The Connection Between Animal Abuse and Human Violence動物虐待和人類暴力的相關性
-----------------------
原文作者：NYSHA Board Member, Harold Hovel, Ph.D.
原文出處：Home Page | NYSHA ? ? New York State Humane Association原文鏈接：http://www.nyshumane.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Connection_Animal_And_Human_Abuse.pdf
註：篇幅太長，引用會出現錯誤。以下英文內容全部為原文，中文為翻譯內容。此為說明。
-----------------------The Connection BetweenAnimal Abuse and Human Violence
動物虐待和人類暴力的相關性
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
執行總結
Animal cruelty is linked directly or indirectly with every type of violentcrime and even with most non-violent crime.虐待動物和每一種暴力犯罪，甚至和大多數非暴力犯罪都有直接或間接的關係。
Human beings would benefit enormously if fighting animalcruelty (investigating, prosecuting) were taken seriously. Many human liveswould be saved and much human suffering would be prevented.
如果我們嚴正對待虐待動物行為（調查和起訴），人類將會從中廣泛受益。很多人的生命將得以拯救，很多人的苦難將得以阻止。
Violent individuals are 「made」 and not born. Children areborn with a love of animals, but the home environment plays a major role indetermining a child』s prosocial or antisocial personality and behavior. Childabuse, neglect, abandonment, and witnessing domestic violence are major factorsin creating violent individuals.暴力犯罪人並非天生的，而是「練成」的。孩子們天生熱愛動物，但是在決定孩子親社會或反社會的個性和行為上，家庭環境扮演了主要的角色。
Enuresis, arson, and animal cruelty in children are earlyidentifying factors related to future violence. Early intervention may beeffective in changing the pathological path a child is taking.兒童的遺尿、縱火、虐待動物為未來暴力確定了最初的鋪墊。早期干預可能有效地避免孩子滑入這條變態之路。
The majority of juvenile crime offenders and schoolshooters were involved in animal cruelty. Most violent crimes are committed byyoung people under the age of 30. A majority of prison inmates were involved inanimal cruelty at some time in their early lives.大多數青少年犯罪和校園槍手都涉嫌動物虐待。 大多數暴力犯罪都是30以下的年輕人。大多數囚犯都有早年虐待動物的經歷。
Dog fighting involves crimes such as drugs, guns, illegalgambling, pet theft, murder, and gang violence. 30 – 35 fatal dog attacks takeplace annually by dogs trained for fighting.
斗狗行為涉及毒品，槍支，非法賭博，寵物偷竊，謀殺，團伙暴力。每年有30-35起致命狗咬事件都是由訓練的斗狗引發。
Serial killers are closely linked to animal cruelty, somuch so that it is exceedingly rare to find one who did not begin his or hercareer with animal abuse.連環殺人案與動物虐待緊密相關，並且關聯度如此之高，以至於你很難找到一個殺手不是從虐待動物開始犯罪行為的。
Domestic violence (child abuse, spouse battering, and elder abuse) is closelyassociated with animal cruelty. Perpetrators use animal cruelty to controlwomen and children in abusive situations. Battered women often remain inabusive situations out of fear for their pet. Animal cruelty is 11x more likelyin domestic violence households than in non d.v. households.家庭暴力（虐待孩子、配偶和老人）與虐待動物緊密相關。犯罪者往往通過虐待動物來控制受虐的婦女兒童。受虐的婦女出於對寵物的恐懼常常只能被迫忍受。家暴家庭的動物虐待超過非家暴家庭11倍以上。
Stopping domestic violence is a key to reducing ourviolent culture. Nearly all violent criminals and violent psychiatric patientswere abused as children, and nearly all started committing animal cruelty at anearly age.制止家暴是減少暴力行為的關鍵因素。幾乎所有的暴力犯罪和暴力性精神病患者在兒童時代都有被虐待的經歷，而這些暴力行為又幾乎是早年從虐待動物開始的。
Reasons to Care About Animal Cruelty關注動物虐待的理由
