  • 排除;取消;划去;反對;阻止

The Treasury Department has ruled out using a weak dollar as the main solution for the countrys trade problems.

財政部已經不考慮使用疲軟美元作為解決該國貿易問題的主要辦法。

eliminate , exclude , recall

參考譯文

「如果你把你的手放在車窗外,會有更多的分子由前到後撞擊你的手,只是因為你在同分子做反向運動。」Kouvaris說。「當地球穿過太空時,暗物質也是這樣的。」隨著地球的自轉,「前面」也在改變。這會使得我們在任何特定探測器上看到的光暗物質的數量每天都在增加。

Kouvaris說,這種每日的變化在南半球應該是最顯著的,在那兒很少有探測器可以幫助找到光暗物質或排除它作為宇宙一個重要組成部分的可能性。

聖地亞哥加利福尼亞大學的Tongyan Lin說它並不是那麼簡單。即使我們找不到它,也可能存在極小的數量。她說:「這可能是暗物質的0.00001%,我們可能永遠無法排除。」

句子精講

「If you put your hand outside of the car window, there are more molecules hitting your hand from the front than from the back, simply because you are moving against the molecules.」

條件狀語從句

  • 由引導詞if或unless引導的狀語從句叫做條件狀語從句。在英文中,條件是指某一件事情實現之後(狀語從句中的動作),其它事情(主句中的動作)才能發生,通常譯作「假如」。

注意:在含有條件狀語從句的複合句中,表示將來時態,主句是一般將來時態,祈使句或情態動詞,從句要用現在時態,[主將從現原則]

  • 類型

① if,由if引導的條件狀語從句表示在某種條件下某事很可能發生。

If you ask him,he will help you.

如果你請他幫忙,他會幫你的。

If you fail in the exam,you will let him down.

如果你考試不及格,你會讓他失望的。

if引導的條件狀語從句既可以將從句放前面也可以將從句放後面

If it rains,we will stop playing.

轉為 We will stop playing if it rains.

如果天下雨,我們就不玩了。

另外,if從句還表示不可實現的條件或根本不可能存在的條件,也就是一種虛擬的條件或假設,從句多用一般過去時或過去完成時。

If I were you,I would invite him to the party.

如果我是你,我會邀請他參加聚會。

I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.

如果沒有堵車,我會到的早一點兒。

② unless conj. 除非,若不,除非在……的時候

You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.

如果你不早點動身,你就不能及時趕到那兒。

Unless it rains,the game will be played.

除非下雨,比賽將照常進行。

③ on condition(that)...在……條件下,如果 on condition (that)...引導的條件從句是主句事件發生的前提條件或唯一條件。

I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.

我可以告訴你真相,條件是你答應保密。

You can go swimming on condition (that) you dont go too far from the river bank.

你只有在不遠離河岸的條件下才可以下水游泳。

④ supposing conj. 如果,假如 supposing引導的條件從句表示一種假設條件。

Supposing it rains,shall we continue the sports meeting?

倘若下雨,我們的運動會還要繼續舉行嗎?

Supposing anything should go wrong,what would you do then?

假如出了什麼問題,你準備怎麼對付?

⑤ provided conj. 假如,除非,以……為條件 provided (that) +從句表示一種假設條件。

He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorable terms.

如果我們提出更優惠的條件,他就會在合同上簽字。

He wont be against us in the meeting provided that we ask for his advice in advance.

如果我們提前徵求一下他的意見,他就不會在會上反對我們。

⑥ but for 若非,要不是

But for the rain,we should have a pleasant journey.

要不是下雨,我們的旅行肯定會很愉快。

But for your help,we should not have finished in time.

要不是你幫忙,我們肯定不能及時完成任務。

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