For people who care about animals, the question neverarises. Animals are living, breathing, sentient beings that cohabit the Earth,that feel joy, love, and happiness, but also suffer and feel pain just as humanbeings do. Cruelty is incompatible with a caring, moral society where empathyis a venerable quality.對關注動物的人來說，他們根本不會提出這樣的問題。動物是鮮活的有呼吸有感情的生命，和我們在地球上一起生活，和我們人類一樣，能感受快樂，愛與幸福，也能感受或遭遇痛苦。在這個充滿關懷，崇尚道德的社會，同情是一個可貴的品質，殘忍是與這個社會不相容的。For those who don』t care about animals, there are stillmany reasons to be concerned, reasons in their own self-interest. There is aclose connection between animal cruelty and most forms of violent andnonviolent crime. Those who are committing or have committed animal abuse arefar more likely to be associated with assault, rape, murder and serial murder,arson, domestic violence, and pedophilia, than are nonanimal abusers. Childrenwho begin their young years abusing other living beings are at higher risk offuture criminal behavior.對那些對動物莫不關心的人來說，出自各自的興趣，他們依然有一些理由關注這個問題。動物虐待和大多數形式的暴力非暴力犯罪緊密相聯。那些正在虐待虐待動物的人，或者虐待過動物的人，比那些未虐待動物的人，更有可能會牽扯進毆打、強姦、謀殺、連環謀殺、縱火、家庭暴力、戀童癖這些行為中。幼年時有過虐待其他生命的少年，未來犯罪的幾率更高。None of this is conjecture; it is borne out by countlessstudies and statistics. So why should we care about cruelty?Fighting animal cruelty would:
n save many human lives
n prevent much human suffering
n prevent much animal suffering
n help to protect children
n help to protect women, children, and elders fromdomestic violence
n lead to far less human violence overall
Studies done by the Department of Justice, the FBI, the Association ofChiefs of Police, and many commissioned university professors under contract tothese organizations show that animal cruelty is: - a predictor of future humanviolence; - an identifier of likely suspects; - an
indicator of on-going child, spouse, or elder abuse; - and a felony for themost egregious cruelty incidences in all 50 states.這不是猜想，是由無數研究和統計證明的結論。那我們為什麼要關心動物虐待的問題呢？
- n 反對動物虐待，能拯救很多人的生命；
- n 反對動物虐待，能阻止很多對人類的傷害；
- n 反對動物虐待，能阻止很多對動物的傷害；
- n 反對動物虐待，對兒童保護有益；
- n 反對動物虐待，有益於保護家暴中的婦女，兒童和老人
- n 反對動物虐待，能減少暴力犯罪數量
司法部，聯邦調查局，警察局長協會以及與這些機構協作的很多大學的研究表明：
動物虐待，是未來針對人的暴力犯罪的預警器，是嫌疑犯的判別依據，是持續的虐待兒童婦女老人的指示器。在美國50州中，大多數嚴重的動物虐待都會被判重罪。ViolentOffenders Are Made, Not Born
暴力犯罪不是天生的，而是養成的
Some psychologists and geneticistsmight contend that there are 「bad genes」 that predispose a newborn to a life ofviolence. While genetics may certainly play some role, 「nature versus nurture」is a far more powerful influence. A child』s parents are the biggest influencesand role models in his or her life. Children brought up with love and understanding,respect, and pro-social values taught at home and elsewhere are on a path tobecoming valued and responsible adults that will repeat such a positiveupbringing with their own children.
一些心理學家和遺傳學家爭辯說，可能「壞基因」導致人的暴力。遺傳學當然可以發揮一些作用，但「先天與後天」是一個更為強大的影響力。孩子的父母對孩子生活的影響最大。在家庭和外面伴隨愛與理解、尊重、社會價值等成長起來的孩子，成長方向是一個重視價值、富有責任的成人，並且將這種積極向上的行為不斷傳遞給自己的孩子。
In contrast, a child brought up in anabusive home, undergoing neglect, abandonment, sexual, or physical abuse, orwitnessing abuse of his or her mother, learns that violence is a normal way of life,and will very likely repeat that cycle when (and if) they become an adult.Along the way, the child may take out his or her anger and frustration onothers weaker than they are, likely starting with animals and often becoming a schoolbully and a future child or spouse abuser. They may also become involved inviolent or non-violent crime.
與之相反，在虐待、持續漠視、目睹母親被虐待的家庭長大的孩子，會將暴力視為生活日常，並在長大成人後很有可能重複這種怪圈。順著這條怪圈，孩子也會將憤怒和沮喪發泄到比他們弱小的事物上，開始是欺負動物，然後成為校園惡霸，或者未來虐待孩子和配偶。他們也可能參與暴力和非暴力犯罪。
As statistics from federal and stateprisons and criminal psychiatric facilities show: Nearly all violentindividuals were abused as children, and over 70% of them began their violentcareers with animal cruelty.
聯邦和各州監獄，以及精神病犯罪研究機構統計數據顯示：幾乎所有暴力犯罪人在童年都受過虐待，其中70％以上都是從虐待動物開始他們的暴力行為。
If violent offenders are made and not born, why can』t we figure out whatmakes them and break the cycle?
如果暴力犯罪不是天生而是後天養成的，我們為什麼不找到這些犯罪根源並根除它們？
Decades of study by learnedinstitutions, journals, national science associations, psychology and psychiatricorganizations, university professors, and other professional associations alllead to one conclusion:
學術機構，新聞媒體，國家科技協會，心理學和精神病學組織，大學教授等專業協會經過幾十年的研究，得出一致結論：
Domestic violence is the single mostimportant factor that creates violent individuals and perpetuates the cycle ofviolence.
家庭暴力是產生暴力犯罪暴力並製造暴力循環的唯一的最重要的因素。
Combatting domestic violence much moreaggressively than society has done in the past would be of enormous benefit tosociety, and animal cruelty is the way most violent individuals begin.
與過去打擊社會犯罪相比，阻止家庭暴力有更加積極的意義，對社會更加有益。而動物虐待，則正是大多數暴力犯罪的始發地。
The degree ofviolence each year is staggering. The Table below shows yearly averages forseveral types of violent crimes in the US, averaged over about a 20-yearperiod. Fortunately, violent crime has decreased somewhat after the start ofthe new century, but remains hugely costly in both human terms and societal terms,representing lost lives, lost productivity, and an enormous drain on resources.The estimated cost of child abuse alone is $124 billion per year [1] while thecost of all violent crime exceeds $450 billion [2]. *
每年暴力案件數是驚人的。下表列出了幾種在美國暴力犯罪的年度平均值。這個是約20年時間平均值。幸運的是，暴力犯罪進入新世紀後已經開始有所下降。但無論從人的角度還是從社會角度，代價依舊非常高昂，包括死亡人數，生產力損失，以及巨大的資源消耗。單單虐待兒童一項的代價估計是每年1240億美元。所有暴力犯罪的共計損失超過4500億美元[2]。*
Definitions ofAnimal Cruelty
動物虐待的定義Legally, animal cruelty is defined as「Socially Unacceptable Behavior That Intentionally Causes Unnecessary Pain,Suffering, or Distress To and / or Death of an Animal.」
Most Common Forms of Abuse: Excessivepunishment; Chaining; Abandonment; Failure to provide sustenance.
Pathological Cruelty To Animals:Beating; Torturing; Burning; Scalding; Freezing, Skinning; Bone Breaking;Whipping; Amputation; Electric Prodding; Mutilation; Freezing; Killing;Crushing; Fighting.
Some crimes: misdemeanor in 50 states,other crimes now a felony in all 50 states as of 2014.
從法律上講，虐待動物的定義是「不被社會認可，對動物施以不必要的痛苦，折磨或困擾和/或導致動物死亡的行為。」
最常見的虐待形式：過度懲罰，鎖鏈，遺棄，不提供食物。病態的虐待動物方式：毆打，折磨，火燒; 水燙; 寒凍，剝皮，打至斷骨，鞭笞，切去肢體，電擊，傷害至殘，殺戮; 踩踏; 讓動物互相搏鬥。
有些虐待形式美國50個州屬於輕罪，其他虐待犯罪截至目前2014年在美國50個州屬於重罪。FBI: There is a very highcorrelation of violent children with 3 specific behaviors:
Enuresis
Fire-setting
Cruelty to animals
FBI： 3中特定的行為和暴力兒童有非常高的相關性：
遺尿
縱火
虐待動物
（譯者註：遺尿和縱火不是本報告重點，只給出了結論，沒太多數據。感興趣的自行谷歌。百度就別找了。肯定找不到的。）Violence in Schools
While school shootings grab the mostattention, school violence is more widespread and encompasses more types ofcrimes. For instance, in 2012 there were over 749,000 non-fatal violentvictimizations among students ages 12-18. At the same time, 9% of teachersreported being threatened by a student and 5% reported being physicallyattacked. An average of 25 student deaths take place in schools every year, asshown in the chart below. Teachers, principals, and other school staff are alsovictims. Most school homicides are carried out with guns, others with knivesand clubs. In 2013, nearly 18% of high school students carried a weapon toschool.
雖然校園槍擊事件十分搶鏡，其實校園暴力比槍擊更加廣泛，犯罪形式更多。例如，在2012年在12-18歲學齡段發生749,000多件非致命性暴力侵害。同時， 9％的教師報告受到學生威脅，5％的教師報告受到身體攻擊。每年發生在學校的學生死亡案件平均25起。教師，校長和其他學校工作人員也成為受害者。大多數校園殺人案件使用手槍，其餘用刀和棍棒。 2013年，近18％的高中生攜帶武器上學。
43 - 50% of school shooters startedout by torturing animals.
- Brenda Spencer (shot 12, killed2). Set cats on fire.
- Kip Kinkle (shot 24, killed 2).Tortured 3 animals per day.
- Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold(shot 36, killed 13). Boasted of mutilating animals for fun.
- Evan Ramsey (shot 4, killed 2). Stoned dogs.
43-50%的校園槍手從虐待動物開始暴力行為。
- Brenda Spencer（向12人開槍，殺死2人）。將貓丟入火中。
- Kip Kinkle（向24人開槍，殺死2人）。每天虐待3隻動物。
- Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold （向36人射擊，打死13）。以虐待動物為樂，並作為吹噓的談資。
- Evan Ramsey（射擊4，殺死2）。用石頭砸狗。
Bullying andSuicide
The tragedy of child suicide is verymuch connected with bullying.
- 4400 suicides of young people takeplace per year. For every suicide that takes place, there are at least 100suicide attempts.
- Over 14% of high school students haveconsidered suicide and nearly 7% have attempted it.
- A European study found that at leasthalf of child suicides are related to bullying.
校園欺凌和自殺
孩子自殺的悲劇和校園欺凌緊密相聯。
- 每年發生4400起少年自殺事件。每一期成功自殺事件背後，隱藏著至少100起未遂自殺事件。
- 超過14％的高中生曾考慮自殺，近7％曾嘗試它。
- 歐洲的某個研究發現，兒童自殺至少有一半都與校園欺凌有關。
Beautiful Peoplelost to Suicide due to Bullying
因校園欺凌而死的美麗生命
Bullying andAnimal Cruelty
校園欺凌和動物虐待
Cruelty to animals is often anindicator of either a bully or a victim displaying anger against the bullying.Bullies are often associated with animal cruelty.
75% of school shooters were eitherbullies (Kinkle, Johnson) or victims of bullies (Carneal, Woodham, Harris and Klebold).Half the school shooters were torturing animals and bragged about it.
動物虐待往往要麼校園欺凌的風向標，要麼是反欺凌的受害者的風向標。校園惡霸往往與虐待動物有關。
75％的校園槍手要麼是惡霸（Kinkle, Johnson）或欺凌的受害者（Carneal, Woodham, Harris and Klebold）。有一半的校園槍手虐待動物並引以為豪。
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Child Abuse;Spouse Battering; Elder Abuse
家庭暴力
虐待兒童，虐待配偶，虐待老人
It is an astonishing fact that prior to1962, there was no officially recognized notion of child abuse (or spouse orelder abuse either for that matter). The medicalestablishment refused to believe that parents would harm their children.Children entering clinics or hospitals with broken bones, blackeyes, bruises covering their bodies were simply accident-prone. One doctor, C.Henry Kempe, refused to believe that all thoseinjuries could be accidents and sent a questionnaire to hospitals around thecountry, summarizing the findings in the first-ever study of battered children.His work literally sparked a revolution, a long overdue awakening that child abusewas not only taking place but was widespread. Abuse took several forms:physical, sexual, psychological, abandonment, neglect. (Sexual abuse wasn』t「recognized」 until the 1980』s.)令人吃驚的是，直到1962年，虐待兒童（配偶，老人）都沒有一個官方認可的概念。醫療機構拒絕相信父母會傷害孩子。因為打斷骨頭、打腫眼睛、全身瘀青創傷而就診的兒童都只不過當成意外事件。一個叫C. Henry Kempe的醫生拒絕承認這些傷害僅僅是意外，給全國的醫院寄來一份調查問卷，總結了他對受虐兒童首次研究的發現。從某種意義上說，他的工作引發了一場革命。促使人們遲來的覺醒：兒童虐待不僅發生，而且範圍甚廣。虐待形式包括：身體虐待，性虐待，精神虐待，遺棄，漠視。（性虐待直到上世紀80年代才得以認可）
Home: A CriminalTraining Ground. Exhaustive studies show the connection between childabuse and criminal behavior. 「Parental conflict and harsh, erratic disciplinehave been shown to contribute to juvenile crime. Abused children are at highrisk of becoming involved in crime. Households thatprovide safety, emotional warmth, and guidance foster the development ofnoncriminal young people even in neighborhoods at highrisk for crime」 [11].《家：犯罪的練習場》。無數研究顯示兒童虐待和犯罪行為的相關性。「父母衝突和粗暴家規已被證明容易導致未成年人犯罪。虐待兒童引發犯罪的風險尤其高。一個安全、溫暖、教育有方的家庭環境容易培養年輕人不去犯罪。這樣的環境甚至對犯罪高發區的年輕人都有效果。」
There are over 2.7 million cases ofchild abuse per year with 160,000 serious injuries and 2000 deaths [12]. Manyof the children killed in their homes are under the ageof 3; 80% are under the age of 4. Every 5 hours a child is abused to death, andthe number is growing.每年有超過270萬虐待兒童案件，其中16萬是連續虐待，2000死亡。很多死於3歲以下。80%在4歲以下。每5個小時就有一名兒童被虐待致死，且該數字還是不斷上升。
涉嫌兒童虐待的家庭一般來說也涉嫌其他家暴，包括虐待配偶，當然，還有暴力襲擊這樣的犯罪行為。
Child Abuse andAnimal Abuse. It doesn』t take much of a leap of imagination thatparents brutalizing children wouldn』t hesitate to do the same to the householdpets. In fact, abuse of the family pet is a major way that brutal parentscontrol the child (or the spouse) to enact silence (about the abuse), createdesired behavior, and create a household atmosphere of fear.
The connectionbetween child abuse and animal abuse is 70-80%.
《兒童虐待和動物虐待》。不難想像，虐待兒童的父母也會毫不猶豫地將虐待施予家裡的寵物。事實上，寵物虐待是殘暴的父母控制孩子（或配偶）讓他們（對虐待）保持沉默、製造家庭恐怖氣氛的一個主要方法。
兒童虐待和動物虐待的關聯度為70-80%.
In one study, 23 families were studiedwhere animal abuse was known to be going on. 83% also had children in thehousehold in danger of abuse or neglect [13]. Inanother study, 53 families were investigated where child abuse was known to begoing on (physical, sexual, or neglect). Animal cruelty was also occurring in60% of these families, and in 88% of the families where the child abuse wasspecifically physical abuse. To make it worse, in 1/3 of these families, thechildren were participating in the animal cruelty, following the example of theparents [14].在一個研究中，被選中正在虐待孩子的23個家庭，83%的家庭的孩子仍然處在虐待和漠視的危險中。在另一個研究中，53個被調查正在虐待孩子（身體虐待，性虐待或漠視）的家庭，其中60%的家庭仍在虐待動物。88%的家庭仍然對孩子身體虐待。更糟糕的是，1/3的虐待家庭，孩子學著父母，也參與了動物虐待。
上圖顯示了永不停歇的虐待循環。被虐待的孩子虐待動物的可能性高出7到9倍，並且數據顯示在未來更可能虐待自己的孩子。
The connection between child and animalabuse is so strong that the FBI officially considers animal cruelty by a childas a likely indicator of ongoing domestic violence to the child and/or thespouse. In 1987, cruelty to animals was outlined as a separate of category of ConductDisorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders by theAmerican Psychiatric Association. It is a symptom of a disturbed family and achild at risk of a future life of crime. Ironically, it is the family pet,demonstrating loyalty and unconditional love, that could save the children fromthat antisocial future.兒童和動物虐待的關係如此緊密，以致FBI正式考慮將兒童的動物虐待作為對家庭兒童虐待和配偶虐待的重要參考。在1987年，虐待動物被美國精神病學協會在精神障礙的診斷和統計手冊中列入行為障礙的一個單獨科目。它作為未來有犯罪風險的家庭和孩子的癥狀。諷刺的是，正是這些表現忠誠和無條件給予愛的受虐寵物，可能拯救這些未來反社會的孩子。
（本節尚在翻譯中……）Studies of Violent Behavior Patterns in Adults
成人暴力行為模式研究
A wealth of information about violent individualsand their early lives is available from the perpetrators or their victimsthemselves. Sources of information include:
- State Prisons. Federal Prisons.
- Psychiatric Hospitals and Psychiatric Clinics.
- Battered Women』s Shelters. Abused Child Clinics.
- Social Services; Domestic Violence Organizations.
- Interviews with Murderers, especially SerialKillers.
- Studies of Satanic Groups and Cults.
(See Lockwood and Ascione [7])
關於暴力犯罪人和他們早期生活的大量信息，來自於實施人自己和受害人。這些信息包括：
- 州監獄。聯邦監獄。
- 精神病醫院和心理診所。
- 受虐婦女庇護所。受虐兒童診所。
- 社會服務;家庭暴力救助機構。
- 殺人犯採訪，尤其是連環殺手。
- 撒旦組和邪教的研究。
（見洛克伍德和阿希奧尼[7]）
很明顯，很大一部分暴力罪犯是從虐待動物開始的。事實上，一項研究表明，被控暴力犯罪的監獄囚犯75％有虐待動物，縱火，遺尿的早期記錄。同樣明顯的是，大部分囚犯幼年遭遇家庭暴力：身體虐待，性虐待，忽視，或以上綜合。解決問題的關鍵，無論好壞，應該在3歲前的幼兒時期開始。家庭暴力是未來暴力和非暴力犯罪的溫床。
The same correlation of violentindividuals and animal cruelty is seen around the world, literally in everycountry. A few examples:
Canada - 70% began with animal cruelty
South Africa - 63% began with animalcruelty
Australia - 95% for combined murder,rape, assault, theft, and drugs.
South Pacific - 62% for assaults, 90%for violence, property, and drug crimes, 100% for sexual homicides.
United States - 63% for violent crimesoverall, 70% for combined violence, theft, drugs, and
disorderly conduct.
Statistics on the link between animalabuse and the crimes of 1st and 2nd degree homicide and manslaughterare much harder to find than statistics on serial killers, but since theoverall correlation with all violence is close to 70%, it seems likely that aclose link
would be found for these crimes aswell.
暴力犯罪和虐待動物，同樣的相關性全世界可見。不誇張地說，幾乎每一個國家都是如此。下面是幾個例子：
加拿大：70%的罪犯是從虐待動物開始的
南非：63%的罪犯是從虐待動物開始的
澳大利亞：95%謀殺，強姦，毆打，偷竊和吸毒罪犯有過虐待動物行為
南太平洋：62%的毆打，90%的暴力，毀壞財物和毒品綜合犯罪，100%的性犯罪犯人都有虐待動物行為
美國：63%的暴力犯罪，70%的暴力、偷竊、毒品及錯亂行為綜合犯罪人都有虐待動物行為
一級謀殺和二級謀殺犯的罪行和動物虐待的關係比連環殺手的數據難以取得。不過既然總的相關性接近70%，那麼這種緊密聯繫也應該不難找到。
The Worst of theWorst：Serial Killers
沒有最糟，只有更糟：連環殺手
Serial killers are the monsters in ourmidst. While 20,000+ homicides are committed every year, most have motives andclues which leads to their investigation andpossible solution.
Serial killers have no motive otherthan the pleasure of the terror and torture they inflict and the pleasure ofthe eventual kill. They almost never know the victim beforehand and may killover months or decades. Estimates are that 1 in 5 homicides may be due to serial killers, and the FBIestimates there are at least 30-50 and possibly up to 500 operating at any onetime [25].
連環殺手是隱藏在我們身邊的魔鬼。雖然每年有20000人被殺，大多數殺人案還是存在動機和線索可供調查追尋。如果不算他們從受害人的恐懼和痛苦中獲取快樂以及最終殺戮的快感，他們是沒有作案動機的。在下手前，他們對被害人幾乎毫無了解。犯罪時間跨度幾個月甚至幾十年。估計1/5的殺人案系連環殺手所為。FBI估計，任何時候，至少有30-50甚至高達500起謀殺正在預謀中。
Indicators / Predictors of SerialKillers
? Brutal Treatment or Neglect by Parentsor Caregiver
? Head Injuries, especially when young
? Violent to Peers, Siblings
? Arson
? Early Cruelty to Animals
連環殺手的蛛絲馬跡
?被父母或監護人粗暴對待或忽視
?頭部受過損傷，尤其是年輕的?對周圍人和兄弟姐妹施暴力對待?縱火?早期虐待動物While not all serial killers startedout with animal abuse, a large majority did, just as a large majority wereabused or neglected as young children. In fact, it』s unusual to find a serialkiller who didn』t start out life with these patterns, though the early life of manyof them hasn』t been explored in such detail. Animal cruelty as a trait is oftenignored by official law enforcement, even though some form of animal abuse isnow a felony in all 50 states and animal cruelty has been elevated to a majorcategory in the FBI』s Uniform Crime Report [27].雖然不是所有，但絕大多數連環殺手都是從虐待動物開始犯罪的。同樣，大多數也是在孩提時代被虐待和忽視。事實上，這個模式之外的連環殺手並不常見，即使他們的孩提時代經歷無法詳細揭秘。雖然一些動物虐待在全美50州構成犯罪，並被列入FBI統一犯罪報告的主要目錄中，犯罪人虐待動物這一特徵仍然往往為官方執法機構所忽略。
The United States, with 5% of theworld』s population, produces 75% of the world』s serial killers [25]. As alreadymentioned, the FBI estimates there may be 500 serial killers at large. Lawenforcement (society) spends hundreds of millions of dollars trying toapprehend them and almost nothing on prevention.美國人口只有世界的5%，連環殺手卻有世界的75%。如前所述，FBI估計還有多達500個連環殺手尚逍遙法外。執法機構（社會）花費數百萬美元的巨大成本試圖逮住他們，但在他們犯事之前幾乎一無所獲。
-------以上內容翻譯自-------
推薦閱讀：